Description: This production mix is fully based on the related exploitation of copper ore. technologyComment of copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore (CA, CL, CN, RU, US, RoW): Based on typical current technology. Mining is done 70% open pit and 30% underground, followed by joint beneficiation of copper and molybdenite trough flotation, where considerable amounts of agents are added. Overburden is disposed separate to sulfidic tailings near the mining site. No dewatering (or other pre-treatment) of the tailings of is assumed as this is considered a treatment activity that occurs only at selective sites and is therefore modelled separately. technologyComment of molybdenite mine operation (GLO): imageUrlTagReplacead2d66f4-3a0d-4ae6-a5ca-e63fd821a4fc Mining. Sulphidic copper ores are mined only 30% underground, the major part is mined in large open cut operations. The ore mined in 1900 in the U.S. had a high content of 3.4% and was mined entirely underground. Open pit mining permits the use of very large equipment. Resulting economies of scale enable the exploitation of lower grade disseminated (porphyry) ores – the ores now mainly mined. The major emissions are due to mineral born pollutants in the effluents. Open cut mining generates large quantities of dust, which contains elevated contents of metals and sulphur. Rain percolates through overburden and accounts to metal emissions to groundwater. Overburden is deposed close to the mine. No overburden is refilled. imageUrlTagReplace47e24476-56f3-4016-9151-88908e3e0072 Beneficiation. After mining, the ore is first ground. In a next step it is subjected to gravity concentration to separate the metal-bearing particles from the unwanted minerals. After this first concentration step, flotation is carried out to remove the gangue from the sulphidic minerals. For neutralisation lime is added. In the flotation several organic chemicals ( such as collectors (xanthate or aerofloat) and frothing reagent (eg. Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol)) are used as collector, frother, activator, depressor and flocculant. Sometimes cyanide is used as depressant for pyrite. Tailings usually are led to tailings heaps or ponds. As a result, copper concentrates containing around 30% Cu are produced. Molybdenite concentrate are further ground and purified. It leaves the process as co-product with a concentration of 90 – 95 % Molybdenum disulphide. The concentrated ore is fed to the metallurgy, which is assumed to be on-site. Ore handling and processing produce large amounts of dust, containing PM10 and several metals from the ore itself. Flotation produces effluents containing several organic agents used. Some of these chemicals evaporate and account for VOC emissions to air. Namely xanthates decompose hydrolytically to release carbon disulphide. Tailings effluent contains additional sulphuric acid from acid rock drainage. Tailings are deposed as piles and in ponds. In the sulphidic tailings occurs acid rock drainage (ARD) over a long period of time. Reserves and resources: Molybdenum and Copper are coexisting in porphyry deposits of the copper-molybdenum type, as molybdenite (MoS2) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). About half of the world-wide produced molybdenum is a co-product of the primary copper industry while for another substantial part copper is the co-product. Hence almost all of the molybdenum is produced in a process similar to the copper primary production. Molybdenum secondary production – mainly from spent petroleum catalysts – is not remarkable, and no secondary production is considered in this study. It's estimated that 30% of the molybdenum is re-used in the form of the molybdenum content steel alloys which are recycled to the foundries. Secondary production of copper from scrap plays an important role. The resources of primary copper are limited, a continuous depletion within 60 years is estimated. Land-based resources of copper are estimated to be 1.6 billion tons , and resources in deep-sea nodules are estimated to be 700 million tons. A detailed overview over the global refinery production and a statistic on US use and production of copper is available in the online version of the USGS “Mineral Commodity Summary”. The world-wide mine estimated reserves by country are listed in Tab. 1. Exploitable reserves of recoverable copper were estimated at about 100 million tons in 1935; new discoveries raised this to 212 million tons in 1960. Reserves grew again sharply to 340 million metric tons (MMT) in 1984, but since then they have declined slowly to 321 MMT in 1990 and 310 MMT in 1994. Estimates vary according to prices and assumptions. Total potential resources have increased somewhat over the same period, from 500 MMT to around 590 MMT. As a matter of interest, cumulative global production of copper between 1970 and 1996 was 216 MMT. With the actual mine production of around 13.5 MMT/a, the reserves would last 36 years and the reserve base 70 years. Reserves of molybdenite in the market economy countries have been estimated in a survey evaluating identified ore bodies, i.e., those which have been explored as well as those which have been exploited. The results indicate the following amounts of recoverable molybdenum: United States, 4100 kt; Chile, 1770 kt; Canada, 928 kt; Mexico, 306 kt; Peru, 288 kt; other countries, 356 kt. Ore bodies producing primarily molybdenum contain 55 % of the reserves identified; only 29 % of these ore bodies were being exploited at the time of the survey (January 1985). Operations producing molybdenum as a byproduct contained the remaining 45 % of reserves and 67 % of them were producing molybdenite. The estimated total recoverable molybdenum from primary and byproduct reserves is listed in Tab. 2. References: Krauss et al. (1999), Sebenik et al. (1997), USGS (2003), Ayres et al. (2002).
Types:
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text_type: Report,
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Comment: This is a market activity. Each market represents the consumption mix of a product in a given geography, connecting suppliers with consumers of the same product in the same geographical area. Markets group the producers and also the imports of the product (if relevant) within the same geographical area. They also account for transport to the consumer and for the losses during that process, when relevant. This is the market for 'molybdenite', in the Global geography. Transport from producers to consumers of this product in the geography covered by the market is included. This market is supplied by the following activities with the given share: copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore, CA: 0.0071429507115424 copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore, CL: 0.149921214972668 copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore, CN: 0.384930999735831 copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore, RU: 0.00855402221635179 copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore, US: 0.135153551018358 molybdenite mine operation, GLO: 0.178813867230228 copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore, RoW: 0.135483394115021 generalComment of copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore (RoW): "For the mining and beneficiation of copper sulfide ores globally. Background: Metals are produced as part of a complex, highly interconnected and interdependent system, with many desirable but scarce/critical metals recovered as by-products during the production of one or more ‘host’ metal(s). Copper is one of the world’s major mineral commodities and is mined from heterogeneous sulfide or oxide mineral deposits in countries worldwide. Copper sulfide deposits, such as those of the porphyry or massive sulphide type, contain numerous other valuable minerals, which are desirable to society. Copper is mined & beneficiated to produce a copper sulfide concentrate, as well as other by-product concentrates (e.g. molybdenite), which are sold to smelters. Copper sulfide concentrates are smelted to produce the intermediate product, copper anode. This is then sold to refineries, where it is electrorefined to produce copper cathode, which is sold to fabricators. The by-product of copper electrorefining is anode slime, which contains various important by-product metals (principally gold, silver, selenium & tellurium) and is sold to precious metal recovery plants for further processing to recover the valuable metals. Modelling approach: This dataset was created using the life cycle inventory process model described by Classen et al. (2009) and used to generate datasets for ecoinvent v2.1. Typical average ore grades are estimated for each region based on data from Northey et al. (2014), while values for several other key input parameters have been updated since the release of the v2.1 dataset. These include (non-exclusively) the production volumes, beneficiation efficiency (i.e. yield), concentrate grades, anode slime composition (a product of the downstream copper electrorefining processing but that has a direct influence on the properties of exchanges in this dataset), and water outputs. Further information on these changes is provided in the Sampling Procedure comment, as well as the accompanying documentation (see Turner & Hischier, 2019). References: Classen, M., Althaus, H.-J., Blaser, S., Scharnhost, W., Tuchschmid, M., Jungbluth, N., & Emmenegger, M. F. (2009). Life cycle inventories of metals. Final report, ecoinvent data v2.1, No. 10. Dübendorf, Switzerland. Northey, S., Mohr, S., Mudd, G. M., Weng, Z., & Giurco, D. (2014). Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 83, 190-201. Turner, D. A. & Hischier, R. (2019). Regionalised life cycle inventories of primary copper production (pyrometallurgy) and anode slime processing. Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland." generalComment of copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore (CA): "For the mining and beneficiation of copper sulfide ores in Canada. Background: Metals are produced as part of a complex, highly interconnected and interdependent system, with many desirable but scarce/critical metals recovered as by-products during the production of one or more ‘host’ metal(s). Copper is one of the world’s major mineral commodities and is mined from heterogeneous sulfide or oxide mineral deposits in countries worldwide. Copper sulfide deposits, such as those of the porphyry or massive sulphide type, contain numerous other valuable minerals, which are desirable to society. Copper is mined & beneficiated to produce a copper sulfide concentrate, as well as other by-product concentrates (e.g. molybdenite), which are sold to smelters. Copper sulfide concentrates are smelted to produce the intermediate product, copper anode. This is then sold to refineries, where it is electrorefined to produce copper cathode, which is sold to fabricators. The by-product of copper electrorefining is anode slime, which contains various important by-product metals (principally gold, silver, selenium & tellurium) and is sold to precious metal recovery plants for further processing to recover the valuable metals. Modelling approach: This dataset was created using the life cycle inventory process model described by Classen et al. (2009) and used to generate datasets for ecoinvent v2.1. Typical average ore grades are estimated for each region based on data from Northey et al. (2014), while values for several other key input parameters have been updated since the release of the v2.1 dataset. These include (non-exclusively) the production volumes, beneficiation efficiency (i.e. yield), concentrate grades, anode slime composition (a product of the downstream copper electrorefining processing but that has a direct influence on the properties of exchanges in this dataset), and water outputs. Further information on these changes is provided in the Sampling Procedure comment, as well as the accompanying documentation (see Turner & Hischier, 2019). References: Classen, M., Althaus, H.-J., Blaser, S., Scharnhost, W., Tuchschmid, M., Jungbluth, N., & Emmenegger, M. F. (2009). Life cycle inventories of metals. Final report, ecoinvent data v2.1, No. 10. Dübendorf, Switzerland. Northey, S., Mohr, S., Mudd, G. M., Weng, Z., & Giurco, D. (2014). Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 83, 190-201. Turner, D. A. & Hischier, R. (2019). Regionalised life cycle inventories of primary copper production (pyrometallurgy) and anode slime processing. Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland." generalComment of copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore (CL): "For the mining and beneficiation of copper sulfide ores in Chile. Background: Metals are produced as part of a complex, highly interconnected and interdependent system, with many desirable but scarce/critical metals recovered as by-products during the production of one or more ‘host’ metal(s). Copper is one of the world’s major mineral commodities and is mined from heterogeneous sulfide or oxide mineral deposits in countries worldwide. Copper sulfide deposits, such as those of the porphyry or massive sulphide type, contain numerous other valuable minerals, which are desirable to society. Copper is mined & beneficiated to produce a copper sulfide concentrate, as well as other by-product concentrates (e.g. molybdenite), which are sold to smelters. Copper sulfide concentrates are smelted to produce the intermediate product, copper anode. This is then sold to refineries, where it is electrorefined to produce copper cathode, which is sold to fabricators. The by-product of copper electrorefining is anode slime, which contains various important by-product metals (principally gold, silver, selenium & tellurium) and is sold to precious metal recovery plants for further processing to recover the valuable metals. Modelling approach: This dataset was created using the life cycle inventory process model described by Classen et al. (2009) and used to generate datasets for ecoinvent v2.1. Typical average ore grades are estimated for each region based on data from Northey et al. (2014), while values for several other key input parameters have been updated since the release of the v2.1 dataset. These include (non-exclusively) the production volumes, beneficiation efficiency (i.e. yield), concentrate grades, anode slime composition (a product of the downstream copper electrorefining processing but that has a direct influence on the properties of exchanges in this dataset), and water outputs. Further information on these changes is provided in the Sampling Procedure comment, as well as the accompanying documentation (see Turner & Hischier, 2019). References: Classen, M., Althaus, H.-J., Blaser, S., Scharnhost, W., Tuchschmid, M., Jungbluth, N., & Emmenegger, M. F. (2009). Life cycle inventories of metals. Final report, ecoinvent data v2.1, No. 10. Dübendorf, Switzerland. Northey, S., Mohr, S., Mudd, G. M., Weng, Z., & Giurco, D. (2014). Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 83, 190-201. Turner, D. A. & Hischier, R. (2019). Regionalised life cycle inventories of primary copper production (pyrometallurgy) and anode slime processing. Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland." generalComment of copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore (CN): "For the mining and beneficiation of copper sulfide ores in China. Background: Metals are produced as part of a complex, highly interconnected and interdependent system, with many desirable but scarce/critical metals recovered as by-products during the production of one or more ‘host’ metal(s). Copper is one of the world’s major mineral commodities and is mined from heterogeneous sulfide or oxide mineral deposits in countries worldwide. Copper sulfide deposits, such as those of the porphyry or massive sulphide type, contain numerous other valuable minerals, which are desirable to society. Copper is mined & beneficiated to produce a copper sulfide concentrate, as well as other by-product concentrates (e.g. molybdenite), which are sold to smelters. Copper sulfide concentrates are smelted to produce the intermediate product, copper anode. This is then sold to refineries, where it is electrorefined to produce copper cathode, which is sold to fabricators. The by-product of copper electrorefining is anode slime, which contains various important by-product metals (principally gold, silver, selenium & tellurium) and is sold to precious metal recovery plants for further processing to recover the valuable metals. Modelling approach: This dataset was created using the life cycle inventory process model described by Classen et al. (2009) and used to generate datasets for ecoinvent v2.1. Typical average ore grades are estimated for each region based on data from Northey et al. (2014), while values for several other key input parameters have been updated since the release of the v2.1 dataset. These include (non-exclusively) the production volumes, beneficiation efficiency (i.e. yield), concentrate grades, anode slime composition (a product of the downstream copper electrorefining processing but that has a direct influence on the properties of exchanges in this dataset), and water outputs. Further information on these changes is provided in the Sampling Procedure comment, as well as the accompanying documentation (see Turner & Hischier, 2019). References: Classen, M., Althaus, H.-J., Blaser, S., Scharnhost, W., Tuchschmid, M., Jungbluth, N., & Emmenegger, M. F. (2009). Life cycle inventories of metals. Final report, ecoinvent data v2.1, No. 10. Dübendorf, Switzerland. Northey, S., Mohr, S., Mudd, G. M., Weng, Z., & Giurco, D. (2014). Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 83, 190-201. Turner, D. A. & Hischier, R. (2019). Regionalised life cycle inventories of primary copper production (pyrometallurgy) and anode slime processing. Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland." generalComment of copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore (RU): "For the mining and beneficiation of copper sulfide ores in the Russian Federation. Background: Metals are produced as part of a complex, highly interconnected and interdependent system, with many desirable but scarce/critical metals recovered as by-products during the production of one or more ‘host’ metal(s). Copper is one of the world’s major mineral commodities and is mined from heterogeneous sulfide or oxide mineral deposits in countries worldwide. Copper sulfide deposits, such as those of the porphyry or massive sulphide type, contain numerous other valuable minerals, which are desirable to society. Copper is mined & beneficiated to produce a copper sulfide concentrate, as well as other by-product concentrates (e.g. molybdenite), which are sold to smelters. Copper sulfide concentrates are smelted to produce the intermediate product, copper anode. This is then sold to refineries, where it is electrorefined to produce copper cathode, which is sold to fabricators. The by-product of copper electrorefining is anode slime, which contains various important by-product metals (principally gold, silver, selenium & tellurium) and is sold to precious metal recovery plants for further processing to recover the valuable metals. Modelling approach: This dataset was created using the life cycle inventory process model described by Classen et al. (2009) and used to generate datasets for ecoinvent v2.1. Typical average ore grades are estimated for each region based on data from Northey et al. (2014), while values for several other key input parameters have been updated since the release of the v2.1 dataset. These include (non-exclusively) the production volumes, beneficiation efficiency (i.e. yield), concentrate grades, anode slime composition (a product of the downstream copper electrorefining processing but that has a direct influence on the properties of exchanges in this dataset), and water outputs. Further information on these changes is provided in the Sampling Procedure comment, as well as the accompanying documentation (see Turner & Hischier, 2019). References: Classen, M., Althaus, H.-J., Blaser, S., Scharnhost, W., Tuchschmid, M., Jungbluth, N., & Emmenegger, M. F. (2009). Life cycle inventories of metals. Final report, ecoinvent data v2.1, No. 10. Dübendorf, Switzerland. Northey, S., Mohr, S., Mudd, G. M., Weng, Z., & Giurco, D. (2014). Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 83, 190-201. Turner, D. A. & Hischier, R. (2019). Regionalised life cycle inventories of primary copper production (pyrometallurgy) and anode slime processing. Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland." generalComment of copper mine operation and beneficiation, sulfide ore (US): "For the mining and beneficiation of copper sulfide ores in the United States. Background: Metals are produced as part of a complex, highly interconnected and interdependent system, with many desirable but scarce/critical metals recovered as by-products during the production of one or more ‘host’ metal(s). Copper is one of the world’s major mineral commodities and is mined from heterogeneous sulfide or oxide mineral deposits in countries worldwide. Copper sulfide deposits, such as those of the porphyry or massive sulphide type, contain numerous other valuable minerals, which are desirable to society. Copper is mined & beneficiated to produce a copper sulfide concentrate, as well as other by-product concentrates (e.g. molybdenite), which are sold to smelters. Copper sulfide concentrates are smelted to produce the intermediate product, copper anode. This is then sold to refineries, where it is electrorefined to produce copper cathode, which is sold to fabricators. The by-product of copper electrorefining is anode slime, which contains various important by-product metals (principally gold, silver, selenium & tellurium) and is sold to precious metal recovery plants for further processing to recover the valuable metals. Modelling approach: This dataset was created using the life cycle inventory process model described by Classen et al. (2009) and used to generate datasets for ecoinvent v2.1. Typical average ore grades are estimated for each region based on data from Northey et al. (2014), while values for several other key input parameters have been updated since the release of the v2.1 dataset. These include (non-exclusively) the production volumes, beneficiation efficiency (i.e. yield), concentrate grades, anode slime composition (a product of the downstream copper electrorefining processing but that has a direct influence on the properties of exchanges in this dataset), and water outputs. Further information on these changes is provided in the Sampling Procedure comment, as well as the accompanying documentation (see Turner & Hischier, 2019). References: Classen, M., Althaus, H.-J., Blaser, S., Scharnhost, W., Tuchschmid, M., Jungbluth, N., & Emmenegger, M. F. (2009). Life cycle inventories of metals. Final report, ecoinvent data v2.1, No. 10. Dübendorf, Switzerland. Northey, S., Mohr, S., Mudd, G. M., Weng, Z., & Giurco, D. (2014). Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 83, 190-201. Turner, D. A. & Hischier, R. (2019). Regionalised life cycle inventories of primary copper production (pyrometallurgy) and anode slime processing. Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland." generalComment of molybdenite mine operation (GLO): This dataset represents the joint production of 1 kg of copper concentrate and 0.0213 kg of molybdenite, the latter being the main product. This dataset is based entirely on the related dataset “copper mine operation, RER 2003”. However, the attribution of the ecological burden is different, since copper concentrate now is the by-product. Beside of the different resource demanded and the consequently different output of molybdenite – relating to the higher Mo content (0.041% in crude ore) – no other differences with respect to the “copper mine operation, RER 2003” exist. This dataset is designed solely as part of the molybdenum production mix. [This dataset was already contained in the ecoinvent database version 2. It was not individually updated during the transfer to ecoinvent version 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment results may still have changed, as they are affected by changes in the supply chain, i.e. in other datasets. This dataset was generated following the ecoinvent quality guidelines for version 2. It may have been subject to central changes described in the ecoinvent version 3 change report (http://www.ecoinvent.org/database/ecoinvent-version-3/reports-of-changes/), and the results of the central updates were reviewed extensively. The changes added e.g. consistent water flows and other information throughout the database. The documentation of this dataset can be found in the ecoinvent reports of version 2, which are still available via the ecoinvent website. The change report linked above covers all central changes that were made during the conversion process.]
Origin: /Bund/UBA/ProBas
Tags: Erdöl ? Metallgießerei ? Methanol ? Molybdän ? Schwefelgehalt ? Sulfid ? Kupfer ? Abraum ? Flockungsmittel ? Katalysator ? Kohlenstoff ? Pflanzensamen ? Altmetall ? Schwefelsäure ? Staubgehalt ? Staub ? Schwefel ? VOC-Emission ? Chile ? Kanada ? Peru ? PM10 ? Ackerrandstreifen ? Tiefsee ? Metall ? Erzbergbau ? Schadstoffemission ? Kupferbergbau ? Laubblatt ? Organische Verbindung ? Produktionsstatistik ? Untertagebau ? Kalkung ? Cyanid ? Raffinerie ? Tagebau ? Petroleum ? Standortwahl ? Abwasser ? Studie ? Marktwirtschaft ? Erzverhüttung ? Bergematerial ? Grundwasser ? Nebenprodukt ? Stahl ? Pyrit ? Flotation ? Regen ? Chemikalien ? Dränung ? Erz ? Metallverarbeitung ? Metallurgie ? Mineral ? Legierung ? Gestein ? Partikel ? Ressource ? Ressourcenknappheit ? Mining of metal ores ? Mining and quarrying ? Mining of other non-ferrous metal ores ? Mining of non-ferrous metal ores ?
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Language: Deutsch
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