Description: technologyComment of phenol production (RER): This dataset models the Hock process, which is the main process that is used for the production of phenol. In this process, cumene is transformed into phenol in two stages: (i) oxidation of the cumene, and (ii) cleavage into phenol and acetone. The oxidation happens in large reactors at a temperature of about 90-120°C and 0.5-0.7 MPa pressure. The whole reaction is autocatalytic and exothermic, releasing about 800 kJ per kilogram of cumene hydroperoxide to the environment by active cooling systems, mainly water. The second reaction – the cleavage – is an acid-catalyzed reaction, using almost exclusively sulphuric acid as catalyst. Two different ways are used within industry – called homogeneous phase (using 0.1-2% sulphuric acid) rsp. heterogeneous phase (40-45% sulphuric acid at a concentrate-acid ratio of 1:5). Also this second step is strongly exothermic – releasing ca. 1680 kJ per kilogram of cumene hydroperoxide cleaved. After the cleavage, further cleaning steps are used to achieve in the end a phenol purity of >99.9%. This includes neutralization and removing of sulphuric acid, followed by distillation processes. The overall yield of the production of phenol for this case here is assumed to be in the order of 95%. The inventory is based on stoechiometric calculations. The emissions to air (0.2 wt% of raw material input) and water were estimated using mass balance. Treatment of the wastewater in an internal wastewater treatment plant is assumed (elimination efficiency of 90% for C). References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0. EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. technologyComment of phenol production, from cumene (RER): This process consists first in the production of cumene from the reaction of benzene and propylene. Cumene then reacts with oxygen to give phenol and acetone. For each kilogram of phenol produced, 0.63 kg of acetone are obtained. For the process 0.6 MJ/kg of electricity and 9.1 MJ/kg of steam are required per kg of phenol and 0.2 MJ/kg of electricity and 9.8 MJ/kg of steam required per kg of acetone (Saygin 2009). Chemical reaction: C9H12 + O2 -> C6H6O + C3H6O This inventory representing production of a particular chemical compound is at least partially based on a generic model on the production of chemicals. The data generated by this model have been improved by compound-specific data when available. The model on production of chemicals is using specific industry or literature data wherever possible and more generic data on chemical production processes to fill compound-specific data gaps when necessary. The basic principles of the model have been published in literature (Hischier 2005, Establishing Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals Based on Differing Data Availability). The model has been updated and extended with newly available data from the chemical industry. In the model, unreacted fractions are treated in a waste treatment process, and emissions reported are after a waste treatment process that is included in the scope of this dataset. For volatile reactants, a small level of evaporation is assumed. Solvents and catalysts are mostly recycled in closed-loop systems within the scope of the dataset and reported flows are for losses from this system. The main source of information for the values for heat, electricity, water (process and cooling), nitrogen, chemical factory is industry data from Gendorf. The values are a 5-year average of data (2011 - 2015) published by the Gendorf factory (Gendorf, 2016, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de), (Gendorf, 2015, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de), (Gendorf, 2014, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de). The Gendorf factory is based in Germany, it produces a wide range of chemical substances. The factory produced 1657400 tonnes of chemical substances in the year 2015 (Gendorf, 2016, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de) and 740000 tonnes of intermediate products. Reference(s): Hischier, R. (2005) Establishing Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals Based on Differing Data Availability (9 pp). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp 59–67. 10.1065/lca2004.10.181.7 Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de Gallardo Hipolito, M. 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of platform chemicals from fossil and lignocellulosic biomass scenarios LCA of phenolic compounds, solvent, soft and hard plastic precursors. Master in Industrial Ecology. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Engineering. Retrieved from: http://daim.idi.ntnu.no/masteroppgaver/006/6362/tittelside.pdf, accessed 6 January 2017 SRI consulting. In: Gallardo Hipolito, M. 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of platform chemicals from fossil and lignocellulosic biomass scenarios LCA of phenolic compounds, solvent, soft and hard plastic precursors. Master in Industrial Ecology. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Engineering. Retrieved from: http://daim.idi.ntnu.no/masteroppgaver/006/6362/tittelside.pdf, accessed 6 January 2017 Gallardo Hipolito, M. 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of platform chemicals from fossil and lignocellulosic biomass scenarios LCA of phenolic compounds, solvent, soft and hard plastic precursors. Master in Industrial Ecology. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Engineering. Retrieved from: http://e-archivo.uc3m.es/bitstream/handle/10016/14718/Life%20Cycle%20Assessment%20of%20platform%20chemicals%20from%20fossil%20and%20lignocelulose%20scenarios.%20Martin%20Gallardo.pdf?sequence=2, accessed 6 January 2017 Saygin, D. 2009. Chemical and Petrochemical Sector Potential of best practice technology and other measures for improving energy efficiency. IEA information paper. IEA/OECD. Retrieved from: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/chemical_petrochemical_sector.pdf, accessed 6 January 2017 For more information on the model please refer to the dedicate ecoinvent report, access it in the Report section of ecoQuery (http://www.ecoinvent.org/login-databases.html)
Types:
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text_type: Report,
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Comment: This is a market activity. Each market represents the consumption mix of a product in a given geography, connecting suppliers with consumers of the same product in the same geographical area. Markets group the producers and also the imports of the product (if relevant) within the same geographical area. They also account for transport to the consumer and for the losses during that process, when relevant. This dataset represents the supply of 1 kg of phenol from activities that produce it within the geography RER. A regional market for Europe [RER] is assumed justified, due to the low share (in the range of 6.8%-10.2% of total trade quantities between 2010-2016) of import quantities to EU28 from outside (excluding Norway and Switzerland) the Union. Source: Eurostat database, EU trade since 1988 by HS6 (DS-016893), HS6-code: 290711 - PHENOL 'HYDROXYBENZENE' AND ITS SALTS, Assessed on: 2018-01-31. The transport amounts are based on eurostat transport statistics for 2016 (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database, extracted on the 2018-06-01). See exchange comments for additional details. This market is supplied by the following activities with the given share: phenol production, from cumene, RER: 0.482478337310952 phenol production, RER: 0.517521662689048 generalComment of phenol production (RER): This dataset represents the production of 1 kg of liquid phenol. Phenol is at room temperature a solid of colourless crystal prisms, and above its melting point it is a clear, colourless liquid. The two most important uses of phenol are its function as intermediate in the production of phenol-formaldehyde resins and its use in the production of bisphenol A. Bisphenol A is especially used for the production of high-grade polycarbonates for compact discs, for glazing, and for the automotive industry. It is also an important intermediate for the production of epoxy resins. The second largest consumption of phenol is for the production of phenolic resins with formaldehyde. They are mainly used for underseal applications in the automotive industry. Besides this, other important intermediates are produced out of phenol, such as aniline, alkylphenols, diphenols, and salicylic acid (Weber et al. 2004). The main production route for phenol is the Hock process, which uses cumene as raw material. Due to a lack of industrial data, this dataset is based on stoichiometric calculations as well as estimations based on data from a large chemical plant (Gendorf 2016). References: Weber, M., Weber, M. and Kleine-Boymann, M. 2004. Phenol. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0. EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de. generalComment of phenol production, from cumene (RER): This activity represents the production cumene process, also known as the cumene-phenol process or Hock process. The Hock process transforms benzene and propylene in phenol and acetone. For each kg of phenol produced, 0.63 kg of acetone are produced (Gallardo Hipolito 2011). In 2008 for phenol, 'the largest use with around 44% was for the production of bisphenol-A, followed by phenolic resins (26%), cyclohexanone/caprolactame (12%), and others like alkylphenols (4%)” (Weber and Weber 2010). Acetone is mainly used as a solvent in the chemical industry (Gallardo Hipolito 2011). Phenol global production in 2008 was of 9.9 million tons, of which 98.5% was produced through this process (SRI consulting). Global production of acetone is around 5.5 million metric tons (Gallardo Hipolito 2011). Reference(s): Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de Gallardo Hipolito, M. 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of platform chemicals from fossil and lignocellulosic biomass scenarios LCA of phenolic compounds, solvent, soft and hard plastic precursors. Master in Industrial Ecology. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Engineering. Retrieved from: http://daim.idi.ntnu.no/masteroppgaver/006/6362/tittelside.pdf, accessed 6 January 2017 SRI consulting. In: Gallardo Hipolito, M. 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of platform chemicals from fossil and lignocellulosic biomass scenarios LCA of phenolic compounds, solvent, soft and hard plastic precursors. Master in Industrial Ecology. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Engineering. Retrieved from: http://daim.idi.ntnu.no/masteroppgaver/006/6362/tittelside.pdf, accessed 6 January 2017 Gallardo Hipolito, M. 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of platform chemicals from fossil and lignocellulosic biomass scenarios LCA of phenolic compounds, solvent, soft and hard plastic precursors. Master in Industrial Ecology. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Engineering. Retrieved from: http://e-archivo.uc3m.es/bitstream/handle/10016/14718/Life%20Cycle%20Assessment%20of%20platform%20chemicals%20from%20fossil%20and%20lignocelulose%20scenarios.%20Martin%20Gallardo.pdf?sequence=2, accessed 6 January 2017 Saygin, D. 2009. Chemical and Petrochemical Sector Potential of best practice technology and other measures for improving energy efficiency. IEA information paper. IEA/OECD. Retrieved from: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/chemical_petrochemical_sector.pdf, accessed 6 January 2017 Weber and Weber 2010. In Gallardo Hipolito, M. 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of platform chemicals from fossil and lignocellulosic biomass scenarios LCA of phenolic compounds, solvent, soft and hard plastic precursors. Master in Industrial Ecology. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Energy and Process Engineering. Retrieved from: http://e-archivo.uc3m.es/bitstream/handle/10016/14718/Life%20Cycle%20Assessment%20of%20platform%20chemicals%20from%20fossil%20and%20lignocelulose%20scenarios.%20Martin%20Gallardo.pdf?sequence=2, accessed 6 January 2017 For more information on the model please refer to the dedicate ecoinvent report, access it in the Report section of ecoQuery (http://www.ecoinvent.org/login-databases.html)
Origin: /Bund/UBA/ProBas
Tags: Hirsch ? Propen ? Phenol ? Kunststoff ? Abfallbehandlung ? Aceton ? Benzol ? Chemische Industrie ? Elektrizität ? Katalysator ? Kühlwasser ? Lösungsmittel ? Rohwasser ? Sauerstoff ? Schwefelsäure ? Stickstoff ? Wasserdampf ? Umwelterklärung ? Main ? Schweiz ? Petrochemikalien ? Abwasserbehandlungsanlage ? Aufbereitungstechnik ? Chemieanlage ? Elektrizitätswirtschaft ? Papier ? Szenario ? Verdunstung ? Wasserkühlung ? Ökobilanz ? Kühleinrichtung ? Vorläufersubstanz ? Oxidation ? Stoffbilanz ? Daten ? Verfahrenstechnik ? Destillation ? Zwischenprodukt ? Wasser ? Chemische Verbindung ? Reaktor ? Rohstoff ? Energietechnik ? Chemikalien ? Kühlsystem ? Industrielle Ökologie ? Energieeffizienzsteigerung ? Chemische Reaktion ? Biomasse ? Chemischer Stoff ? Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms ? Manufacture of basic chemicals ? Manufacturing ? Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products ?
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