Description: technologyComment of chromium production (RoW): Metallic chromium is produced by aluminothermic process (75%) and electroylsis of dissolved ferrochromium (25%) technologyComment of chromium production (RER): Metallic chromium is produced by aluminothermic process (75%) and electroylsis of dissolved ferrochromium (25%) ALUMINOTHERMIC PROCESS The thermic process uses aluminium as a reducing agent for chromium hydroxide. The charge is weighed and loaded into a bin, which is taken to an enclosed room to mix the contents. The firing pot is prepared by ramming refractory sand mixed with water around a central former. After ramming the firing pot, the inner surface is coated with a weak binder solution and dried under a gas fired hood before being transferred to the firing station. The raw material mix is automatically fed at a controlled rate into the firing pot, where the exothermic reaction takes place. When the metal has solidified following the reaction, the firing pot is removed and transferred by crane to a cooling conveyor. On removal from the cooling conveyor (by crane), the firing pot is placed on a stripping bogie for transferral to a stripping booth. Inside the closed booth, the pot casing is hoisted off the solidified metal/slag. The slag is separated from the Chromium metal “button” and sent to a despatch storage area. Water is used to reduce button temperature to below 100 ºC. After cooling the metal button is transferred to other departments on site for cleaning, breaking, crushing and grinding to achieve the desired product size. ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS In the electrolytic process normally high carbon ferrochrome is used as the feed material which is then converted into chromium alum by dissolution with sulphuric acid at temperatures at about 200 ºC. After several process steps using crystallisation filtration ageing, a second filtration and a clarifying operation the alum becomes the electrolyte for a diaphragm cell. Chromium is plated onto stainless steel cathodes until it attains a thickness of ca. 3 mm. The process is very sensitive. The additional de-gassing (heating at 420 °C) stage is necessary because the carbon content of the electrolytic chromium is sometimes too high for further industrial applications. The cooled chromium metal is fragmented with a breaker prior to crushing and drumming. The generated slag can be reused as refractory lining or sold as abrasive or refractory material. Overall emissions and waste: Emissions to air consist of dust and fume emissions from smelting, hard metal and carbide production; other emissions to air are ammonia (NH3), acid fume (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), VOC’s and heavy metals. Emissions to water are overflow water from wet scrubbing systems, wastewater from slag and metal granulation, and blow down from cooling water cycles. Solid waste is composed of dust, fume and sludge, and slag. References: IPPC (2001) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC); Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Non Ferrous Metals Industries. European Commission. Retrieved from http://www.jrc.es/pub/english.cgi/ 0/733169
Types:
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text_type: Report,
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Comment: This is a market activity. Each market represents the consumption mix of a product in a given geography, connecting suppliers with consumers of the same product in the same geographical area. Markets group the producers and also the imports of the product (if relevant) within the same geographical area. They also account for transport to the consumer and for the losses during that process, when relevant. This is the market for 'chromium', in the Global geography. Transport from producers to consumers of this product in the geography covered by the market is included. This market is supplied by the following activities with the given share: chromium production, RER: 0.330592351639303 chromium production, RoW: 0.669407648360697 generalComment of chromium production (RoW): The module describes the chromium metal consumed Europe in 1994. It is designed solely for the use of the metal as alloying element in super-alloys (Ni-Cr). Usually stainless steels are made from ferrochrome and not from chromium metal. Chromium is considered to be made by aluminothermic process (75%) and electrolysis (25%). This module does not consider secondary sources of chromium. The general date quality is not satisfying, due to a lack of information. [This dataset was already contained in the ecoinvent database version 2. It was not individually updated during the transfer to ecoinvent version 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment results may still have changed, as they are affected by changes in the supply chain, i.e. in other datasets. This dataset was generated following the ecoinvent quality guidelines for version 2. It may have been subject to central changes described in the ecoinvent version 3 change report (http://www.ecoinvent.org/database/ecoinvent-version-3/reports-of-changes/), and the results of the central updates were reviewed extensively. The changes added e.g. consistent water flows and other information throughout the database. The documentation of this dataset can be found in the ecoinvent reports of version 2, which are still available via the ecoinvent website. The change report linked above covers all central changes that were made during the conversion process.] generalComment of chromium production (RER): The module describes the chromium metal consumed Europe in 1994. It is designed solely for the use of the metal as alloying element in super-alloys (Ni-Cr). Usually stainless steels are made from ferrochrome and not from chromium metal. Chromium is considered to be made by aluminothermic process (75%) and electrolysis (25%). This module does not consider secondary sources of chromium. The general date quality is not satisfying, due to a lack of information. [This dataset was already contained in the ecoinvent database version 2. It was not individually updated during the transfer to ecoinvent version 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment results may still have changed, as they are affected by changes in the supply chain, i.e. in other datasets. This dataset was generated following the ecoinvent quality guidelines for version 2. It may have been subject to central changes described in the ecoinvent version 3 change report (http://www.ecoinvent.org/database/ecoinvent-version-3/reports-of-changes/), and the results of the central updates were reviewed extensively. The changes added e.g. consistent water flows and other information throughout the database. The documentation of this dataset can be found in the ecoinvent reports of version 2, which are still available via the ecoinvent website. The change report linked above covers all central changes that were made during the conversion process.] [Dataset to be replaced by 'chromium production, RU, 2005 - 2017' (541dafac-f544-4f87-8596-84845e1589ba)]
Origin: /Bund/UBA/ProBas
Tags: Carbid ? Weiterverwendung ? Aluminiumhydroxid ? Ammoniak ? Chrom ? Fluorwasserstoff ? Hydroxid ? Ammoniakemission ? Kohlenstoffgehalt ? Europäische Kommission ? Elektrolyt ? Kohlenstoff ? Kühlwasser ? Reduktionsmittel ? Schwefelsäure ? Staubemission ? Wassertemperatur ? Staub ? Schwermetall ? Bindemittel ? Überschwemmung ? Rauch ? Schlacke ? Futtermittel ? Metall ? Edelstahl ? Sand ? Fester Abfall ? Gasförmiger Stoff ? Gebühr ? BVT-Merkblatt ? Wasserkreislauf ? Aluminiumherstellung ? Kapselung ? Kristallisation ? Wasser ? Auflösen ? Abwasser ? Rohstoff ? Heizung ? Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals ? Manufacturing ? Manufacture of basic metals ?
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Language: Deutsch
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