Description: technologyComment of hydroformylation of propylene (RER, RoW): In the oxo reaction (hydroformylation), carbon monoxide and hydrogen are added to a carbon – carbon double bond in the liquid phase in the presence of catalyst (hydrocarbonyls or substituted hydrocarbonyls of Co, Rh, or Ru). In the first reaction step aldehydes are formed with one more C-atom than the original olefins. For olefins with more than two C-atoms, isomeric aldehyde mixtures are normally obtained. In the case of propylene these consist of 1-butanal and 2-methylpropanal. imageUrlTagReplace600920a3-5103-4466-9c05-fd1d8ed0d89c There are several variations of the hydroformylation process, the differences being in the reaction conditions (pressure, temperature) as well as the catalyst system used. The classic high-pressure process exclusively used until the beginning of the 1970s operates at pressures of 20 – 30 MPa (200 – 300 bar) CO/H2 and temperatures of 100 – 180 °C. The catalyst is Co. It leads to about 75 % 1-butanol and about 25 % 2-methyl-1-propanol. The new process developments of the past few years have led to a clear shift in the range of products. The processes operating at relatively low pressures (1 – 5 MPa , 10 – 50 bar) use modified Rh-catalysts. The isomeric ratios achieved are about 92 : 8 or 95 : 5 1-butanol to 2-methyl-1-propanol. However, by the use of unmodified Rh the percentage of 2-methyl-1-propanol can be increased to about 50 %. Catalytic hydrogenation of the aldehydes leads to the formation of the corresponding alcohols. As only primary alcohols can be obtained via the oxo synthesis, it is not possible to produce 2-butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol by this process. Reference: Hahn, H., Dämkes, G., Ruppric, N.: Butanols. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of In-dustrial Chemistry, Seventh Edition, 2004 Electronic Release (ed. Fiedler E., Grossmann G., Kersebohm D., Weiss G. and Witte C.). 7 th Electronic Release Edition. Wiley InterScience, New York, Online-Version under: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ueic/articles/ technologyComment of synthetic fuel production, from coal, high temperature Fisher-Tropsch operations (ZA): SECUNDA SYNFUEL OPERATIONS: Secunda Synfuels Operations operates the world’s only commercial coal-based synthetic fuels manufacturing facility of its kind, producing synthesis gas (syngas) through coal gasification and natural gas reforming. They make use of their proprietary technology to convert syngas into synthetic fuel components, pipeline gas and chemical feedstock for the downstream production of solvents, polymers, comonomers and other chemicals. Primary internal customers are Sasol Chemicals Operations, Sasol Exploration and Production International and other chemical companies. Carbon is produced for the recarburiser, aluminium, electrode and cathodic production markets. Secunda Synfuels Operations receives coal from five mines in Mpumalanga (see figure attached). After being crushed, the coal is blended to obtain an even quality distribution. Electricity is generated by both steam and gas and used to gasify the coal at a temperature of 1300°C. This produces syngas from which two types of reactor - circulating fluidised bed and Sasol Advanced SynthoTM reactors – produce components for making synthetic fuels as well as a number of downstream chemicals. Gas water and tar oil streams emanating from the gasification process are refined to produce ammonia and various grades of coke respectively. imageUrlTagReplacea79dc0c2-0dda-47ec-94e0-6f076bc8cdb6 SECUNDA CHEMICAL OPERATIONS: The Secunda Chemicals Operations hub forms part of the Southern African Operations and is the consolidation of all the chemical operating facilities in Secunda, along with Site Services activities. The Secunda Chemicals hub produces a diverse range of products that include industrial explosives, fertilisers; polypropylene, ethylene and propylene; solvents (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), ethanol, n-Propanol, iso-propanol, SABUTOL-TM, PROPYLOL-TM, mixed C3 and C4 alcohols, mixed C5 and C6 alcohols, High Purity Ethanol, and Ethyl Acetate) as well as the co-monomers, 1-hexene, 1-pentene and 1-octene and detergent alcohol (SafolTM).
Types:
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Comment: This is a market activity. Each market represents the consumption mix of a product in a given geography, connecting suppliers with consumers of the same product in the same geographical area. Markets group the producers and also the imports of the product (if relevant) within the same geographical area. They also account for transport to the consumer and for the losses during that process, when relevant. This is the market for '1-butanol', in the Global geography. Transport from producers to consumers of this product in the geography covered by the market is included. 1-butanol' is an organic substance with a CAS no. : 000071-36-3. It is called 'butan-1-ol' under IUPAC naming and its molecular formula is: C4H10O. It is liquid under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. The substance is modelled as a pure substance. On a consumer level, is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, coating products, anti-freeze products, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, finger paints and washing & cleaning products. On industrial sites, the substance is used for the manufacture of products in the following sectors: coating products, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases and metal working fluids. This substance is used for the synthesis of other substances (use as intermediate). This market is supplied by the following activities with the given share: synthetic fuel production, from coal, high temperature Fisher-Tropsch operations, ZA: 0.0546457511848077 hydroformylation of propylene, RER: 0.297281210319243 hydroformylation of propylene, RoW: 0.648073038495949 generalComment of hydroformylation of propylene (RER, RoW): This dataset represents the hydroformylation of 1 kg of propylene, which produces 1-butanol and isobutanol (2-methyl-1-propanol). The inventory in this dataset shows only the exchanges related to the production of 1-butanol. 1-Butanol (C4H9OH) and isobutanol are both colourless liquids with a characteristic odour. They are completely miscible with common organic solvents. Their vapors have an irritant effect on mucous membranes and a narcotic effect in higher concentrations. 1-Butanol is used principally in the field of surface coating. It is used either directly as a solvent for varnishes or it is converted into derivatives which then serve as solvents or monomer components. The addition of 5 – 10 % of 1-butanol is also valuable in overcoming “blushing” (unwanted white opacity) which may arise when large quantities of thinners, particularly volatile solvents, are used. 1-Butanol is also useful for regulating the viscosity and improving the flow properties of varnishes and for the prevention of “streaking” in paints and lacquers based on spirit-soluble gums and resins. Although not itself a solvent for substances such as polystyrene and chlorinated rubber, 1-butanol can be successfully used in quantities up to 20 % as a diluent for the commonly used solvents for these substances, which are mainly the esters of the saturated carboxylic acids; in particular, the acetates. The most important process for the manufacture of 1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol is propylene hydroformylation (oxo synthesis) with subsequent hydrogenation of the aldehydes formed. Three different oxo-synthesis processes exist. Since the Celanese process is the one that is the most widely used today, it is the process that is modelled in this dataset. The raw materials and energy consumptions are based on literature data. The emissions are estimated and the infrastructure is included with a default value. References: Sutter, J. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Petrochemical Solvents. ecoinvent report No. 22. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, 2007. generalComment of synthetic fuel production, from coal, high temperature Fisher-Tropsch operations (ZA): This dataset represents the synthetyc fuels production from coal in South Africa (ZA). These operations are supported by mining coal and converting it into synthetic fuels and chemicals through proprietary Fischer-Tropsch technology by Sasol, the biggest synfuels producer in ZA (and worldwide). Its productions accounts for 150 000 bbl/day of crude-equivalent. High Temperature Fisher-Tropsch process makes use of an iron-based catalyst. However no information on catalyst supply or the amount used was available in the public reports.
Origin: /Bund/UBA/ProBas
Tags: Synthetischer Kraftstoff ? Ethylen ? Propen ? Alken ? Aluminium ? Ammoniak ? Butanol ? Erdgas ? Ethanol ? Ethylacetat ? Polypropylen ? New York ? Aceton ? Alkohol ? Chemierohstoff ? Düngemittel ? Katalysator ? Kohlevergasung ? Koks ? Lösungsmittel ? Polymer ? Synthesegas ? Wasserdampf ? Wasserstoff ? Flusswasser ? Kreosot ? Keton ? Aufbereitungstechnik ? Aldehyd ? Vergasung ? Wirbelschicht ? Wohlstand ? Kind ? Gasförmiger Stoff ? Mischkunststoff ? Kohle ? Kohlenmonoxid ? Aluminiumherstellung ? Explosivstoff ? Reaktionstemperatur ? Reaktor ? Hydroformylierung ? Isomer ? Chemikalien ? Reinigungsmittel ? Reinigungsverfahren ? Gasleitung ? Kohlenstoffmarkt ? Rohrleitung ? Anlagenbetrieb ? Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms ? Manufacturing ? Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products ? Manufacture of basic chemicals ?
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Language: Deutsch
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