Description: technologyComment of air separation, cryogenic (RER): The main components of air are nitrogen and oxygen, but it also contains smaller amounts of water vapour, argon, carbon dioxide and very small amounts of other gases (e.g. noble gases). The purification and liquefaction of various components of air, in particular oxygen, nitrogen and argon, is an important industrial process, and it is called cryogenic air separation. Cryogenic distillation accounts for approximately 85% of nitrogen and over 95% of oxygen production. It is the preferred supply mode for high volume and high purity requirements (Praxair 2002). Cryogenic air separation is currently the most efficient and cost-effective technology for producing large quantities of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon as gaseous or liquid products (Smith & Klosek 2001). Besides the air needed as a resource the major input for the liquefying process is the electricity to compress the inlet air, which normally comprises 95% of the utility costs of a cryogenic air separation plant. In some plants the amount of processed air (in Nm3) can be up to 5 times larger than the derived liquid products (Cryogenmash 2001). In these plants, the waste gas stream is naturally also much larger (in order to obtain the mass balance). As output of the cryogenic air separation there are three products: liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen and liquid crude argon. The assumed process includes no gaseous co-products. In reality gaseous products are also processed if there is a demand at the production site. The investigated cryogenic air separation process leads to liquid products in the following quality: - Liquid oxygen: min. 99.6 wt-% - Liquid nitrogen: min. 99.9995 wt-% - Liquid argon, crude: 96-98 wt-% An air pre-treatment section downstream of the air compression (0.7 MPa) and after cooling removes process contaminants, including water, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. The air is then cooled to cryogenic temperatures and distilled into oxygen, nitrogen, and, optionally, argon streams. Alternate compressing and expanding the recycled air can liquefy most of it. Numerous configurations of heat exchange and distillation equipment can separate air into the required product streams. These process alternatives are selected based on the purity and number of product streams, required trade-offs between capital costs and power consumption, and the degree of integration between the air separate unit and other facility units. This process requires very complicated heat integration techniques because the only heat sink for cooling or condensation is another cryogenic stream in the process. Since the boiling point of argon is between that of oxygen and nitrogen, it acts as an impurity in the product streams. If argon were collected and separated from the oxygen product, an oxygen purity of less than 95% by volume would result (Barron & Randall 1985). On the other hand, if argon were collected with the nitrogen product, the purity of nitrogen would not exceed 98.7% by volume. To achieve higher purities of oxygen and nitrogen the elimination of argon is necessary. Commercial argon is the product of cryogenic air separation, where liquefaction and distillation processes are used to produce a low-purity crude argon product. Praxair (2002) Gases > Nitrogen > Production of Nitrogen. Praxair Technology Inc. 2002. Retrieved 16.01.2002 from http://www.praxair.com Smith A. R. and Klosek J. (2001) A Review of Air Separation Technologies and their Integration with Energy Conversion Processes. In: Fuel Processing Technology, 70(2), pp. 115-134. Barron and Randall F. (1985) Cryogenic Systems. 2 Edition. Oxford University Press, New York Cryogenmash (2001) KxAxApx Type Double-Pressure Air Separation Plants. Gen-eral Data. Cryogenic Industries, Moscow, Russia. Retrieved 16.01.2002 from http://www.cryogenmash.ru/production/vru/vru_kgag2_e.htm imageUrlTagReplaceb1f86554-243f-4c79-b3a2-e6a9efa3a7ef
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Comment: This is a market activity. Each market represents the consumption mix of a product in a given geography, connecting suppliers with consumers of the same product in the same geographical area. Markets group the producers and also the imports of the product (if relevant) within the same geographical area. They also account for transport to the consumer and for the losses during that process, when relevant. This is the market for 'oxygen, liquid', in the geography of Europe. Special transport modelling for liquid gases: No ship transport and normal transport modelling for chemicals reduced by 90%. oxygen, liquid' is an inorganic substance with a CAS no. : 007782-44-7. It is called 'molecular oxygen' under IUPAC naming and its molecular formula is: O2. It is liquid. It is modelled as a pure substance. There is no publicly available information about the consumption of this substance on a consumer level. On industrial sites, the substance is used for the manufacture of products in the following sectors: medicine and chemicals. This market is supplied by the following activities with the given share: air separation, cryogenic, RER: 1.0 generalComment of air separation, cryogenic (RER): This dataset represents the production of liquefied nitrogen, oxygen and argon by cryogenic air separation. The liquefaction process of air represents an average cryogenic air separation process. Cryogenic air separation is currently the most efficient and cost-effective technology for producing large quantities of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon as gaseous or liquid products (Smith & Klosek 2001). The fraction of each output is based on the composition of air (1.4% Argon, 23.1% Oxygen and 75.5% Nitrogen). Nitrogen (N2) constitutes 78.09% by volume of the air. It is colourless, odourless, and tasteless. Nitrogen is often used as an 'inert' gas due to its non-reactive nature with many materials. Commercial nitrogen is produced by different air separation processes, such as cryogenic liquefaction and distillation, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and membrane separation. Liquid nitrogen, produced by the cryogenic air separation process, finds wide use as a refrigerant in applications such as cryogenic grinding of plastics and food freezing. Gaseous nitrogen is used in the chemical and petroleum industries for storage tank blanketing and vessel inerting applications, in the food industries to pack oxidisable foods and by the electronics and metals industries for the inert properties. Oxygen (O2) constitutes 20.95% by volume of the air. Liquid oxygen is pale blue. The principal use of oxygen stems from its strong oxidising properties. Oxygen is produced by air separation processes that use either cryogenic liquefaction and distillation or separation with vacuum swing adsorption (VSA). The major commercial uses of oxygen are in metal manufacturing, metal fabricating, and in health services. Oxygen is also used extensively in the chemical industry and in the pulp and paper industry. Argon (Ar) is a monatomic, chemically inert gas composing slightly less than 0.93% by volume of the air. Argon is colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-corrosive, non-flammable, and non-toxic. Argon is the most abundant and most used of the noble gases. Commercial argon is the product of cryogenic air separation. Argon is the most abundant and most used of the noble gases. Its chief use is in metallurgy, where it provides an inert atmosphere in which hot metals can be worked. Because argon is very un-reactive, it prevents chemical reactions of the very hot metal being welded or forged. This dataset is based on literature data and estimations. References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0. EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. Smith A. R. and Klosek J. (2001) A Review of Air Separation Technologies and their Integration with Energy Conversion Processes. In: Fuel Processing Technology, 70(2), pp. 115-134.
Origin: /Bund/UBA/ProBas
Tags: Argon ? Brennstoff ? Luftkühlung ? Moskau ? New York ? Tieftemperaturtechnik ? Edelgas ? Kohlenwasserstoff ? Kühlwasser ? Sauerstoff ? Stickstoff ? Wasserdampf ? Main ? Russland ? Aufbereitungstechnik ? Stromkosten ? Kohlendioxid ? Luftelektrizität ? Lufttemperatur ? Wasserkühlung ? Gasförmiger Stoff ? Stoffbilanz ? Nebenprodukt ? Energieverbrauch ? Siedepunkt ? Investitionskosten ? Abgas ? Daten ? Luftschadstoff ? Kondensation ? Destillation ? Literaturauswertung ? Energieumwandlung ? Ressource ? Industrielles Verfahren ? Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms ? Manufacture of basic chemicals ? Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products ? Manufacturing ?
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