Description: technologyComment of methanol production (GLO): For normal methanol synthesis, reforming is performed in one step in a tubular reactor at 850 – 900 °C in order to leave as little methane as possible in the synthesis gas. For large methanol synthesis plants, Lurgi has introduced a two-step combination (combined reforming process) that gives better results. In the primary tubular reformer, lower temperature (ca. 800 °C) but higher pressure (2.5-4.0 MPa instead of 1.5-2.5 MPa) are applied. More recently, Lurgi developed another two-step gas production scheme. It is based on catalytic autothermal reforming with an adiabatic performer and has economical advantages for very large methanol plants. At locations where no carbon dioxide is available most of the methanol plants are based on the following gas production technologies, depending on their capacities: steam reforming for capacities up to 2000 t d-1 or combined reforming from 1800 to 2500 t d-1 (Ullmann 2001). For the energy and resource flows in this inventory a modern steam reforming process was taken as average technology. To estimate best and worst case values, also values from combined reforming and autothermal reforming were investigated. Methanol produced using a low pressure steam reforming process (ICI LPM) accounts for approximately 60% of the world capacity (Synetix 2000a). Besides steam reforming, combined reforming has gained importance due to the production of methanol in large plants at remote locations. The reaction of the steam-reforming route can be formulated for methane, the major constituent of natural gas, as follows: Synthesis gas preparation: CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2; ΔH = 206 kJ mol-1 CO + H2O → CO2 + H2; ΔH = - 41 kJ mol-1 Methanol synthesis: CO + 2 H2 → CH3OH; ΔH = -98 kJ mol-1 CO2 + 3 H2 → CH3OH + H2O; ΔH = -58 kJ mol-1 For an average plant the total carbon efficiency is around 75%, 81% for the synthesis gas preparation and 93% for the methanol synthesis (Le Blanc et al. 1994, p. 114). For steam reformers usually a steam to carbon ratio of 3:1 to 3.5:1 is used. As methanol production is a highly integrated process with a complicated steam system, heat recovery and often also internal electricity production (out of excess steam), there were only data of the efficiency and energy consumption of the total process available. Therefore the process was not divided into a reforming process, a synthesis process and a purification process for estimating the energy and resource flows. Also the energy and resource flows in the methanol production plants are site specific (dependent on the local availability of resources such as CO2, O2, or electricity). In this inventory typical values for a methanol plant using steam-reforming technology were used. The main resource for methanol production is natural gas, which acts as feedstock and fuel. A natural gas based methanol plant consumes typically 29-37 MJ (LHV) of natural gas per kg of methanol. This gas is needed as feedstock for the produced methanol (20 MJ kg-1 LHV) and also used as fuel for the utilities of the plant. From the converted feed, 1 kg methanol and 0.06 kg hydrogen is yielded. It was assumed that the purged hydrogen was also burned in the furnace. The only emission to air considered from burning hydrogen is NOX. The energy amount generated is not considered, because the process of the furnace is specified for natural gas as fuel. The NOX emissions of the hydrogen burning were therefore calculated separately. References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0. EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. technologyComment of synthetic fuel production, from coal, high temperature Fisher-Tropsch operations (ZA): SECUNDA SYNFUEL OPERATIONS: Secunda Synfuels Operations operates the world’s only commercial coal-based synthetic fuels manufacturing facility of its kind, producing synthesis gas (syngas) through coal gasification and natural gas reforming. They make use of their proprietary technology to convert syngas into synthetic fuel components, pipeline gas and chemical feedstock for the downstream production of solvents, polymers, comonomers and other chemicals. Primary internal customers are Sasol Chemicals Operations, Sasol Exploration and Production International and other chemical companies. Carbon is produced for the recarburiser, aluminium, electrode and cathodic production markets. Secunda Synfuels Operations receives coal from five mines in Mpumalanga (see figure attached). After being crushed, the coal is blended to obtain an even quality distribution. Electricity is generated by both steam and gas and used to gasify the coal at a temperature of 1300°C. This produces syngas from which two types of reactor - circulating fluidised bed and Sasol Advanced SynthoTM reactors – produce components for making synthetic fuels as well as a number of downstream chemicals. Gas water and tar oil streams emanating from the gasification process are refined to produce ammonia and various grades of coke respectively. imageUrlTagReplacea79dc0c2-0dda-47ec-94e0-6f076bc8cdb6 SECUNDA CHEMICAL OPERATIONS: The Secunda Chemicals Operations hub forms part of the Southern African Operations and is the consolidation of all the chemical operating facilities in Secunda, along with Site Services activities. The Secunda Chemicals hub produces a diverse range of products that include industrial explosives, fertilisers; polypropylene, ethylene and propylene; solvents (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), ethanol, n-Propanol, iso-propanol, SABUTOL-TM, PROPYLOL-TM, mixed C3 and C4 alcohols, mixed C5 and C6 alcohols, High Purity Ethanol, and Ethyl Acetate) as well as the co-monomers, 1-hexene, 1-pentene and 1-octene and detergent alcohol (SafolTM).
Types:
Text {
text_type: Report,
}
Comment: This is a market activity. Each market represents the consumption mix of a product in a given geography, connecting suppliers with consumers of the same product in the same geographical area. Markets group the producers and also the imports of the product (if relevant) within the same geographical area. They also account for transport to the consumer and for the losses during that process, when relevant. This dataset represents the supply of 1 kg of methanol from activities that produce it within the geography of this dataset. In this market, expert judgement was used to develop product-specific transport distance estimations based on the default transport distances for markets, provided in the 'Default Transport Assumptions' file available on the ecoinvent website (https://www.ecoinvent.org/support/documents-and-files/documents-and-files.html). See exchange comments for additional details. This market is supplied by the following activities with the given share: methanol production, GLO: 0.996328973458924 synthetic fuel production, from coal, high temperature Fisher-Tropsch operations, ZA: 0.00367102654107643 generalComment of methanol production (GLO): This dataset represents the production of 1 kg of methanol from natural gas. Methanol (CH3OH) is a clear, colourless, volatile liquid with a faint alcohol-like odour. Methanol is the simplest of the alcohols, having only one carbon atom, and is completely miscible in water. Methanol easily dissolves in other alcohols and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but has limited solubility in diesel fuel, vegetable oils, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. As of 2000, more than 70% of the methanol produced worldwide is used in chemical syntheses. In order of importance the produced methanol was used as follows: - Formaldehyde: 34% of production. - Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE): 28% of production. - Acetic acid: 10% of production. - Methyl methacrylate (MMA): 3% of production. - Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). 2% of production. Only a small proportion is used for energy production (2% of production), although this use has great potential. Commercial production of methanol is based on synthesis gas mixtures (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) derived primarily from natural gas. This dataset represents the production of methanol using the steam reforming process. The inventory is based on data from literature and reports on plant design or efficiency. References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0. EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. generalComment of synthetic fuel production, from coal, high temperature Fisher-Tropsch operations (ZA): This dataset represents the synthetyc fuels production from coal in South Africa (ZA). These operations are supported by mining coal and converting it into synthetic fuels and chemicals through proprietary Fischer-Tropsch technology by Sasol, the biggest synfuels producer in ZA (and worldwide). Its productions accounts for 150 000 bbl/day of crude-equivalent. High Temperature Fisher-Tropsch process makes use of an iron-based catalyst. However no information on catalyst supply or the amount used was available in the public reports.
Origin: /Bund/UBA/ProBas
Tags: Ethylen ? Propen ? Synthetischer Kraftstoff ? NOx-Emission ? Aluminium ? Ammoniak ? Brennstoff ? Erdgas ? Ethanol ? Ethylacetat ? Methanol ? Polypropylen ? Aceton ? Düngemittel ? Kohlenstoff ? Kohlevergasung ? Koks ? Lösungsmittel ? Polymer ? Chemierohstoff ? Synthesegas ? Wärmerückgewinnung ? Wasserdampf ? Wasserstoff ? Flusswasser ? Kreosot ? Elektrizität ? Main ? Schweiz ? Mischkunststoff ? Stromerzeugung ? Verbrennung ? Verfahrenskombination ? Vergasung ? Brand ? Futtermittel ? Gesamtkohlenstoff ? Wirbelschicht ? Keton ? Methan ? Gasförmiger Stoff ? Kind ? Kohle ? Stickoxide ? Dampfreformierung ? Kohlendioxid ? Chemikalien ? Explosivstoff ? Energietechnik ? Energieverbrauch ? Aluminiumherstellung ? Reinigungsmittel ? Reinigungsverfahren ? Produktionstechnik ? Reaktor ? Gasleitung ? Kohlenstoffmarkt ? Daten ? Rohstoff ? Energie ? Gaserzeugung ? Ofen ? Anlagenbetrieb ? Ressource ? Rohrleitung ? Ressourcenverfügbarkeit ? Ressourcenstrom ? Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products ? Manufacture of basic chemicals ? Manufacturing ? Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms ?
License: unbekannt
Language: Deutsch
Accessed 1 times.