Description: technologyComment of Mannheim process (RER): Production of sodium sulfate and HCl by the Mannheim process. This process can be summarized with the following overall stoechiometric reaction: 2 NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 HCl technologyComment of allyl chloride production, reaction of propylene and chlorine (RER): based on industry data in the US and Europe technologyComment of benzene chlorination (RER): Clorobenzenes are prepared by reaction of liquid benzene with gaseous chlorine in the presence of a catalyst at moderate temperature and atmospheric pressure. Hydrogen chloride is formed as a by-product. Generally, mixtures of isomers and compounds with varying degrees of chlorination are obtained, because any given chlorobenzene can be further chlorinated up to the stage of hexa-chlorobenzene. Because of the directing influence exerted by chlorine, the unfavoured products 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene are formed to only a small extent if at all. The velocity of chlorination for an individual chlorine compound depends on the compound's structure and, because of this, both the degree of chlorination and also the isomer ratio change continuously during the course of reaction. Sets of data on the composition of products from different reactions are only comparable if they refer to identical reaction conditions and materials having the same degree of chlorination. By altering the reaction conditions and changing the catalyst, one can vary the ratios of different chlorinated products within certain limits. Lewis acids (FeCl3, AlCl3, SbCl3, MnCl2, MoCl2, SnCl4, TiCl4) are used as principal catalysts. The usual catalyst employed in large scale production is ferric chloride, with or without the addition of sulfur compounds. The ratio of resulting chlorobenzenes to one another is also influenced by the benzene:chlorine ratio. For this reason, the highest selectivity is achieved in batch processes. If the same monochlorobenzene:dichlorobenzene ratio expected from a batch reactor is to result from continuous operation in a single-stage reactor, then a far lower degree of benzene conversion must be accepted as a consequence of the low benzene:chlorine ratio). The reaction is highly exothermic: C6H6 + Cl2 --> C6H5Cl + HCl ; delta H = -131.5 kJ/mol Unwanted heat of reaction can be dissipated either by circulating some of the reactor fluid through an external heat exchanger or by permitting evaporative cooling to occur at the boiling temperature. Circulation cooling has the advantage of enabling the reaction temperature to be varied in accordance with the requirements of a given situation. Evaporative cooling is more economical, however. Fractional distillation separates the products. Iron catalyst is removed with the distillation residue.Unreacted benzene is recycled to the reactor. technologyComment of hydrochloric acid production, from the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine (RER): HCl can be either directly prepared or generated as a by-product from a number of reactions. This dataset represents the production of HCl via the combustion of chlorine with hydrogen gas. The process involves burning hydrogen gas and chlorine in a gas combustion chamber, producing hydrogen chloride gas. The hydrogen chloride gas then passes through a cooler to an absorber where process water is introduced, producing aqueous hydrochloric acid. H2 + Cl2 -> 2 HCl (exothermic reaction) References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0. EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. technologyComment of tetrafluoroethylene production (RER): The production of fluorochemicals and PTFE monomers can be summarized with the following chemical reactions (Cedergren et al. 2001): CaF2 + H2SO4 -> CaSO4 + 2HF (1) CH4 + 3Cl2 -> CHCl3 + 3HCl (2) CHCl3 + 2HF -> CHClF2 + 2HCl (3) 2 CHClF2 + heat -> CF2=CF2 + 2 HCl (4) This dataset represents the last reaction step (4). Parts of the production are carried out at high pressure and high temperature, 590 ºC – 900 ºC. The first reaction (1) takes place in the presence of heat and HSO3 - and steam. The inventory for the production of hydrogen fluoride can be found in the report (Jungbluth 2003a). Reaction (2) is used to produce trichloromethane. Reaction 3 for the production of chlorodifluoromethane takes place in the presence of a catalyst. The production of PTFE (4) takes place under high temperature pyrolysis conditions. Large amounts of hydrochloric acid (HCl) are generated as a couple product during the process and are sold as a 30% aqueous solution. A large number of other by-products and emissions is formed in the processes (benzene, dichloromethane, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, R134a, and vinyl chloride) and small amounts of the highly toxic perfluoroisobutylene CF2=C(CF3)2. The by-products in the production of monomers can harm the processes of polymerisation. Because of this, the refinement of the production of monomers has to be very narrow. This makes the process complex and it contributes to a high cost for the PTFE-laminates. (Cedergren et al. 2001). References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. Final report ecoinvent data v2.0 No. 8. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH.
Types:
Text {
text_type: Report,
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Comment: This is a market activity. Each market represents the consumption mix of a product in a given geography, connecting suppliers with consumers of the same product in the same geographical area. Markets group the producers and also the imports of the product (if relevant) within the same geographical area. They also account for transport to the consumer and for the losses during that process, when relevant. This dataset represents the supply of 1 kg of hydrochloric acid, without water, in 30% solution state from all activities that produce it within the geography RER. A regional market for Europe [RER] is motivated by the low share (in the range of 0.1%-1.4% of total trade quantities between 2010-2016) of import quantities to EU28 from outside (excluding Norway and Switzerland) the Union. In addition, the export quantities exceeded the import quantities (the ratio export/import was in the range of 3.31-63.44 in the same period). Source: Eurostat database, EU trade since 1988 by HS6 (DS-016893), HS6-code: 280610 - HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 'HYDROCHLORIC ACID', Assessed on: 2018-01-22. In this market, expert judgement was used to develop product-specific transport distance estimations based on eurostat transport statistics for 2016 (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database, extracted on the 2018-06-01). This market is supplied by the following activities with the given share: allyl chloride production, reaction of propylene and chlorine, RER: 0.071510092825125 hydrochloric acid production, from the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine, RER: 0.462613410598809 Mannheim process, RER: 0.462613410598809 tetrafluoroethylene production, RER: 0.00247746686006635 benzene chlorination, RER: 0.000785619117190172 generalComment of Mannheim process (RER): This dataset represents the co-production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid by means of the Mannheim process. Sodium sulfate is found in nature in the anhydrous form (thenardite) or the decahydrate form (Glauber's salt). Sodium sulfate is also produced chemically – either as a by-product of other processes or as the main product of a process. Sodium sulfate is used for the production of soap and detergents, textiles, pulp and paper, glass and for a variety of other uses – e.g. carpet fresheners or starch manufacturing. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a colorless to yellowish fuming liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. It is a strong highly corrosive acid. The main applications for HCl are according to (Inchem hcl): - Acidizing (activation) of petroleum wells - Manufacture of dyes, phenols and plastics - Ore reduction (manganese, radium, vanadium, tantalum, tin and tungsten) - Food processing (corn, syrup, sodium glutamate) - Pickling and metal cleaning - Industrial acidizing - Water treatment - Resin regeneration and demineralizers Due to a lack of industrial data, this dataset is based on literature and stoichiometric calculations. References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0. EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. generalComment of allyl chloride production, reaction of propylene and chlorine (RER): Liquid propene is reacted with gaseous chlorine [This dataset was already contained in the ecoinvent database version 2. It was not individually updated during the transfer to ecoinvent version 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment results may still have changed, as they are affected by changes in the supply chain, i.e. in other datasets. This dataset was generated following the ecoinvent quality guidelines for version 2. It may have been subject to central changes described in the ecoinvent version 3 change report (http://www.ecoinvent.org/database/ecoinvent-version-3/reports-of-changes/), and the results of the central updates were reviewed extensively. The changes added e.g. consistent water flows and other information throughout the database. The documentation of this dataset can be found in the ecoinvent reports of version 2, which are still available via the ecoinvent website. The change report linked above covers all central changes that were made during the conversion process.] generalComment of benzene chlorination (RER): Benzene chlorination is the most important process to produce monochlorobenzene. Most monochlorobenzene is now produced in continuously operated plants. Depending on the ratio of benzene to chlorine chosen, one can achieve either a low rate of benzene conversion and little dichlorobenzene formation, or almost complete conversion of the benzene with a higher degree of dichlorobenzene formation. Which of the two alternatives is favoured depends on a profitability calculation in which the distillation costs occassioned by the dichlorobenzenes need to be taken into account. generalComment of hydrochloric acid production, from the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine (RER): This dataset represents the production of 1 kg of hydrochloric acid via the combustion of chlorine with hydrogen. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a colorless to yellowish fuming liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. It is a strong highly corrosive acid. The main applications for HCl are the following: - Acidizing (activation) of petroleum wells - Manufacture of dyes, phenols and plastics - Ore reduction (manganese, radium, vanadium, tantalum, tin and tungsten) - Food processing (corn, syrup, sodium glutamate) - Pickling and metal cleaning - Industrial acidizing - Water treatment - Resin regeneration and demineralizers In this dataset, the amounts of raw materials and emissions are estimated based on stoichiometric calculations. Electricity consumption is approximated based on data from a large chemical factory (Gendorf 2016). References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. ecoinvent report No. 8, v2.0. EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de. generalComment of tetrafluoroethylene production (RER): This dataset represents the production of 1 kg of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). TFE is the most important fluoroolefin; it is used mainly for the production of fluoropolymers such as polyfluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE resin is used primarily in electrical applications such as insulation, flexible printed circuits, and piezoelectric devices. Tetrafluoroethylene is also used in the production of low molecular mass compounds and intermediates, e.g., for the manufacture of iodoperfluoroalkanes (Siegemund et al. 2016). References: Althaus H.-J., Chudacoff M., Hischier R., Jungbluth N., Osses M. and Primas A. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. Final report ecoinvent data v2.0 No. 8. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH. Siegemund, G., Schwertfeger, W., Feiring, A., Smart, B., Behr, F., Vogel, H., McKusick, B. and Kirsch, P. 2016. Fluorine Compounds, Organic. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de.
Origin: /Bund/UBA/ProBas
Tags: Dichlorbenzol ? Natriumsulfat ? Propen ? Mannheim ? Allylchlorid ? Chlorbenzol ? Eisenchlorid ? Luftdruck ? Chlorwasserstoff ? Ethylenoxid ? Fluorwasserstoff ? Schwefelverbindung ? Eisen ? Absorber ? Benzol ? Chlorverbindung ? Hochtemperaturreaktor ? Katalysator ? Salzsäure ? Pflanzensamen ? Schwefelsäure ? Wasserdampf ? Wasserstoff ? Formaldehyd ? Schwefel ? Schweiz ? Wärmeübertrager ? Vinylchlorid ? Wasserstoffherstellung ? Wärmeerzeugung ? Diskontinuierliches Verfahren ? Pyrolyse ? Betriebswasser ? Brand ? Methan ? Gasförmiger Stoff ? Chlorung ? Verbrennung ? Isomer ? Nebenprodukt ? Polymerisation ? Brennkammer ? Chemikalien ? Reaktionstemperatur ? Reaktor ? Daten ? Europa ? Destillation ? Abschlussbericht ? Chemische Reaktion ? Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms ? Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products ? Manufacture of basic chemicals ? Manufacturing ?
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