Description: technologyComment of styrene production (RoW): Styrene is mainly produced by the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EBS process) and via ethylbenzene hydroperoxide (POSM process) with propylene oxide as a by-product (James and Castor 2011). This dataset reflects only the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EBS). Close to the entire production of ethylbenzene is produced via the alkylation of ethylene and benzene (Welch et al. 2005). This production route has been used since the mid-nineties (James and Castor 2011). Chemical reaction: C6H6 + C2H4 -> C8H10 C8H10 -> C8H8 + H2 The reaction from ethylbenzene to styrene is reversible. The reaction is endothermic with a heat delta of 600 degrees Celcius and 124.0 kJ/mol (James and Castor 2011). The production of styrene is mostly performed (ca. 75% of production), by running ethylbenzene (the input includes recycled ethylbenzene) through subsequent reactors / reactors beds. Steam is used to dehydrogenate the input product. Steam has been found to ensure a high yield, provide the necessary conditions for the reaction to happen and at the same time cleaning the used catalyst (James and Castor 2011). The use of a catalyst boosts the efficiency of the reaction, otherwise low temperature and low pressure are enough to ensure the reaction but with lower yield. Usual reaction conditions are 620 degrees Celsius combined with very low pressure, this ensures a yield between 88 and 95% (James and Castor 2011). According to James and Castor (2011) one of the most used catalyst for this reaction is composed by 84.3% iron (Fe2O3), 2.4% chromium (Cr2O3), and 13.3% potassium (K2CO3) (James and Castor 2011). The average lifespan of catalysts for this reaction is assumed to be 2 years (James and Castor 2011). The catalyst in not consider significant in terms of emissions for the reaction and it is therefore not included in this dataset and it is assumed to be taken into consideration in the input of chemical factory. The main source of information for the values for water (process and cooling), nitrogen and chemical factory is industry data from Gendorf. The values are a 5-year average of data (2011 - 2015) published by the Gendorf factory (Gendorf, 2016, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de), (Gendorf, 2015, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de), (Gendorf, 2014, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de). The Gendorf factory is based in Germany, it produces a wide range of chemical substances. The factory produced 1657400 tonnes of chemical substances in the year 2015 (Gendorf, 2016, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de) and 740000 tonnes of intermediate products. Reference(s): Hischier, R. (2005) Establishing Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals Based on Differing Data Availability (9 pp). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp 59–67. 10.1065/lca2004.10.181.7 Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de James, D.H. and Castor, W.M. 2011. Styrene. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Electronic Release, Vol.34, pp.529-544. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Welch, V.A. et al. 2005. Ethylbenzene. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Electronic Release, Vol.13, pp.451-464. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. technologyComment of styrene production (RER): Styrene is mainly produced by the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EBS process) and via ethylbenzene hydroperoxide (POSM process) with propylene oxide as a by-product (James and Castor 2011). This dataset reflects only the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EBS). Close to the entire production of ethylbenzene is produced via the alkylation of ethylene and benzene (Welch et al. 2005). This production route has been used since the mid-nineties (James and Castor 2011). Chemical reaction: C6H6 + C2H4 -> C8H10 C8H10 -> C8H8 + H2 The reaction from ethylbenzene to styrene is reversible. The reaction is endothermic with a heat delta of 600 degrees Celcius and 124.0 kJ/mol (James and Castor 2011). The production of styrene is mostly performed (ca. 75% of production), by running ethylbenzene (the input includes recycled ethylbenzene) through subsequent reactors / reactors beds. Steam is used to dehydrogenate the input product. Steam has been found to ensure a high yield, provide the necessary conditions for the reaction to happen and at the same time cleaning the used catalyst (James and Castor 2011). The use of a catalyst boosts the efficiency of the reaction, otherwise low temperature and low pressure are enough to ensure the reaction but with lower yield. Usual reaction conditions are 620 degrees Celsius combined with very low pressure, this ensures a yield between 88 and 95% (James and Castor 2011). According to James and Castor (2011) one of the most used catalyst for this reaction is composed by 84.3% iron (Fe2O3), 2.4% chromium (Cr2O3), and 13.3% potassium (K2CO3) (James and Castor 2011). The average lifespan of catalysts for this reaction is assumed to be 2 years (James and Castor 2011). The catalyst in not consider significant in terms of emissions for the reaction and it is therefore not included in this dataset and it is assumed to be taken into consideration in the input of chemical factory. The main source of information for the values for water (process and cooling), nitrogen and chemical factory is industry data from Gendorf. The values are a 5-year average of data (2011 - 2015) published by the Gendorf factory (Gendorf, 2016, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de), (Gendorf, 2015, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de), (Gendorf, 2014, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de). The Gendorf factory is based in Germany, it produces a wide range of chemical substances. The factory produced 1657400 tonnes of chemical substances in the year 2015 (Gendorf, 2016, Umwelterklärung, www.gendorf.de) and 740000 tonnes of intermediate products. Reference(s): Hischier, R. (2005) Establishing Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals Based on Differing Data Availability (9 pp). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp 59–67. 10.1065/lca2004.10.181.7 Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de James, D.H. and Castor, W.M. 2011. Styrene. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Electronic Release, Vol.34, pp.529-544. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Welch, V.A. et al. 2005. Ethylbenzene. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Electronic Release, Vol.13, pp.451-464. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Certain data points from a company survey by PlasticsEurope (three companies and four production sites).
Types:
Text {
text_type: Report,
}
Comment: This is a market activity. Each market represents the consumption mix of a product in a given geography, connecting suppliers with consumers of the same product in the same geographical area. Markets group the producers and also the imports of the product (if relevant) within the same geographical area. They also account for transport to the consumer and for the losses during that process, when relevant. This is the market for 'styrene', in the Global geography. In this market, expert judgement was used to develop product specific transport distance estimations. styrene', is a plastic product of fossil origin. It is a precursor substance meant to be used for the further production of plastics. It is liquid under normal conditions of temperature and pressure with a sweet, floral odour. The product is used in the following applications and sectors: fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and coating products. This market is supplied by the following activities with the given share: styrene production, RER: 0.136730769230769 styrene production, RoW: 0.863269230769231 generalComment of styrene production (RER): This activity produces 1 kg of styrene. Styrene is an unsaturated aromatic monomer. Styrene is used in the production of polymers. Styrene is used in the following production processes in approximately the following shares: 60% for polystyrene production, 18% styrene – acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) and terpolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene (ABS), 5% for styrene – butadiene rubber elastomers (SBR), 6% styrene – butadiene latexes, 5 % to producer unsaturated polyester resins (James and Castor 2011). Global production of styrene for the year 2008 was of 26 million tonnes (James and Castor 2011). Reference(s): Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de James, D.H. and Castor, W.M. 2011. Styrene. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Electronic Release, Vol.34, pp.529-544. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Welch, V.A. et al. 2005. Ethylbenzene. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Electronic Release, Vol.13, pp.451-464. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Certain data points from a company survey by PlasticsEurope (three companies and four production sites). generalComment of styrene production (RoW): This activity produces 1 kg of styrene. Styrene is an unsaturated aromatic monomer. Styrene is used in the production of polymers. Styrene is used in the following production processes in approximately the following shares: 60% for polystyrene production, 18% styrene – acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) and terpolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene (ABS), 5% for styrene – butadiene rubber elastomers (SBR), 6% styrene – butadiene latexes, 5 % to producer unsaturated polyester resins (James and Castor 2011). Global production of styrene for the year 2008 was of 26 million tonnes (James and Castor 2011). Reference(s): Gendorf (2016) Umwelterklärung 2015, Werk Gendorf Industriepark, www.gendorf.de James, D.H. and Castor, W.M. 2011. Styrene. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Electronic Release, Vol.34, pp.529-544. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Welch, V.A. et al. 2005. Ethylbenzene. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Electronic Release, Vol.13, pp.451-464. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. For more information on the model please refer to the dedicate ecoinvent report, access it in the Report section of ecoQuery (http://www.ecoinvent.org/login-databases.html)
Origin: /Bund/UBA/ProBas
Tags: Ethylen ? Propenoxid ? Styrol ? Chrom ? Kalium ? Eisen ? Main ? Benzol ? Katalysator ? Kühlwasser ? Rohwasser ? Pflanzensamen ? Stickstoff ? Wasserdampf ? Umwelterklärung ? Ökobilanz ? Chemieanlage ? Wasserkühlung ? Castor-Behälter ? Reaktionstemperatur ? Reaktor ? Daten ? Standortwahl ? Alkylierung ? Zwischenprodukt ? Chemikalien ? Nebenprodukt ? Chemische Reaktion ? Chemischer Stoff ? Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms ? Manufacturing ? Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products ? Manufacture of basic chemicals ?
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Language: Deutsch
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