Das Projekt "Scenario of Aircraft Emissions and Impact Studies on Chemistry and Climate" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Oberpfaffenhofen durchgeführt. The continued expected growth in aviation will be met in part by new fleets of supersonic aircraft. The environmental impact of this growth was considered by IPCC 1999 however many of the IPCC conclusions had a large uncertainty range. The important questions are: 1. How large will be the impact on atmospheric composition and climate of future aviation? 2. How can we reduce the possible environmental impacts? In a unique partnership between industry and atmospheric scientists we will address these questions by developing new emission scenarios and performing state-of-the-art numerical modelling studies to deliver improved understanding of impact which will influence the detailed design and operation of a new supersonic fleet.
Das Projekt "Modelling of the impact on ozone and other chemical compounds in the atmosphere from airplane emissions" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Oberpfaffenhofen durchgeführt. General Information: Summary Observations have shown that ozone levels in the upper troposphere (UT) and the lower stratosphere (LS) have changed over the last two to three decades. The observed reductions in the LS, which has been seen in the Northern Hemisphere during the last decade most probably are caused by man made emissions (CFCs and bromine compounds) in conjunction with particles and PSCs formation. For the UT, observations have shown an ozone increase for at least two decades, but less so the last few years. The causes of these changes are poorly understood. Modelling studies have been used to estirnate the impact of different man made sources on the chemical composition, and on ozone in particular in the UT and the LS. These studies show that there are significant uncertainties in the estimates of the impact which are a result of limited knowledge of atmospheric processes and which have to be improved in order to come up with better estimates of the impact of aircraft emissions on ozone in the UT and the LS. Emissions from aircraft (NOx, H20, SO2 and soot) at cruising altitudes are likely to affect the ozone chemistry in the UT and the LS in two ways: directly through enhanced photochemical activity (emission of NOx and water vapour), and through enhanced particle formation from NOx, water vapour and SO2. The impact of aircraft emissions is of particular importance to study, as the emissions are projected to grow rapidly over the next two decades compared to emissions from most other sources, and because there are significant regional differences in the impact on ozone and in the projected growth in the emissions. It is therefore likely that future aircraft emissions have the potential to perturb ozone levels significantly. The overall objective of the study is to improve our scientific basis for estimates of the impact of aircraft emissions on the chemical composition in the UT and in the LS, and to perform 3-D model studies of the large scale (regional to hemispheric) perturbation of ozone from a projected future fleet of subsonic and supersonic aircraft. Focus in the study will be on two main areas: a) The role of heterogeneous processes in the UT and the LS and how these processes can be parameterised in global 3-D CTMs, and b) modelling studies of the future impact of subsonic as well as supersonic traffic on the ozone in the UT and the LS, with particular emphasis on the regional contribution to global scale ozone from regions with the largest projected traffic (Europe - US, South Asia and surrounding areas). The tools for these studies will be state of the art 3-D CTMs (Chemical Tracer Models) available among the participating groups. The CTMs have different spatial resolution, transport parameterisation, and parameterisation of the chemical processes, including heterogeneous chemistry,... Prime Contractor: University of Oslo, Department of Geophysics; Oslo; Norway.
Das Projekt "Modellierung der Auswirkungen von Flugzeugemissionen auf das Ozon und andere chemische Verbindungen in der Atmosphaere" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (Otto-Hahn-Institut) durchgeführt. The lower stratosphere/upper troposphere are areas of importance for ozone depletion, climate and interaction between chemistry and climate through ozone. Our knowledge of how chemical processes in general, and aircraft emissions in particular, affect the distribution of ozone and other key compounds in these regions is limited. However, with the projected large increase in future aircraft operations and thus emissions, studies of future impact on lower stratospheric/upper tropospheric chemical composition is needed. In order to address these scientific issues the overall objective for the AEROCHEM proposal is the impact of past, present and future emissions from both subsonic and supersonic aircrafts on upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric ozone. The project will contribute to a better scientific knowledge of the processes controlling ozone in height regions where ozone change could contribute significantly to climate change.
Das Projekt "Flugzeugemissionen: Beitrag unterschiedlicher Klimakomponenten zu Aenderungen in der Strahlungsrueckhaltung -Ausgleich zur Verringerung der Wirkung auf die Atmosphaere" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Oberpfaffenhofen durchgeführt. Objective/Problems to be solved: Several factors are important when impact from aircraft emissions are studied and measures are taken to reduce aircraft impact. Emissions from aircraft flying at cruising altitudes (8 to 13 km) affect atmospheric composition in a height region where there might be significant climate impact through changes in the distribution of compounds like CO2, ozone, methane and the frequency and extent of contrails. Future emissions from aircraft are expected to increase much more rapidly than emission in general, therefore, not only will the overall impact of aircraft emissions increase, but also the importance relative to the total climate impact. The emissions occur in specific flight corridor where the atmospheric impact is significant. A large fraction of the emission, may be as much as one third, occur in the lower stratosphere, where atmospheric residence times are long and impact of emissions generally larger than in the upper troposphere. There are several options to reduce future impact from aircraft like fuel efficiency, pollution control, technology improvement and traffic routing, however, for the control measures to be efficient it has to be based on the estimates of the importance of the different climate compounds. Scientific objectives and approach: The main objectives of TRADEOFF are: To calculate future changes in climate compounds in the atmosphere and the contributions from aircraft emissions to climate changes, to reduce the large uncertainties in the current calculations of the impact from future air traffic, and to provide industry and decision-makers with options to reduce future climate impact from aircraft emissions. Special objectives are: 1) To further develop current Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) and to test them against observations to improve their capability to estimate atmospheric impact, 2) to quantify the relative contributions of individual climate compounds emitted by future aircraft (e.g., CO2, O3, CH4, particles, contrails, H2O from supersonic aircraft) to radiative forcing and 3) to perform studies in the context of options for emission reductions. A co-ordinated 3 year research project will be performed, which includes the use of improved emission data base, the development of atmospheric model tools; estimates of changes in atmospheric composition and radiative forcing; analysis of options for reducing climate change. The studies will focus on changes in the lower stratosphere (LS) and the upper troposphere (UT), where perturbations of gaseous compounds and particles are likely to have a strong impact on climate. Prime Contractor: University of Oslo, Department of Geophysics; Oslo/Norway.
Das Projekt "Beurteilung der Zumutbarkeit von Überschallknallen geplanter Überschall-Verkehrsflugzeuge bzw. -Geschäftsreiseflugzeuge" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin durchgeführt. Das Forschungsvorhaben verfolgt das Ziel Bemessungskriterien für die Zumutbarkeit von Überschallknallen durch Überschallflugzeuge zu entwickeln. Hierfür gilt es bestehende Messinstrumente aus der Lärmwirkungsforschungen in den Kontext von Überschallflugzeugen einzubetten und wissenschaftlich (z.B. durch statistische Überprüfung der externen Validität mit entsprechenden Berechnungsverfahren) zu validieren. Beruhend auf den entwickelten Bemessungskriterien ist in einem zweiten Schritt anhand der vorhandenen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse ein Maßstab für die Bewertung der 'gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz' zu definieren. Die Forschungsarbeiten ergänzen die laufenden Prozesse auf europäischer Ebene (z.B. durch die Forschungsinitiative RUMBLE aus dem H2020 Programm der Europäischen Kommission), sowie des Umweltausschusses der Internationalen Zivilluftfahrt-Organisation ICAO / CAEP aus Lärmschutzsicht.