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The model contains the 3D structure of Vp and Vs in the crust and the mantle under the European Alps, as published in Kästle et al. (2025). It is the result of a direct inversion of surface-wave data, from ambient noise and earthquake records, and of teleseismic P and S wave data. A Bayesian tomography approach is used where we implement a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method to constrain the free parameters. This gives not only the mean Vp and Vs values, but also their uncertainties, as well as a distribution (histograms) of the sampled velocity parameters at each point of the model.
This dataset contains orientation data for foliations (n=773) and lineations (n=512) from the central Tauern Window collected during fieldwork in the years 2016 to 2019. The data is distributed in the form of shapefiles for easy use with GIS software. It can be displayed conveniently using the symbology files that are also part of the dataset.
In this dataset we report exemplary, representative mineral chemistry data of two metapelite samples (PG61 and PG89) from the Modereck Nappe in the central Tauern Window. The dataset is supplemental to the publication by Groß et al. (2020). For further details on the sample mineralogy and microstructure not provided in the data description file, we refer to this publication. The data was initially collected for a thermobarometry study of the region in the framework of the priority programme SPP 4DMB, funded by the German Research Association (DFG).Sample description:Sample PG61 is an example of a chloritoid-micaschist from the Piffkar Formation. Sample coordinates are UTM Zone 33N: 337044 E, 5216460 N (WGS84, 12.85326 E, 47.081526 N). It contains quartz, phengite, chloritoid, some chlorite, ilmenite (mix of ilmenite, geikielite, Fe-oxide) and relicts of sceletal garnet (as palisades along quartz grain boundaries) and accessory allanite. Rutile occurs as inclusions in quartz and no lawsonite, kyanite or carpholite were found.Sample PG89 is an example of a garnet-micaschist from the Brennkogel Formation. Sample coordinates are UTM Zone 33N: 341888 E, 5207230 N. (WGS 84, 12.920259 E, 46.999701 N) It contains quartz, phengite, garnet, chlorite, albite, tourmaline and rutile (often with ilmenite margins). No lawsonite, paragonite, glaucophane or omphacite was found.Analytical procedure:The compositions of rock forming minerals (white mica, garnet, chloritoid and chlorite) were aquired on a JEOL JXA 8200 SuperProbe at Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften. Measurement conditions for spot analyses were 15 kV acceleration voltage, 20 nA beam current and <1 μm beam diameter. We used natural and synthetic reference materials for instrument calibration.
Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous matter (RSCM) is commonly used to derive metamorphic peak- temperature estimates of metasedimentary rocks. This thermometry method exploits that the degree of graphitization of carbonateous matter (CM), which is measured via Raman spectroscopy, increases with metamorphic temperature. This dataset provides the raw data of RSCM, spectrum fitting results and calculated peak temperatures of more than 100 samples from the central Tauern Window. We used this data to constrain the distribution of metamorphic peak temperatures in this area. Raman analysis was performed on polished thin and thick sections. We exclusively measured grains of CM that were enclosed in translucent minerals (quartz, white mica, chlorite, carbonates, chloritoid, garnet) and therefore not exposed on the section surface, in order to avoid destruction of the CM during the sample preparation process. Raman spectra were acquired in the first-order region of graphite (ca. 1000-1900 cm^-1). Further details on the analytical setup, spectrum fitting and temperature calculation are provided in the following sections. The data is distributed in the form of simple text files and raster images.
This dataset contains a high resolution Moho map of the in the Eastern Alps focused on the SWATH-D network. The Moho map was produced by manually picking the Moho on narrow transects (CCP stacks) calculated with the receiver function method. These manual picks were then fit with a spline in 3-D. Three separate and sometimes overlapping maps are included corresponding to the European, Adriatic, and Pannonian Mohos. In addition to Moho depth, Ps travel time and crustal average Vp/Vs are also reported. Version history: 30 November 2021: release of version 1 13 March 2023: release of version 1.1. Changes: Performed manual adjustment of 1-D splines (before fitting 2-D spline) to avoid unphysical geometries
We perform a teleseismic P-wave travel-time tomography to examine the geometry and structure of subducted lithosphere in the upper mantle beneath the Alpine orogen. The tomography is based on waveforms recorded at over 600 temporary and permanent broadband stations of the dense AlpArray Seismic Network deployed by 24 different European institutions in the greater Alpine region, reaching from the Massif Central to the Pannonian Basin and from the Po plain to the river Main. Teleseismic travel times and travel-time residuals of direct teleseismic P-waves from 331 teleseismic events of magnitude 5.5 and higher recorded between 2015 and 2019 by the AlpArray Seismic Network are extracted from the recorded waveforms using a combination of automatic picking, beamforming and cross-correlation. The resulting database contains over 162.000 highly accurate absolute P-wave travel times and travel-time residuals. For tomographic inversion, we define a model domain encompassing the entire Alpine region down to a depth of 600 km. Predictions of travel times are computed in a hybrid way applying a fast Tau-P method outside the model domain and continuing the wavefronts into the model domain using a fast marching method. We iteratively invert demeaned travel-time residuals for P-wave velocities in the model domain using a regular discretization with an average lateral spacing of about 25 km and a vertical spacing of 15 km. The inversion is regularized towards an initial model constructed from a 3D a priori model of the crust and uppermost mantle and a 1D standard earth model beneath. The resulting model provides a detailed image of slab configuration beneath the Alpine and Apenninic orogens. Major features are a partly overturned Adriatic slab beneath the Apennines reaching down to 400 km depth still attached in its northern part to the crust but exhibiting detachment towards the southeast. A fast anomaly beneath the western Alps indicates a short western Alpine slab whose easternmost end is located at about 100 km depth beneath the Penninic front. Further to the east and following the arcuate shape of the western Periadriatic Fault System, a deep-reaching coherent fast anomaly with complex internal stucture generally dipping to the SE down to about 400 km suggests a slab of European origin limited to the east by the Giudicarie fault in the upper 200 km but extending beyond this fault at greater depths. In its eastern part it is detached from overlying lithosphere. Further to the east, well-separated in the upper 200 km from the slab beneath central Alps but merging with it below, another deep-reaching, nearly vertically dipping high-velocity anomaly suggests the existence of a slab beneath the Eastern Alps of presumably the same origin which is completely detached from the orogenic root. The data are fully described in Paffrath et al. (2021). The model is provided as tabular data with six columns (1) Longitude (deg), (2) Latitude (deg), (3) Depth (km), (4) vp (km/s), (5) dVp (%), (6) Resolution.
We present a new, consistently processed seismicity catalogue for the Eastern and Southern Alps, based on the temporary dense Swath-D monitoring network. The final catalogue includes 6,053 earthquakes for the time period 2017-2019 and has a magnitude of completeness of −1.0ML. The smallest detected and located events have a magnitude of −1.7ML. Aimed at the low to moderate seismicity in the study region, we generated a multi-level, mostly automatic workflow which combines a priori information from local catalogues and waveform-based event detection, subsequent efficient GPU-based event search by template matching, P & S arrival time pick refinement and location in a regional 3-D velocity model. The resulting seismicity distribution generally confirms the previously identified main seismically active domains, but provides increased resolution of the fault activity at depth. In particular, the high number of small events additionally detected by the template search contributes to a more dense catalogue, providing an important basis for future geological and tectonic studies in this complex part of the Alpine orogen.
The data set comprises new thermochronologic data along the TRANSALP geophysical transect in the Eastern Alps, i.e. (i) apatite and (ii) zircon (U-Th)/He measurements (Tables S1, S2 and S3), and (iii) HeFTy inverse thermal time-temperature-path models ('HeFTy_Models.zip') including a table of parameters used (Table S4). Individual model files can be opened using the HeFTy software (Ketcham et al., 2007).
Despite the amount of research focused on the Alpine orogen, significant unknowns remain regarding the thermal field and long term lithospheric strength in the region. Previous published interpretations of these features primarily concern a limited number of 2D cross sections, and those that represent the region in 3D typically do not conform to measured data such as wellbore or seismic measurements. However, in the light of recently published higher resolution region specific 3D geophysical models, that conform to secondary data measurements, the generation of a more up to date revision of the thermal field and long term lithospheric yield strength is made possible, in order to shed light on open questions of the state of the orogen. The study area of this work focuses on a region of 660 km x 620 km covering the vast majority of the Alps and their forelands, with the Central and Eastern Alps and the northern foreland being the best covered regions.
The Alps are one of the best studied mountain ranges in the world, yet significant unknowns remain regarding their crustal structure and density distribution at depth. Previous published interpretations of crustal features within the orogen have been primarily based upon 2D seismic sections, and those that do integrate multiple geo-scientific datasets in 3D, have either focused on smaller sub-sections of the Alps or included the Alps, in low resolution, as part of a much larger study area. Therefore the generation of a 3D, crustal scale, gravity constrained, structural model of the Alps and their forelands at an appropriate resolution has been created here to more accurately describe crustal heterogeneity in the region. The study area of this work focuses on a region of 660 km x 620 km covering the vast majority of the Alps and their forelands are included, with the Central and Eastern Alps and the northern foreland being the best covered regions.Surface GenerationAll referenced data was integrated to constrain sub-surface lithospheric features including: previous regional scale gravitationally and seismically constrained models of the TRANSALP study area, the Upper Rhine Graben, the Mollasse Basin and the Po Basin; continental scale integrative best fit models (EuCRUST-07 and EPcrust); and seismic reflection depths from numerous published deep seismic surveys (e.g. ALP’75, EGT’86, ALP 2002 and EASI). The software package Petrel was used for the creation and visualisation of the modelled surfaces in 3D, representing the key structural and density contrasts within the region. All surfaces were generated with a grid resolution of 20 km x 20 km using Petrel’s convergent interpolation algorithm. During interpolation, a hierarchy of data source types was used in the case of contradiction between the different data sources and was as follows: 1. regional scale, gravitationally and seismically constrained models; 2. regional scale, seismically constrained models; 3. individual seismic reflection surfaces and interpreted sections; 4. continental scale, seismically constrained, integrative best fit models. No subduction interfaces were modelled. Topography and bathymetry were taken from ETOPO1 and the LAB from Geissler (2010).Gravity ModellingThe generated surfaces and the calculated free-air anomaly from the global gravity model EIGEN-6C4, at a fixed height of 6 km above the datum were used in the 3D gravity modelling software IGMAS+ for the constrained of lithospheric density distribution. The layers of the generated model were split laterally into domains of different density, to reflect the heterogeneous nature of the crust within the region. Densities used in the initial structural model were derived from empirical P wave velocity to density conversions (Brocher, 2005) from the input seismic data sources. The densities were then modified, through multiple iterations, until the resulting model produced a gravity field within ± 25 mGal of the observed one. Surfaces generated as part of the integration work were not modified.FilesThe surface depths, thicknesses and densities of the model can be found as tab separated text files for each individual layer of the model (Unconsolidated Sediments, Consolidated Sediments, Upper Crust, Lower Crust and Lithospheric Mantle). The columns in each file are identical: the Easting is given in the “X COORD (UTM Zone 32N)”, Northing in the “Y COORD (UTM Zone 32N)”, the top surface depth of each layer is given as TOP (m.a.s.l), the thickness of each layer is given as THICKNESS (m), and the bulk density of that layer is given as DENSITY (Kg/m^3).
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