Das Projekt "Energy from biomass:Linkages between the agricultural and the energy sector in the EU" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaftliche Marktlehre durchgeführt. Over the last three decades, real energy prices have increased relatively to real prices for agricultural products. Consequently, bioenergy as a share in total energy demand has increased worldwide and is expected to further increase. The potential supply of biomass for energy production has an impact on the future energy balance and demand for energy from biomass has an impact on agricultural markets. This interrelationship has often been analyzed based on either energy system models assuming a given biomass supply, or on agricultural sector models assuming a given biomass demand for energy. Alternatively, some studies address these market interdependencies based on general equilibrium models with a very stylized representation of the energy sector.The objective of this subproject is to analyze ex-ante the interdependence between the energy and the agricultural sector in the EU under energy as well as to analyze agricultural policy scenarios based on the combined use of two well-established partial models: the Integrated Markal Efom System (TIMES) PanEU Model, which is a bottom up dynamic energy system model and the European Simulation Model (ESIM), which is a partial equilibrium comparative static agricultural sector model.The work program includes the identification and creation of interfaces and exchange variables for both models, the conceptualization of the regional dimension of bioenergy markets, the further development of both models, as well as scenario development and analysis. Close interrelations exist with subproject 6: the interface with FARMIS allows addressing regional and farm specific effects of energy policy scenarios; and with subproject 8: the inclusion of agriculture in EU climate policy will have effects on the potential of the agricultural sector to supply biomass for energy, which will be taken into account.
Das Projekt "Land rights, Social capital and investments in sustainable management practices and productivity enhancing inputs in Ghana" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Kiel, Institut für Ernährungswirtschaft und Verbrauchslehre, Institut für Ernährungswirtschaft und Verbrauchslehre, Abteilung Ernährungsökonomie durchgeführt. The proposed research project aims at analyzing the impacts of land tenure rights and social capital on farmers' investments in sustainable management practices and productivity-enhancing inputs. The theoretical emphasis on the benefits from more secure land rights is at variance with the empirical literature, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile a growing body of empirical evidence suggests that social capital and especially social networks may be equally important in promoting investments. Even some linkages between social capital and land tenure rights have been identified. However, very little empirical work is available on these linkages and how they both influence farmers' investment in sustainable management practices. The proposed research project intends to contribute to closing these gaps by specifying a comprehensive model of farmers' investment behavior that considers both the impacts of land tenure arrangements and social capital on investment and farm productivity. The empirical analysis will make use of data being collected in the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana. Econometric models will analyze interdependencies and the influence of land tenure rights and social capital on investment and farm productivity. Qualitative analysis of perceived needs of the farmers will be undertaken to complement the econometric analysis.
Das Projekt "Autumn Training Course in International Forestry Resources and Institutions" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bonn, Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung durchgeführt. Zusammenfassung: The International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) Research Program attempts to ascertain why forest resources are depleted and provide better answers to the question of how to reduce deforestation and loss of biodiversity in many different parts of the world. In its efforts to understand what is wrong, IFRI researchers have identified three problems: (1) knowledge gaps, (2) information gaps, and (3) the need for greater assessment capabilities. Knowledge gaps refer to the lack of an accepted scientific understanding about which variables are the primary causes of deforestation and biodiversity losses, and how these variables are linked to one another. Information gaps refer to a lack of reliable data about specific policy-relevant variables in a particular time and location. Assessment capability is the training in rigorous forest mensuration techniques, participatory appraisal methods, institutional analysis, statistics, qualitative analysis, geographic information systems (GIS), and database management. The IFRI training program offers an intensive nine-week program in methods and is held each year from late August through October at the Indiana University in Bloomington. The training program consists of three components: seminar sessions, fieldwork, and computer laboratory sessions. Seminar sessions introduce participants to theoretical foundations, the instruments and methods used in data collection, principles of research design, basic data analysis, and report-writing. Fieldwork in a southern Indiana forest community provides hands-on training in field methods. The computer laboratory component covers data entry and database management and is primarily for visiting scholars.
Das Projekt "How should Model Linkages be designed to analyze the Effects of Global Agricultural Trade Liberalization at the Farm Level?" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei, Institut für Betriebswirtschaft durchgeführt. In the last decades agricultural policy has gained increasingly in complexity. Nowadays it influences the food and agricultural sector from the global market down to the farm level. Widespread research questions, like the impact of the WTO negotiations on the farm structure, most often require comprehensive modeling frameworks. Thus, different types of models are utilized according to their comparative advantages and combined in a strategically useful way to more accurately represent micro and macro aspects of the food and agricultural sector. Consequently, in recent years we have seen an increase in the development and application of model linkages. Given this background, the overall objective of this subproject is a systematic sensitivity analysis of model linkages that gradually involves more and more characteristics of the linkage and the corresponding transfer of results between models. In addition, the project aims to answer the following specific question: How does structural change at the farm level influence aggregate supply and technical progress? Under which conditions is it possible to derive macro-relationships from micro-relationships? How does the aggregation level influence the model results and how can possible problems be overcome? This procedure is used to quantify the effects and to derive conditions for optimal interaction of the connected models. The analysis is based on the general equilibrium model GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) and the farm group model FARMIS (Farm Modelling Information System) which are employed in conjunction to analyze the effects of WTO negotiations on the farm level.
Das Projekt "Between Path Dependence and Path Creation: The Impact of Farmers' Behavior and Policies on Structural Change in Agriculture" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Institut für Agrarentwicklung in Mittel- und Osteuropa durchgeführt. Farm structures are often characterized by regional heterogeneity, agglomeration effects, sub-optimal farm sizes and income disparities. The main objective of this study is to analyze whether this is a result of path dependent structural change, what the determinants of path dependence are, and how it may be overcome. The focus is on the German dairy sector which has been highly regulated and subsidized in the past and faces severe structural deficits. The future of this sector in the process of an ongoing liberalization will be analyzed by applying theoretical concepts of path dependence and path breaking. In these regards, key issues are the actual situation, technological and market trends as well as agricultural policies. The methodology will be based on a participative use of the agent-based model AgriPoliS and participatory laboratory experiments. On the one hand, AgriPoliS will be tested as a tool for stakeholder oriented analysis of mechanisms, trends and policy effects. This part aims to analyze whether and how path dependence of structural change can be overcome on a sector level. In a second part, AgriPoliS will be extended such that human players (farmers, students) can take over the role of agents in the model. This part aims to compare human agents with computer agents in order to overcome single farm path dependence.
Das Projekt "Driving Forces of Rural Poverty and Distributional Change in Sub-Saharian Africa: The Cases of Burkina Faso, Ghana and Uganda" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Kiel, Institut für Ernährungswirtschaft und Verbrauchslehre, Abteilung Haushalts- und verbraucherorientierte Gesundheitsökonomik durchgeführt. The proposed research project aims at identifying the major driving forces of rural poverty and distributional change in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Specifically, the analysis will involve case studies for Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Uganda, where micro and local as well as macro determinants of household incomes will be considered. While each case study will reveal interesting results in its own right, the objective is to draw general lessons, i.e. together the case studies should form more than the sum of the parts. The existing literature on the determinants of rural poverty and distributional change can broadly be divided into studies which analyse rural household behaviour in response to changes at the household and local level, and studies which try to establish a link between distributional outcomes and specific macroeconomic shocks or policies. Taken together, these two strands of the literature cover most of the factors that may affect rural households, but the literature appears to be incomplete in several respects. Studies belonging to the first strand tend to focus on specific aspects of rural income generation, thereby failing to account for the interactions between the micro determinants of household income and to trace micro changes back to changes at the macro level. The approaches employed in the second strand of the literature either lack a specification of transmission channels or suffer from being too stylised and not well informed by micro data. With the proposed project we intend to contribute to closing these gaps. In doing so, we will first identify the most relevant micro, local and macro determinants of household incomes and review the available evidence on their distributional impact in the three countries under consideration. This descriptive assessment serves to derive testable hypotheses regarding the drivers of distributional change. We will then specify a comprehensive model of rural income generation that accounts for the major constraints at the micro level, and a macro model that captures the transmission of shocks and policies to the household level. Finally, and most importantly, we will link the two models in a macro-micro simulation analysis in order to quantify the impact of the main country-specific external shocks and policy reforms on poverty and income distribution. By revealing the relative strength of the various factors determining household incomes, the simulation analysis will also provide information that can be used to derive priority areas for rural development policy.
Das Projekt "Kollektives Handeln und Landnutzung auf der Dorfebene" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Göttingen, Courant Forschungszentrum Armut, Ungleichheit und Wachstum in Entwicklungsländern durchgeführt. Dieses TP führt eine Befragung auf der Dorfebene durch, in der Daten zu Dorfeigenschaften und Insti-tutionen erhoben werden. Ökonometrische Modelle werden angewendet, um die Auswirkungen von Sozialkapital und anderen Dorfeigenschaften auf die Landnutzung und auf die vertraglichen Vereinba-rungen zwischen Dörfern und Ölpalmunternehmen zu untersuchen. Zudem werden ökonomische Feldexperimente in drei ausgewählten Dörfern durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen von individuellen und kollektiven Kompensationsmechanismen auf die Landnutzung und die Bereitschaft von Dorfbewohnern zu Umweltschutzaktivitäten beizutragen, zu untersuchen.
Das Projekt "A behavioural economic analysis of moral hazards in food production: the case of deviant economic behaviour and disclosure policies on the restaurant, ready-to-eat and retail level" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Professur Unternehmensführung im Agribusiness durchgeführt. Deviant behaviour on various levels of the food supply chain may cause food risks. It entails irregular technological procedures which cause (increased probabilities of) adverse outcomes for buyers and consumers. Besides technological hazards and hitherto unknown health threats, moral hazard and malpractice in food businesses represent an additional source of risk which can be termed 'behavioural food risk'. From a regulatory perspective, adverse outcomes associated with deviance represent negative externalities that are caused by the breaking of rules designed to prevent them. From a rational choice perspective, the probability of malpractice increases with the benefits for its authors. It decreases with the probability of detection and resulting losses. It also decreases with bonds to social norms that protect producers from yielding to economic temptations. The design of mechanisms that reduce behavioural risks and prevent malpractice requires an understanding of why food businesses obey or do not obey the rules. This project aims to contribute to a better understanding of malpractice on the restaurant/retail level through comparative case studies and statistical analyses of food inspection and survey data. Accounting for the complexity of economic behaviour, we will not only look at economic incentives but consider all relevant behavioural determinants, including social context factors.
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt C01: Produktivität, Marktzugang und internationale Anbindung von kleinbäuerlicher Kautschuk- und Palmölerzeugung in der Provinz Jambi" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Göttingen, Department für Agrarökonomie und Rurale Entwicklung, Lehrstuhl für Landwirtschaftliche Marktlehre durchgeführt. Die Auswirkungen der Transformation auf verschiedenen Stufen der Wertschöpfungskette für Kautschuk-und Palmöl in der Provinz Jambi werden in diesem SP analysiert. Hierzu wird auf der gemeinsamen Basis der repräsentativen Haushaltsbefragung Effizienz und Produktivität von Kleinbauern untersucht. Eine Interview basierte Befragung von Händlern wird durchgeführt, um Einblicke in das Funktionieren des lokalen Vermarktungskette zu gewinnen. Für die Analyse der Anbindung an die globalen Märkte für Palmöl und Kautschuk werden sekundäre Daten über Preise und Handelsströme verwendet werden, um das Ausmaß der Integration der Märkte und die Auswirkungen bestimmter Politikmaßnahmen auf die Handelskosten sowie die Marktfunktion abzuschätzen. Umweltindikatoren von anderen SPs werden genutzt, um ökologische Effizienz und Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit in der Wertschöpfungskette zu beurteilen.
Das Projekt "Economics of African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) management strategies under risk and time preferencies" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Entwicklungs- und Agrarökonomik durchgeführt. African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) in cattle and the threat of widespread resistance to trypanocidal drugs, that has been the major input of disease control and prevention, are important production risks to resource-poor cattle farmers in smallholder crop livestock production systems in the cotton belt of West Africa. Recent studies in that region underline the urgency to improve the understanding of drug resistance development and to find ways of its sustainable containment and prevention. The overall goal of this research is to analyze options that can lead to the sustainability of livestock production in spite of AAT and drug resistance. In this context the decision making behaviour of farmers with regard to two factors, namely time preference and attitude towards risk plays an important role. These are two major variables affecting farmers input choice of disease control and prevention. Based on the simultaneous elicitation of these parameters by means of economic field experiments among a representative sample of farmers in Mali and Burkina Faso these information are applied to a bio-economic model suitable to compare disease control strategies.
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