Der Bericht untersucht Potenziale für ausgewählte Suffizienzinstrumente zur Stromeinsparung für spezifische Zielgruppen im Sektor „Private Haushalte“ sowie in Unternehmen des Sektors Gewerbe, Handel und Dienstleistungen (GHD). Im Sektor „Private Haushalte“ haben die Autor/innen in einem ersten Schritt die Zielgruppen „Senioren-Haushalte im Eigenheim“, „Junge Paare“ und „Haushalte mit Warmwasserbereitung“ für eine nähere Untersuchung ausgewählt. Aus Sicht des UBA wäre es wünschenswert, wenn in einem zweiten Schritt weitere Zielgruppen untersucht würden. Die Betrachtung der drei Zielgruppen kam zu dem Ergebnis, dass die durch Informations- und Kommunikationsmaßnahmen erreichbaren Einsparungen für die einzelnen Haushalte zwar durchaus relevant sein können, aufgrund geringer Umsetzungsraten gesamtgesellschaftlich aber eher klein bleiben. Der Schlüssel zu größeren Einsparungen sind weitaus höhere Umsetzungsraten, die durch regulatorische Maßnahmen, ausgeprägte ökonomische Anreize, rahmensetzende Verpflichtungen und ein flächendeckendes Ausrollen von Beratungsangeboten erreicht werden können. Gleichzeitig entlasten alle betrachteten Instrumente die Haushalte finanziell. Für den GHD-Sektor wurden realisierte und geplante Suffizienzmaßnahmen sowie Hemmnisse, Umsetzungsstrategien und politische Instrumente reflektiert. Dabei konnten Suffizienzmaßnahmen identifiziert werden, die mit geringen Investitionskosten und kurzen Amortisationszeiten hohe Einsparungen erbringen. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 103/2019.
Im vorliegenden Bericht werden die Potenziale für ausgewählte Suffizienzinstrumente zur Stromeinsparung für spezifische Zielgruppen im Sektor "Private Haushalte" sowie in Unter-nehmen der Branchen Gewerbe, Handel und Dienstleistungen (GHD) untersucht. Für private Haushalte wurden außerdem ökonomische Effekte modelliert. Es wird deutlich, dass die durch Informations- und Kommunikationsmaßnahmen in den privaten Haushalten erreichbaren Einsparungen für den einzelnen Haushalt zwar durchaus relevant sein können, aufgrund geringer Umsetzungsraten gesamtgesellschaftlich aber eher klein bleiben. Der Schlüssel zu größeren Einsparungen sind weitaus höhere Umsetzungsraten, die durch regulatorische Maßnahmen, ausgeprägte ökonomische Anreize, rahmensetzende Verpflichtungen und ein flächendeckendes Ausrollen von Beratungsangeboten erreicht werden können. Für die betroffenen Haushalte wäre damit ein ökonomischer Nutzen verbunden, da alle betrachteten Instrumente die Haushalte finanziell entlasten. Für den GHD-Sektor wurde ein erstes Screening realisierter und geplanter Suffizienzmaßnahmen durchgeführt und Hemmnisse, Umsetzungsstrategien und politische Instrumente reflektiert. Dabei zeigten sich Beispiele von Suffizienzmaßnahmen, die auf Einzel-Unternehmensebene mit geringen Investitionskosten und kurzen Amortisationszeiten hohe Einsparungen erbringen. Es wurden erste Vorschläge für Instrumente entwickelt, die Suffizienzmaßnahmen systematischer in bestehende Effizienzinstrumente für diesen Sektor integrieren. Quelle: Forschungsbericht
Das Projekt "Waste heat utilization of a blast furnace by the use of a heat pump" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Krupp Hoesch Stahl durchgeführt. Objective: To utilize the waste heat of blast furnace using a heat pump. The temperature of the coolant circuits is 57 deg. C which is raised to 90 deg. C by means of a heat pump and so waste heat is fed into the existing hot water heating networks. It is expected to achieve a 2265 TOE//year energy saving at project level. Payback time estimated at 3.1 years. In case of success, this technology could be transferred to about 100 blast furnaces in the Community, corresponding to an available waste heat potential of about 885 000 TOE/year. General Information: Blast furnaces are generally cooled by three cooling water circuits: the circuit for cooling the blast tuyerers, the hot blast slide valves, and the staves. About 42 GJ/h of waste heat are dissipated today unutilized by the water/air cooling systems. The cooling water temperature at the blast furnace No 7 of the Hoesch Stahl AG is about 57 deg. C, and the heat pump proposed to be installed will raise the temperature level at 90 deg. C, and feed the waste heat into the existing hot water heating networks. The heat pump will be powered by a back pressure turbine. With this turbine the unutilized steam energy (enthalpy) of the reduction station between the existing 33 bar and 12 bar steam network can be utilized. The first step of the project is to combine the separately operated heating centers. After the installation of the heat pump unit and the integration of the heating centres, the heat pump will supply the hot water network with heat. The construction costs are estimated at 3.8Million DM (year 85). Costs reduction of up to 20 per cent are expected for units of this type. In addition to the energy saving the annual operating and maintenance costs will decrease significantly by establishing a central hot water network. Compared to the units operating today, a saving of about 225 000 DM (year 85) is taken into account for operating and maintenance costs.
Das Projekt "Heat recovery in the production of phosphoric acid" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von BK Ladenburg GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: The combustion of yellow phosphorus generates 24,350 kJ of heat per kg of the substance. The large-scale production of phosphoric acid involves the combustion of yellow phosphorus. The considerable amounts of heat generated in this process have been evacuated by means of cooling water. The project suggests to utilize this heat, in the future, for the generation of steam and to have it converted into electric power. This process-heat recovery enables considerable savings of primary energy (coal, oil, gas). General Information: The heat generated by the large-scale combustion of phosphorus is absorbed, in an acid tower, by recirculating acid. The recirculating acid then releases the heat previously absorbed into a heat exchanger (cooling water). The amounts of heat thus transferred are subsequently released, mainly in the form of steam, from the cooling tower into the atmosphere. Now, the new method suggests an upstream combustion chamber before the acid tower, thus utilizing a major part of the heat generated in the combustion of yellow phosphorus for the production of energy. The new method represents an energy-recovery process on a very high temperature level, with the possibility to produce high-pressure to medium-pressure steam with subsequent power/heat coupling. The estimated energy generation, at 8000 hours, would be as follows: Steam 15 t/h = 120,000 t/a with steam-pressure reduction from 80 bars/550 degree of Celsius to 40 bars/450 degree of Celsius. Electric power: 550 kWh = 4,400 mWh/a. Achievements: The project cannot be carried on, for the following reasons: - The capital expense (investment), in view of the actual cost level, will be approx. 30-40 per cent higher than estimated at the time of submission. - The capital payback period, due to the price decline for primary energy, will be excessively long (7 years); longer than there is an assured supply of phosphorus. - Since 1985, in view of a modified strategy, our company has increased its efforts to manufacture speciality products rather than to produce mass phosphates (commodities); this will lead to a reduced demand of phosphorus in the future. - A drastic collapse, since early 1986, in the sale of phosphate salts used in washing powers, detergents, and cleaning agents, will further reduce the amounts of phosphorus needed in the manufacture of our product line. - A major aspect of the project was the purchase of energy by Joh. A. Benckiser, with whom we have a joint network. Joh. A. Benckiser are no longer prepared to purchase any such energy.
Das Projekt "250-KW-Windturbine fuer Husum" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Husumer Schiffswerft durchgeführt. Objective: To achieve maximum use of wind energy and to gain experience by the construction of a 250 kW wind turbine at Husumer Schiffswerft. General Information: A 3 bladed, 25 m diameter, 250 kW wind turbine has been constructed by Husumer Schiffswerft and will be installed near the factory. The energy generated is fed into the factory grid; possible surplus is returned to the grid. The construction in modules aiming to obtain maximum capacity is innovative, as well as the single bearing basement of the nacelle. Furthermore, universal rotor hub allowing the installation of fixed pitch and variable pitch blades with improved blade-flange and blade-surface. The estimated annual yield at the site of installation is 500 MWh/yr which yields to a cost of energy generated of about 0,123DM/kWh. Payback time is estimated to 11 years which is expected to be reduced at about 5 years when the machine will be produced in series. Achievements: Machine installed on the 25.03.88. Continuous unmanned operation up to date considered as very successful. The measurement data acquisition system has regularly recorded the operating data and electricity outputs. The plant runs perfectly on automatic and feeds its energy into the grid. In 1989 the HSW-250 produced 361 MWH of electricity, operating 5616 h, with a mean annual wind speed of 5.1 m/s. Some changes have been made to the production machines as a result of experience with the prototype. Tip breaks are no longer used because of the noise the generate. Emphasis paid to the inclusion of a 'soft start' system. Over 100 machines have been built, derived directly from the prototype funded by this project, very high level of replication. A 750 kw W.T. was also developed along similar lines.
Das Projekt "Rational supply of power, heat and cooling buildings demonstation by a hospital in Dresden" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von DBI Gas- und Umwelttechnik GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: The overall objective of this project is to demonstrate the optimized combination of innovative technologies and equipment such as fuel cell operating on natural gas, adsorption refrigeration machine, new type of solar collectors, PV-System and highly efficient air conditioning technology at the hospital of the 'Malteser Betriebsträgergesellschaft Sachsen GmbH' in Kamenz (DE). The primary aim is to apply renewable energy sources and rational use of energy in order to reduce the annual fossil fuel and electricity consumption by an estimated total of 2.0x10exp6 KWH/Y. The estimated payback period is 9.3 years based on a total investment of 3016477 ECU of which the Commission may provide support up to 783000 ECU. The project is estimated to take 3.1 years in total to complete all phases, and additional benefits will include an estimated reduction per annum of CO2 440 ton (demonstration object in Kamenz), and a decline in noise and dust pollution. General Information: A demonstration plant will be installed in Germany (Hospital of the 'Malteser Betriebsträgergesellschaft Sachsen GmbH' in Kamenz). The hospital will be located nearly the town Kamenz (Eastern Saxon region). The location is a part of the place Kamenz (land register sections 153g,h,i,j,k,l,m and 153-16). The total area is 30520 m , the effective area is 20200m . The hospital will have a capacity of 210 sickbeds and a day-hospital (psychiatry) for 20 patients. In addition to air-conditioning and refrigeration requirements, the heat demand for room and water heating shall be met. in the demonstration plant, a fuel cell for combined heat and power generation and an adsorption plant are used. The fuel cell will provide not only the base load for the adsorption machine and heating but also a part of the power supply to the building. The peak-load of the adsorption machine will be covered by solar collectors. In the project planning phase, computer simulations using simulation software TRNSYS are carried out, by means of which the demand for the different forms of energy will be optimised for the demonstration plant. Installation and implementation of the plant are followed by the measurement phase (about 2 years), the result of which will be optimization of the individual systems and the whole system. Highly efficient air-conditioning technology will operate in the building using a minimum of primary energy as a result of cooling ceilings combined with DEC1 equipment in the ventilation plant. An adaptive, self learning control system will be integrated into the plant. On the basis of the detailed weather forecast, this system determines the respectives actual energy demand for air-conditioning and heating in a sliding and predictive way, and accordingly adapts the mode of plant operation. Considerable energy savings are expected, in particular, as a result of the predictive operation of heating and air-conditioning.
Das Projekt "Recovery of process heat from the combustion of oxygen-containing solvents in package lacquer driers" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Heinrich Neitz GmbH Industrieöfen durchgeführt. Objective: Reduction of energy costs in drying of packing varnishes through a recovery of process heat from the combustion of recovered solvents and its utilization for heating the drier plant. The calculated energy savings are assumed to amount to approx. 4500000 kW/year. General Information: The innovative technology consists of a combination of individual technological solutions. These include the condensation of solvents, the drying of packing varnish, thermal post-combustion of the exhaust air from the plant (which is rich in carbohydrates), heating of this port-combustion system by using the solvent condensate as fuel, and the utilization of the resulting energy (i.e., pure exhaust air exhibiting a very high temperature) as process heat for drying of packing varnish. Overall plant structure: Evaporation section with heat exchanger and vacuum extraction system; Measuring device for monitoring the solvent concentration; Condensation system for recovery of incoming solvents; Preheating zone with heat exchanger and extraction system; Daking section with heat exchanger and extraction system; Post-combustion system for generating process heat through combustion of the recovered solvents; Cooling section; Air recirculation system between the different sections. This combination of system components causes the exhaust air volume (and hence, the total carbohydrate release rate) to be drastically reduced. The investment cost of this combine plant is about twice as high as that of a conventional system. On the other hand, the total annual energy generating cost for a conventional plant exceeds that of the combined plant by a factor of 1.5. This means that the combined system achieves cost savings between DM 150000 and DM 180000 per year. Assuming that the proceeds from a conventional systems and the combination plant are the same, the capital recovery from a plant of the type envisaged in the project is markedly higher (due to the lower total cost), which considerably shortens the period of amortization. Achievements: The technical and chemical feasibility of the project described in the application could be demonstrated with the conclusion of the design phase. A number of aspects have arisen, however, which may turn the project into a financial failure on the current level of information. One of these facors is the draft of the Accident Prevention Rules for Lacquer Driers (VBG 24) of March 1988, which calls for a considerable reduction in admissible solvent concentrations compared to the older version of these Accident Prevention Rules. With these new, reduced solvent concentrations, the recovery of solvents through condensation is no longer an economically viable proposal. Moreover, the Ministry of the Environment expects the packaging industry to make increasing use of low-solvent lacquers. Renowned packaging manufacturers are already using low-solvent or water soluble varnishes. Plants designed for such applications have already been...
Das Projekt "Cullet preheating" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Sorg durchgeführt. Objective: To achieve considerable energy savings through use of preheated cullet in the glass melt. The waste gases, which up until now have been lost to the atmosphere, are taken as heating medium from the waste gas channel of the melting end. The procedure requires a considerably lower use of combustibles. For a 200 t/day production rate, an energy saving of 67 TOE/year is expected at project level (12 per cent of the total energy consumption). Payback time is estimated at 4 years. General Information: Principally glass is melted out of a composition of different raw materials, e.g. silica sand, lime, soda and glass cullet. Oil, gas or electrical energy can be used as heating media. The individual raw materials are mixed in the processing installation and are fed to a storage silo situated in front of the melting process by means of batch chargers. The initial temperature of the batch is 20 deg. C, whereas the melting temperature ranges between 1400-1500 deg. C. The waste gases are primarily fed again into the melting process by means of heat exchangers (regenerators) or recuperator, thus reducing the waste gas temperature to approx. 500 deg. C by preheating the combustion air. The novelty of this project consists in preheating the glass cullet prior to the mixing with other raw materials, by covering the waste gases energy at a level of approx. 500 deg. C. The glass cullet is firstly led to a preheating aggregate. The humidity of the cullet can be reduced by this preheating, which results in improved conditions for the melting process. The main characteristic of this system is the direct contact between cullet and waste gases. Up until now the gases from the melting durnace have been cooled down to approx. 400-500 deg. C in recuperators or regenerator heat exchangers, and then released into the atmosphere, in most cases without any further waste gas treatment. With the new system the residual heat content of the waste gas is used to pre-heat the cullet. If the system is correctly designed, then not only is the cullet heated, but the dust content of the waste gas is reduced by approximately 30-40 per cent. The cullet is contained by louvred segments. The openings for the waste gases are designed so that the gas velocities are very low, which helps to reduce the dust emission. The waste gases, which must have a maximum temperature of no more than 550 deg. C, move in cross counter flow up through the cullet. In this way a large amount of the heat content of the waste gases is transferred to the cullet as it flows slowly from the top to the bottom. The cullet stream moves continuously, so the contact area is continuously renewed, which guarantees a very good heat exchange. The cullet is heated to a maximum of 450 deg. C, whilst the waste gas leaves the system with a temperature of 250-300 deg. C. In addition to the energy savings, the project will also achieve improved glass qualitites, and reduced reject rates due to the better furnace...
Das Projekt "Direkt in ein bestehendes Heizsystem in Ravensburg integrierter geothermaler Brunnen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Werke Schussental GmbH & Co.KG durchgeführt. Objective: To heat by geothermal energy a group of new and established dwellings by means of an existing district heating system. The use of heat pumps to complement the heat exchangers is envisaged. Depending on their potential, three horizons can be tapped. These are Inframolassic Chattian sands between 1,100 and 1,550 m (fresh water at 50 deg C) the Lower Jurassic Limestone between 1,675 and 1,950 m (fresh water at 65 deg C) and, finally, Muschelkalk dolomite around 2,500 m (salt water at 95 deg C) which would only be tapped if the other two formations deliver a flow rate of less than 40 m3/h. A reinjection well would only be sunk if the deepest dolomite reservoir is tapped. The expected payback is between 6,5 and 8 years depending on the exploited reservoir. General Information: The well was drilled down to a final depth of 2,100 m between April and June 1983. The casing runaway in the well - 18' 5/8 from the surface to 255 m, 13' 3/8 from 210 to 626 m, 9' 5/8 from 562 to 1,689 m. The last section (1,689 to 2,100 m) has been released as open hole 8' 1/2. The main formations tested showed no production potential and it was decided to produce the chattian Sands through perforations (1,510-1,516 m and 1,448-1,452 m). After backfilling the open hole with cement between the 2,100 and 1,554 m marks, a casing test carried out with a casing packer anchored at 1,439 m indicated that the drilling mud had penetrated the reservoir. Losses during operations - (280 m3) blocked production from the Chattian sandstone reservoir. The hole was backfilled with cement plugs and mud to the 540 m mark and perforations performed in the 13' 3/8 casing in the upper marine molasse. The interval perforated 532-527 and 415-376 m allow the well to produce 8 m3/h (artesian flow). Recorded well head temperature is 28 degree C; pressure 2,8 kg/m2. Achievements: The project is not successful. The geothermal flow (40 m3/h - 28 degree C) is lower than forecast (40 m3/h - 65 degree C) and for the time being its exploitation does not seem to be economic. The contractor has consequently decided to temporarily abandon the project and probably to pursue it in the future according to the evolution of oil prices.
Das Projekt "Improvement of energy-tie up by using the high temperature cooling crystallization" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Südzucker AG durchgeführt. Objective: Demonstrates high temp cooling crystallization of sugar beet juices. Energy saving is 4.1 litres of oil per tonne of beet processed. For annual output of 900000 t saving juices in the cooling crystallization stage. Expected payback time is about 4 years. General Information: Sugar crystallization takes place through the thickening of aqueous solutions. It is not possible to put the water evaporated in vacuum to meaningful further use for heating purposes. With the state of engineering so far attained in the European Community average juice concentrations of 68 per cent (in exceptional cases up to 74 per cent) are achieved in the multiple evaporation plant preceding the evaporation crystallization stage. Until now it has not been possible technologically to control higher concentrations. The resultant heating vapours have been utilized in the process. By heating juices under vacuum to 110 deg, the process now under discussion achieves concentrations of 85 per cent; it also utilizes the resultant heating vapours and reduces the quantities of water needing to be evaporated in the follow-up evaporation crystallization stage by around 50 per cent compared with the state of the art. The primary energy input shrinks accordingly. The innovative feature of the process lies in the energy tie-up of evaporation plant, new type cooling crystallization and evaporation crystallization, which enables extremely high juice concentrations to be used in the cooling crystallization stage. The latter starts at a temperature of 100 deg and in the course of crystal formation leads to a final temperature of 65 degree of Celsius. Oncentrated juice is couled rapidly to the seed point and then more slowly as the crystals grow. This temperature conforms with the normal operating conditions of the still conventional follow-up evaporation crystallization phase. The process under discussion thus amounts to a new element in existing plant and can be employed in every sugar factory.