The web service of the dataset comprises the locations of outcrops with respective information on the lithology, stratigraphy, rock age and tectonic data collected during the CASE expeditions. The data attributes include stereographic projections and sketches of tectonic structures derived from the outcrop data. At the end of the 1980s, BGR initiated the research program Circum-Arctic Structural Events (CASE) to reconstruct the plate tectonic processes during the evolution of the Arctic Ocean using terrestrial data from the surrounding continental margins. One of the scientific questions of the CASE programme is as simple as it is complex: How did the Arctic Ocean, this large basin between the Eurasian and North American continental plates, develop? There are still no conclusive answers to this question in terms of plate tectonics. In contrast to the marine expeditions of geophysicists in the Arctic Ocean, geologists on land along the various coastal areas of the Arctic Ocean can directly touch, examine and map rocks, structures, folds and fault zones and determine the respective ages of the movements. This makes it possible to directly compare rock units and deformation zones on different continental plates and thus also to reconstruct when these plates collided, how long they remained next to each other and when and how they separated again. Since the inception of BGR’s Arctic research, the primary focus and research areas have been along the continental margins between Spitsbergen and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago via Greenland, to the Yukon North Slope on the border with Alaska. On the opposite side of the Arctic Ocean, there have been expeditions to Yakutia, the mainland areas near the Laptev Sea, the New Siberian Islands and to the Polar Ural with Russian partners. An important method for the interpretation of the geological evolution of the Arctic is the examination of tectonic structures (faults, folds, cleavage etc.), the determination of the kinematics and the age of the tectonic movements.
During the period from 1974 to 2018 various cruises from BGR acquired seismic lines worldwide. The aim of these marine expeditions was a detailed survey of the geological structure.
Im Rahmen des PANORAMA Projekts wurden vier marin-geophysikalische und marin geologische Expeditionen durchgeführt. 2013: Panorama1 mit dem Forschungsschiff RV OGS Explora, nördliche Barentssee und Eurasisches Becken; 2015: Panorama2 mit RV OGS Explora, nördliche Barentssee, Olga Becken; 2017 SEGMENT mit RV Maria S. Merian, nordöstlicher Kontinentrand Grönland; 2018 GREENMATE mit RV Polarstern, nordöstlicher und nördlicher Kontinentrand Grönland. Die geowissenschaftlichen Daten umfassen für die genannten Expeditionen 2D reflexionsseismische Daten und refraktionsseismische Daten (mit OBS bzw. Sonarboje. Zusätzlich wurden hydroakustische Daten mit den bordeigenen Fächerecholoten bzw. Sedimentecholoten aufgezeichnet. Darüber hinaus wurden gravimetrische und magnetische Daten erfasst. Geologische und geochemische Daten wurden mit Schwereloten und Multicorern genommen. Im Rahmen der Expedition Greenmate (2018) wurde auch per Helikopter Proben an der Küste NO Grönlands genommen. Ergebnisse stehen bislang in den folgenden Veröffentlichungen zur Verfügung: Berglar Kai, Franke Dieter, Lutz Rüdiger, Schreckenberger Bernd, Damm Volkmar; Initial Opening of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean; Frontiers in Earth Science; 2016; DOI=10.3389/feart.2016.00091 Rüdiger Lutz, Dieter Franke, Kai Berglar, Ingo Heyde, Bernd Schreckenberger, Peter Klitzke, Wolfram H. Geissler; Evidence for mantle exhumation since the early evolution of the slow-spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean; Journal of Geodynamics; 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2018.01.014 Philipp Weniger, Martin Blumenberg, Kai Berglar, Axel Ehrhardt, Peter Klitzke, Martin Krüger, Rüdiger Lutz; Origin of near-surface hydrocarbon gases bound in northern Barents Sea sediments; Marine and Petroleum Geology; 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.12.036 P. Klitzke, D. Franke, A. Ehrhardt, R. Lutz, L. Reinhardt, I. Heyde, J.I. Faleide; The paleozoic evolution of the Olga Basin region, northern Barents Sea – a link to the timanian orogeny; G-cubed, 20 (2) (2019); 10.1029/2018GC007814 Rüdiger Lutz, Peter Klitzke, Philipp Weniger, Martin Blumenberg, Dieter Franke, Lutz Reinhardt, Axel Ehrhardt, Kai Berglar; Basin and petroleum systems modelling in the northern Norwegian Barents Sea; Marine and Petroleum Geology; 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105128. Franke, D., Klitzke, P., Barckhausen, U., Berglar, K., Berndt, C., Damm, V., Dannowski, A., Ehrhardt, A., Engels, M., Funck, T., Geissler, W., Schnabel, M., Thorwart, M. & Trinhammer, P. (2019): Polyphase Magmatism During the Formation of the Northern East Greenland Continental Margin. - Tectonics, 38, 8: 2961–2982, DOI: 10.1029/2019tc005552.
The study of the geodynamic evolution of the Arctic continental margin and opening of the Arctic Ocean represents a primary target of BGR research and is studied within the frame of the CASE programme. In addition to onshore geological investigations, BGR conducts airborne aeromagnetic surveys. The available service contains the results of aeromagnetic surveys from the CASE program as well as cooperation projects (PMAP, NARES & NOGRAM), which were obtained with helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft in the Arctic.
The expedition PS155/1 started on August 5th, 2018 in Tromsø (Norway) and ended in Longyearbyen (Spitsbergen) on September 3rd, 2018. In the course of BGR’s GREENMATE project the geological development of the European North Atlantic and the northern and north eastern Greenland shelf was analyzed using various marine geophysical methods (seismics, magnetics, gravity, heatflow measurements) and geological sampling (gravity corer, box corer, multi-corer, dredge). Sampling of marine Shelf sediments was undertaken in close correspondence with co-users from Geomar (add-on project ECHONEG), aiming to reconstruct Holocene paleo environmental and climatic evolution. Using the ship’s helicopters, marine sampling was complemented by onshore sampling operations to extract geological material at selected near coastal locations. Other scientific project groups used the cruise PS115.1 as an opportunity to quantify marine mammals and sea birds and their statistical distribution in our research area as part of the long-term project (add-on project Birds& Mammals) and to gather additional meteorological data via radiosondes (add-on Project YOPP). Against all expectations, outstanding ice conditions along the northern coast of Greenland enabled us to carry out reflection seismic surveys north of 84°N at the southern tip of Morris Jesup Rise with a 3 km long streamer. Structural data of this particular region of North Greenland is of special importance for BGR’s project GREENMATE for reconstructing the continental margin evolution. A 100 km long refraction seismic profile was measured to complement the reflection seismic data. After completing this, scientific work was concentrated on the northeastern Greenland shelf area between 76°N and 82.5°N. Over the time of the cruise a total of 2500 km of reflection seismic profiles (2250 km measured with 3km streamer length) and 100 km of refraction seismic profile (using nine ocean bottom seismometers) were measured, accompanied by gravity and magnetic surveys and seven heat flow measurement stations. Along the shelf and deep-sea area 21 geological sampling sites were chosen, with all together one dredge (around 200 kg of sample), 16 gravity cores (total core length 65 m), 12 box corers and 6 multi-corer stations. Onshore sediment sampling was done at 11 sampling sites. Beside sediment sampling hard rock from near coastal outcrops was collected in a total amount of 250 kg that will be used for age dating. The entire science program was carried out under consideration of the highest ecological standards to protect marine mammals and to meet all environmental requirements of the permitting authorities. In addition to external marine mammal observers (MMO) various acoustic monitoring systems and AWI’s on board infrared detection system AIMMS monitored any activity of marine mammals in the ships perimeter, especially during seismic operations.
The 3rd cooperative BGR/SMNG Arctic cruise was designed to acquire new scietific data for a better understanding of temporal and spatial lithospheric variations during rifting and its influence on the tectonic and structural evolution of the continental crust of the Laptev Sea undergoing extension since at least the Early Tertiary, and for tackling open questions regarding the evolution of the submarine permafrost zone. Although conditions for seismic measurements were worse in 1997 than in 1993 and 1994, along 4,622 km of seismic traverses reflection seismic data and wide angle reflection/refraction data from 23 OBH-(ocean bottom hydrophone) stations were collected in the Laptev and East Siberian Sea. The most prominent rift basin is the Ust' Lena Rift, which is at least 300 km wide at latitude 75°N. The Cenozoic sedimentary cover exceeds 3 km everywhere, increasing up to 14 km at two locations. In the northern part of the shelf, the complex mainly N–S-trending Anisin Basin has a basin fill of up to 10 km thickness. The New Siberian Basin which is located in the northwestern part of the study area shows an up to 9 km thick graben fill. The Laptev Horst crust is locally subdivided into several tilted blocks by deep-reaching faults and there are several half grabens of smaller extent which divide the Laptev Horst into three parts: the North, the South and the East Laptev Horst. A major west dipping listric fault of at least 250 km length separates the Laptev Horst from the Ust' Lena Rift. Results from the seismological investigation indicate that recent extension is concentrated within the narrow rift basins of the eastern Laptev Sea. From wide-angle reflection/refraction seismic measurements the seismic velocities of the crustal layers were estimated along five profiles. The layers with velocities of up to 3.5 km/s apparently consist of predominantly Cenozoic sediments. The sedimentary section showing relatively high seismic velocities of 4.5 to 5.2 km/s might be interpreted as Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic deposits or overcompacted/cemented syn-rift deposits. In the eastern shelf area a layer beneath the acoustic basement was interpreted to represent Ordovician to Early Mesozoic carbonates. The lower crust in the area under study shows relatively uniform seismic velocities of about 6.0-6.8 km/s and the velocities estimated for the crust-mantle transition are in the range of 8.0 to 8.2 km/s. The origin of a several 100 m thick layer with a relative high velocity of 3 to 3.5 km/s directly beneath the seafloor was inferred as sub-sea permafrost.
The Scientific staff and crew onboard CCGS Louis S. St. Laurent (LSL) returned September the 10th, 2001 from a scientific expedition to the Nares Strait, the northernmost waterway connecting the Arctic and Atlantic oceans. The data format is Society of Exploration Geophysicists SEG Y. The ice conditions in the strait required the support of Canada's largest ice breaker. The ship was a versatile platform for 34 scientists to accomplish their marine investigation. The LSL has a history of supporting international scientific expeditions including an oceanographic transect of the Arctic Ocean in 1994 and a biological study of the Canadian Arctic Islands in 1999. Germany (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, BGR) and Canada (Geological Survey of Canada) undertook a 5-week scientific cruise to study and explore the geological structure and evolution of the Nares Strait. The primary objective was the study of structural features relating to the formation of the Arctic Ocean and, in particular, the study of the Wegener Fault. This fault is a linear boundary between Greenland and Ellesmere Island which was noted by the German scientist Alfred Wegener in 1915 and later became the subject of a major scientific controversy. The co-operative cruise, which was planned over a period of 2 years, provided the basis for a wide range of scientific investigations, from marine seismic work and climate change studies through airborne magnetic investigations to geodetic survey measurements and geological sampling onshore. Systematic geophysical offshore studies in this key area had not been undertaken before. Where towing of seismic equipment was not possible because of ice coverage, magnetic maps were made using a helicopter-borne magnetic sensor system. Sediment and water samples taken during the cruise provide information on changes in climate and sea ice cover from the last ice-age to the present. An 11 m-long sediment core from outer Jones Sound is the longest core ever taken in the Canadian Arctic channels and holds clues to the detailed climate history of northern Baffin Bay.
The PANORAMA-2 research cruise was carried out between August 15th and September 20th 2015 aboard the Italian research vessel OGS Explora, like the PANORAMA-1 cruise in 2013. The intended survey area was the European sector of the Arctic east and southeast of the Svalbard archipelago in the area of the northern Barents Sea. Main target of the PANORAMA-2 cruise was the acquisition of new geophysical data and the probing of surficial sediments in the underexplored area of the Sørkapp Basin and Olga Basin. In the course of the 20 day lasting Leg1 of the PANORAMA-2 cruise geophysical data acquisition was carried out. About 1750 km of 2D multi-channel seismic data were acquired and about 350 km of wide angle seismic data by means of sonobuoys. Sediment echosounder data, multi-beam data, gravity data and geomagnetic data were acquired during the entire cruise in a 24/7 mode within the survey area. After a 1-day stopover in Longyearbyen for a crew change of a part of the scientific crew, the research vessel OGS Explora returned to the survey area for another 11 days. During Leg-2 of the PANORAMA-2 cruise the surficial sediments were sampled by means of gravity corer, multi corer and dredge at 34 stations all together. Sediment sampling was carried out during day-light times only. Night times were used for acquisition of geomagnetic data, gravity data, sediment echosounder data and multi-beam data.
The research cruise PANORAMA-1 onboard the Italian vessel OGS Explora was carried out within 2 legs in the period August, 16th – September 17th 2013. The designated survey area was located in a sector of the European Arctic north of Svalbard covering an area north of 80°N between 15°E and 35°E. Main objectives were to acquire new geophysical data and extract near surface sediment samples in an underexplored area of the European Arctic with special focus on the transition zone from the North Barents shelf towards the oceanic Nansen basin. During leg 1 of the cruise a 20 days geophysical survey 1056 km of multi-channel seismic data was acquired supplemented by a 221 km long sonobuoy profile. Additionally, magnetic and sediment echosounding data was acquired along these profiles. During all operations within the survey area gravity and multibeam echosounding data was continuously acquired. After a 1 day stopover in Longyearbyen in order to exchange part of the scientific crew OGS Explora returned to the survey area to continue survey operations during leg 2. Within these 10 days period near surface sediments were extracted by means of a gravity corer at 12 locations and heat flow soundings were conducted at 7 locations. Gravity, sediment and multibeam echosounding data was continuously acquired along all transit lines within the survey area during leg 2. Total line length of magnetic data was 2658.7 km. Over all track lines with bathymetric and gravity data amount to 5665.8 km in total.
A global Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (EMAG2) was compiled from satellite, ship and airborne magnetic measurements. (Maus et al., 2009) Over the continents and the Arctic we made use of exisiting magnetic anomaly grids, whereas original ship and airborne trackline data were processed over the rest of the oceans, wherever available. CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements provided the magnetic field at wavelengths above 330 km. The EMAG2 grid is available at http://geomag.org and http://ngdc.noaa.gov. Directional gridding Due to the sparsity of magnetic field measurements in the southern oceans, it is necessary to interpolate the magnetic field between tracklines. Our interpolation algorithm takes the direction of the magnetic lineations into account. Tje lineations are parallel to the isochrons, which are perpendicular to the gradient of the age of teh oceanic crust. We use the age grid of Müller et al. (2008). The magnetic field ad a given grid point is computet by Least Squares Collocation from the surrounding measurements. If the point is on land, we use an isotropic correlation function with Rc = 14 km correlation length. Over the oceans we use Rc = 56 km parallel to the isochrons and Rc = 14 km in the spreading direction. Measurements seperated from the grid point by an age discontinuity or a topographic feature are excluded from the collation.
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