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Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Carabidae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Araneae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, spiders were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Spiders were identified to species according to Nentwig et al. (2019). Spider hunting strategy (active hunter or web-builder) was used as the feeding trait according to Cardoso et al. (2011).

Umweltschonende Bekaempfung von Forstschaedlingen. Hier: Laerchenminiermotte, Coleophora laricella

Abloesung chemischer (Routine-) Massnahmen bei der Niederhaltung eines Laerchenschaedlings. - Langjaehrige Massenwechselanalyse, Schluesselfaktoren. - Zusammenhang zwischen Disposition der Einzelpflanze/des Bestandes und dem Schaedlingsauftreten. - Beeinflussung der standoertlichen Disposition, z.B. durch Duengung. - Schadensschwellen: Bekaempfungsnotwendigkeit, Frassfolgen, kritische Zahlen. - Moeglichkeiten biologischer Bekaempfung (intensiver Vogelschutz seit 1972).

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Carabidae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, carabids were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Carabids were identified to species according to Hůrka (1996). Carabid feeding behavior was classified according to Homburg et al. (2014). To simplify the dataset, carabid feeding behavior was classified as predominantly granivorous (species mainly feed on seeds and fruits) or as carnivorous/omnivorous, because carnivorous and omnivorous species are potentially feeding on aphids and other non-plant material.

Einfluß der Mikro- und Makrobioturbation durch Bodentiere auf die Stabilisierung der organischen Substanz in Ackerböden

Ziel des Projektes ist es, den Einfluß der Makro- und Mikrobioturbation durch sog. soil engineers (Lumbriciden, Enchytraeiden, Collembolen) auf die Stabilisierung der organischen Substanz in Ackerböden zu untersuchen. Dafür sollen Freiland- und Laborexperimente mit Böden aus dem Dauerdüngungsversuch in Halle durchgeführt werden. Methodische Grundlage ist die Analyse der natürlichen 13C-Verteilung im Vergleich von Kohlenstoff aus C3- und aus C4-Pflanzen. Dadurch wird eine Differentialanalyse der Wirkung von Bodentieren auf die Stabilität von C-Komponenten unterschiedlichen Alters möglich. Düngungsvarianten sollen genutzt werden, um die Abhängigkeit der Wirkung der Tiere vom Nährstoffstatus des Bodens zu quantifizieren. Zusätzlich sollen Feldexperimente zur gezielten Steuerung der Bodenfauna durch Managementmaßnahmen durchgeführt werden. Neben Grobfraktionierungen werden chemische und physikalische Feinfraktionierungen vorgenommen. Durch die Bestimmung der 13CVerteilung ermöglichen die bodenmikrobiologischen Parameter 'Biomasse' und 'Mineralisationsleistung' eine Quantifizierung der mikrobiellen Nutzung unterschiedlicher C-Quellen. Weitere Parameter sind: Funktionelle Diversität der Bakterien, Nematoden Maturity Index, Mikroarthropoden. Langfristig ist die Einbeziehung von bodenzoologischen Steuergrößen in ein Modell zum Umsatz der organischen Bodensubstanz geplant.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Araneae data

Partly taken from the materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: To compare the activity densities of ground-dwelling predators between treatments with and without RAPs, spiders were sampled using pitfall traps, which were set up after each round of aphid counting (one per plot, twice per year; Brown & Matthews, 2016). The traps (with a volume of 400 ml and a width of 90 mm) were filled with a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1; 120 ml) and dug at ground level into the middle of each plot. The traps were covered with a plastic roof and a metal grid (15 × 15 mm grid size) to avoid overflowing during rain and accidental rodent catches (Császár et al., 2018). The traps were activated for 7 days. Subsequently, all arthropods were transferred into 70% ethanol. Spiders were identified to species according to Nentwig et al. (2019). Spider hunting strategy (active hunter or web-builder) was used as the feeding trait according to Cardoso et al. (2011).

Modes of vector transmission of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) - molecular basis and potential arthropod vector species

Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) is a plant pathogen of economic and ecologic importance. It is globally distributed in a wide range of forest, fruit, and ornamental trees and shrubs. In several areas of cherry and walnut production CLRV causes severe losses in yield and quality. With current reference to the rapid dissemination and strong symptom expression in Finnish birches and the Germany-wide distribution of CLRV in birches and elderberry, we continuously investigate and gradually reveal CLRV transmission pathways as by pollen, seeds or water. However, modes and interactions responsible for the wide intergeneric host transmission as well as for the exceptional CLRV epidemic in Fennoscandia still remain unknown. In this project systematic studies shall investigate biological vectors as a causal agent to finally derive control mechanisms and strategies to avoid new epidemics in different hosts and geographic regions. Detailed monitoring of the invertebrate fauna of birch stands/forests and elderberry plantations in Germany and Finland shall reveal potential vectors to subsequently study them in detail by approved virus detection methods and transmission experiments. Molecular analyses of the CLRV coat protein shall prove its role as a viral determinant for a virus/vector interaction. Consequently, this project essentially will contribute important answers on the CLRV epidemiology, and this will be a key element within the first network of research on plant viral pathogens in forest trees.

Forschergruppe (FOR) 5064: Die Rolle der Natur für das menschliche Wohlergehen im sozial-ökologischen System des Kilimandscharo, Teilprojekt: Naturschutz, biologische Vielfalt und Ökosystem-Funktionen

Im Rahmen von Kili-SES befasst sich SP6 mit Landnutzung, Management und Naturschutz als Triebkräfte der biologischen Vielfalt. In Kili-SES-1 erwiesen sich Landnutzungsveränderungen durch Bevölkerungswachstum als Schlüsselfaktoren an den unteren Hängen des Kilimandscharo. Es bleibt die Frage, ob die jüngsten Wald- und Buschbrände in den oberen Regionen auf veränderte klimatische Bedingungen hinweisen. Wir wollen den Ursprung und die Folgen dieser Brände als potenziell schädliche NCP auf Landschaftsebene untersuchen. Dabei konzentrieren wir uns auf die biologische Vielfalt und die Wasserbilanz im Nationalpark (zusammen mit SP1) und prüfen, ob solche Brände in den letzten Jahrzehnten zugenommen haben. Da die NCPs stark von der biologischen Vielfalt und dem Funktionieren der Ökosysteme abhängen, untersuchen wir, wie der Mensch die biologische Vielfalt, das Funktionieren der Ökosysteme und folglich das menschliche Wohlbefinden verbessern kann. Konkret wollen wir (zusammen mit SP1 und 2) das ökologische Potenzial für eine Transformierung durch Anpflanzung einheimischer Bäume prüfen, ergänzend zu den Studien von SP3-5. Der Fokus soll auf Auwäldern als wichtige Biodiversitätskorridore und traditionellen Agroforstsystemen als nachhaltige Landnutzungsformen liegen. Während in Kili-SES-1 der Kilimandscharo als isoliertes System betrachtet wurde, planen wir nun eine Erweiterung unserer Perspektive unter Einbeziehung des umliegenden Landschaftskontextes. Der Kilimandscharo war einst mit anderen Bergen durch Waldkorridore verbunden, die als Wanderwege dienten und die biologische Vielfalt beeinflussten, entscheidend für die Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber Umweltveränderungen. Ziel ist die Analyse der ökologischen Konnektivität und Telekopplung im Hinblick auf Naturschutzpolitik. Hierzu wollen wir mit umfangreichen Daten zu Pflanzen, Arthropoden und Kleinsäugern die frühere biologische Vielfalt ohne menschlichen Einfluss modellieren, um die ungleiche Verteilung endemischer Arten zu untersuchen, eine kontroverse biogeographische Frage in Ostafrika. Der Kilimandscharo und die umliegenden Berge sind unterschiedlich geschützt (Nationalparks, Natur- und Waldreservate), mit zunehmend fragmentierten Schutzgebieten. Durch Hochskalierung und Modellierung der Biodiversität unter Verwendung von Hyperspektralbildern (zusammen mit SP7) planen wir die sich daraus ergebenden Biodiversitätsniveaus und Bedrohungen zu vergleichen, einschließlich der Auswirkungen der Einbeziehung der Waldgürtel des Kilimandscharo und Meru in Nationalparks im Jahr 2006, die möglicherweise illegale Aktivitäten in die umliegenden Berge verlagert haben. Zusätzlich zu diesen Themen wollen wir weiterhin langfristige Klima- und Dendrometriedaten erheben und umfassendes Monitoring von Gefäßpflanzen, Flechten und Moosen durch (ergänzt durch Pilze) durchführen. So hoffen wir ein Niveau und eine Qualität ökologischer Daten zu erreichen, die für Kili-SES wichtig und für ein tropisches Gebirge einzigartig sind.

DNA barcoding of benthic invertebrates from Lake Sevan (Armenia)

Lake Sevan, the only large water reservoir within the South Caucasus, is under severe ecological pressure, and understanding the species composition of the lake and especially the rivers of its drainage basin is of central importance to inform natural resource management decisions in Armenia. Due to the limited capacity in the area for exact and fast taxonomic identification of benthic invertebrates, we started to compile a DNA barcode reference database of aquatic arthropods from the Lake Sevan drainage basin, spearheaded by Dr. Marine Dallakyan from Yerevan's Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology (Armenian Academy of Sciences), whose first visit to ZFMK has been financed by DAAD. The project is closely linked to the efforts undertaken and planned within the GGBC(link is external) project. The project results are aimed at making future standardized assessment of aquatic biodiversity monitoring in Armenia and the Caucasus easier, faster, and more reliable.

Biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in small vs. large scale agriculture

Biodiversity conservation cannot rely on protected areas alone, as sustainable conservation requires strategies for managing whole landscapes including agricultural areas. Organic farming in Germany may contribute strongly to the protection of biodiversity and to sustainability of agriculture through enhancing ecosystem services. However, the effectiveness of this agri-environmental management is highly dependent on landscape structure. The main objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of organic cereal management in small vs. large scale agriculture through measure of the diversity of plants and arthropods and associated ecosystem services, such as seed predation, insect predation, aphid parasitism and pollination. Pairs of organic and conventional winter wheat fields will be selected in small vs. large scale agricultural landscapes along the former inner German border, i.e. in West vs. East Germany. This study design enables a unique experiment, where it would be possible to disentangle the effects of landscape composition and configuration heterogeneities in the same study region and to study how these affect the effectiveness of organic management. The detailed analyses of the expected valuable data could provide significant results (published in high ranked, international scientific journals), and contribute to the development of the existing

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