Durch Beimischung von Klaerschlamm zum thermisch gereinigten Boden werden dem inerten Material wichtige Organismen und Naehrstoffe zugefuehrt, welche den Einsatz des Bodens als Rekultivierungsschicht ermoeglichen. Ein negativer Aspekt dieses Verfahrens ist allerdings die haeufig sehr hohe Schadstoffbelastung (insbesondere Schwermetalle) des Klaerschlamms. Wesentlich ist hierbei die Mobilitaet der Schadstoffe, dh, ob diese pflanzenverfuegbar sind bzw ins Grundwasser ausgewaschen werden koennen. Eine eventuelle Festlegung an den Bodenmineralen wird in Laboruntersuchungen studiert.
Due to the often practised uncontrolled disposal into the environment, olive oil production wastewater (OPWW) is presently a serious environmental problem in Palestine and Israel. The objectives of this interdisciplinary trilateral research project are (i) to understand the mechanisms of influence of the olive oil production wastewater on soil wettability, water storage, interaction with organic agrochemicals and pollutants; (ii) monitor short-term and long-term effects of OPWW land application in model laboratory and field experiments; (iii) identify the components responsible for unwanted changes in soil properties and (iv) analyse the mechanisms of association of OPWW OM with soil, the interplay between climatic conditions, pH, presence of multivalent cations and the resulting effects of land application. Laboratory incubation experiments, field experiments and new experiments to study heat-induced water repellency will be conducted to identify responsible OPWW compounds and mechanisms of interaction. Samples from field experiments and laboratory experiments are investigated using 3D excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis-mass spectrometry (TGA-DSC-MS), LC-MS and GC-MS analyses. We will combine thermal decomposition profiles from OPWW and OPWW-treated soils in dependence of the incubation status using TGA-DSC-MS, contact angle measurements, sorption isotherms and the newly developed time dependent sessile drop method (TISED). The resulting process understanding will open a perspective for OPWW wastewater reuse in small-scale and family-scale olive oil production busi-nesses in the Mediterranean area and will further help to comprehend the until now not fully un-ravelled effects of wastewater irrigation on soil water repellency.
Für die unterirdische Verlegung der Energiesysteme soll auf Basis der grundlegenden Erkenntnisse aus dem Förderprojekt. Kompakte Systeme für HGÜ AnwendungenM (DCCoS) eine Gleichstromübertragungstechnik für hohe Leistungen entwickelt werden. Im Teilvorhaben 'Erfassung und Modellierung der Wechselwirkung DCCTL/Boden' werden die mechanischen Beanspruchungen der thermisch belasteten DCCTL-Rohre im Boden in Abhängigkeit von den Rohr-Bettungsmaterialien, insbesondere Flüssigboden, ermittelt. Dazu werden umfangreiche mechanische und thermische Untersuchungen an Bettungsmaterialien durchgeführt, um geeignete Materialien und Rezepturen für die Erdverlegung der DCCTL zu ermitteln. Die Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich im Sinne des Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetzes sowie aus Gründen der Wirtschaftlichkeit und des Umweltschutzes auf die beim Trassenbau ausgehobenen Böden, die direkt auf der Baustelle aufbereitet und für die Verfüllung des DCCTL-Rohrgrabens/-trasse wiederverwendet werden, wie dies z.B. bei Flüssigbodenverfahren erfolgt. Zunächst werden für ausgewählten Bodenarten Grundrezepte eines thermisch stabilisierten Flüssigbodens ermittelt, mit dem die gewünschten Eigenschaften an die Flüssigboden-Bettung der DC CTL-Rohre erzielt werden. Diese Flüssigböden werden in umfangreichen klein- und großmaßstäblichen Laborversuchen hinsichtlich Steifigkeit, Festigkeit, Durchlässigkeit, etc. und anschließend auf ihre Scher- und Haftfestigkeiten an der Kontaktfläche Rohr/ Boden untersucht, wobei besonderes Augenmerk auf das Verhalten der Flüssigboden unter Aufwärmung am DCCTL gelegt wird. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen wird das Stoffverhalten abgeleitet und in Rechenprogramme implementiert, so dass eine erdstatische Bemessung der DCCTL möglich wird. Ergänzend werden Empfehlungen für baubegleitende Prüfungen und Kontrollen erarbeitet.
The working documents on revision of the Sewage Sludge Directive (86/278/EEC) on Biowaste and the Soil Protection Communication call for standards on sampling and analysis of sludge, treated biowastes and soils. The European Directives are intended to prevent unacceptable release of contaminants, impairment of soil function, or exposure to pathogens, and to protect crops, human and animal health, the quality of water and the wider environment when sludges and treated biowastes are used on land. The EU animal by-product regulations are fixing microbiological threshold values, for which microbiological methods of analysis are needed. The European Commission wishes to cite European (CEN) standards in order that there is harmonised application of the directives and that reports from Member States (MS) can be compared. This project to develop standards for hygienic parameters in sludge, soil and biowaste, presented under the name 'HORIZONTAL-HYG', will be carried out under the umbrella of the main project HORIZONTAL 'Development of horizontal standards for soil, sludge and biowaste'. This ensures full integration in the CEN system through BT Task Force 151 specially set up in support of this project as well as direct supervision by DG ENV and MS, which form the Steering Committee of HORIZONTAL. Preparation of HORIZONTAL-HYG was taken in a full agreement with the DG ENV, DG JRC and the MS already contributing to HORIZONTAL. HORIZONTAL-HYG's objective is to produce standardised methods for sampling and hygienic microbiological parameters, as Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Ascaris ova in sludges, treated biowastes and soils written in CEN format. Validation of the methods is an essential part of the development as it quantifies performance in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. The consortium is well connected in CEN and ISO and thus provides an excellent basis for implementation of the deliverables. Prime Contractor: Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland; Petten, Netherlands.
Im Zuge eines 3 monatigen Glashaus Inkubationsexperiments wird der Einsatz von Branntkalk zur Melioration von Böden und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Bodenmikrobiologie erfasst. Zur Kontrolle werden jeweils unbehandelte Böden, sowie Böden die mit Calciumcarbonat behandelt wurden (um den reinen pH-Effekt zu verfolgen) herangezogen. Die Probenahme erfolgt zu Beginn der Applikation, nach einem Monat und nach 3 Monaten. Die mikrobiologische Aktivität wird anhand der Bestimmung von Cellulase, Chitinase, Protease, Peroxidase, Phosphatase und Phenoloxidase bestimmt, während die mikrobielle Zusammensetzung anhand von Phospholipidfettsäuren bestimmt wird. Zusätzlich werden mikrobieller Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff sowie die Konzentrationen von Ammonium und Nitrat erfasst. Die Analysen werden in zwei verschiedenen Bodentiefen durchgeführt.
Soil compaction caused by passage of logging machinery reduces the soil air capacity. Changed abiotic factors might induce a change in the soil microbial community and favour organisms capable of tolerating anoxic conditions. Aerated soils that are shifted to anoxia can produce the greenhouse gases methane and N2O. For example, methanogenesis is the dominating electron-accepting process during the anaerobic oxidation of organic matter. Thus, the prolonged compaction of forest soils might enhance greenhouse gas-producing microbial activities and lead to a gradual, quantitative shift in the occurrence and activities of associated prokaryotes. This shift might be of general importance, because heavy machinery is increasingly used for logging activities. Aims: The goals of this study were to resolve differences between soil microbial communities obtained from wheel-tracks (i.e. compacted) and their adjacent undisturbed sites, and to evaluate differences in potential anaerobic microbial activities of these contrasting soils. Special emphasis will be given to organisms which are responsible for the production of greenhouse gases (nitrous oxide, methane) after soil compaction. Methods: Characterization of microbial communities with molecular tools (T-RFLP fingerprinting, DGGE, cloning and sequencing); Quantification of functional genes (quantitative PCR); Soil Microbial Measurements (C-mineralization, respiration, microbial biomass C).
Background: It has been hypothesized, that children could be more vulnerable to radio frequency electromagnetic field exposures from mobile telephones than adults, but no epidemiological studies of the relationship have been performed so far. The lack of knowledge causes conflicting recommendations from decision-makers, leading to anxiety and insecurity in the population. WHO has put a case-control study on childhood brain tumours as high priority on their 2006 research agenda on radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Objectives: The main goal of the study is to investigate whether use of mobile telephones increases the risk of developing brain tumours for children or adolescents. In addition, our study will provide a comprehensive dataset to investigate other potential risk factors for childhood brain tumour. Study design: The questions under study will be investigated by means of a case-control study in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. Cases will be identified through a combination of registry data and information from the wards treating the patients (e.g. Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group: SPOG). All incident cases of brain tumour in the age group 7-19 years between May 2004 and April 2008 will be invited to participate. In total, the study is expected to include 550 cases of brain tumours in the participating countries, thereof 100 originating from Switzerland. For each case, two control persons will be randomly selected from the general population, matched on age, sex and geographic regions. Exposure assessment: Information on the extent of exposure to radio frequency fields from mobile phones and on other known and suspected risk factors for childhood brain tumours will be obtained by means of computer assisted personal interviews conducted by an interviewer trained for this purpose. The interviews will take place either at the hospital or at the study participant's home. Objective information on the frequency and duration of mobile phone use will be obtained from mobile phone operators and from the information stored in the telephone that is in current use. Data analyses: The data will be analyzed using established statistical methods for case-control studies, primarily via logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. In order to investigate potential gene-environment interactions, DNA from saliva samples will be extracted and analysed. Polymorphisms in genes that affect oxidative metabolism, detoxification of carcinogens, DNA stability and repair, or immune response, are candidates that might confer genetic susceptibility to brain tumors.
Current methods for risk assessment are mostly 'deterministic'. This means they treat factors such as the toxicity of pesticides as if they were fixed, and precisely known. But in the real world, factors such as toxicity are not fixed but variable. For example, the same pesticide could be more toxic to some species of wildlife, and less toxic to others. What's more, the factors affecting risk are not precisely known but uncertain. For example, toxicity is measured for only a very small number of species, so scientists have to estimate toxicity to all the other species that we want to protect. Current methods for risk assessment try to allow for variability and uncertainty by using 'fixed safety factors', but this fails to give a complete description of the full range of the possible risks. Also, it is difficult to decide how big the safety factors should be. Probabilistic approaches enable variation and uncertainty to be quantified, mainly by using distributions instead of fixed values in risk assessment. A distribution describes the range of possible values (e.g. for toxicity), and shows which values within the range are most likely. The result of a probabilistic risk assessment can also be shown as a distribution, showing the range of environmental impacts that are possible, and which impacts within that range are most likely. This should provide a better basis for making decisions about pesticide risks, because the full range of possible outcomes can be taken into account. The main work of the EUFRAM project is done by a core partnership of 27 organisations from government, industry and academia, and comprises three main parts. 1. Development of a draft framework of basic guidance for risk assessors. The topics to be addressed include: - role and outputs of probabilistic assessments - methods of uncertainty analysis - probabilistic methods for small datasets - how to report and communicate results - how to validate probabilistic methods - how to improve access to existing data - requirements for probabilistic software and databases. - The framework will also include case studies of probabilistic risk assessment, showing how the methods can be applied to assessing impacts of pesticides on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. The first draft of the framework will be published at the end of 2004. 2. End-user testing. - In 2005-2006, the draft framework was subjected to extensive testing and refinement. A series of three workshops was organised for potential users, who were encouraged to trial the framework in their own organisations. Feedback from the users was used to refine the framework, and it is intended that the final version will be suitable for adoption as standard guidance at the European level. Prime Contractor: Central Science Laboratory, York, UK.
Research of B3 revealed that in two different soils repeatedly treated with sulfadiazine (SDZ)-containing manure, resistance gene (sul1, sul2) copies significantly increased compared to treatments with antibiotic-free manure or control, and accumulated with repeated applications. Under field conditions, the transferability of SDZ resistance was significantly increased in plots treated with manure originating from pigs medicated with SDZ. Transfer frequencies were higher in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil. The effects of SDZ-containing manure on the abundance of sul genes in the rhizosphere of maize and grass varied between different sampling times supposedly due to climatic factors. We hypothesize that drying and re-wetting cause shifts of nutrient availability, plant exudation and bio accessible pore space, and that these shifts influence the effects of SDZ on abundance and transfer of resistance genes in soil microbial communities. In order to elucidate the effects of drying-rewetting and temperature and to clarify this missing link, the abundance of sul genes and their transferability will be investigated in samples taken from rhizosphere and rhizoplane of grass from the central field and laboratory experiments with manipulated drying and wetting cycles. Pyrosequencing of the transferable resistome in manure-treated soils will provide unique insights into plasmid diversity and other antibiotic resistance genes co-selected by SDZ.
The purpose of the proposed research project is to develop a new nonlocal and hybrid cumulus parameterization (NHCP) scheme for use in nonhydrostatic numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. NHCP will be based on a mass flux approach. By implementing NHCP in a NWP model the following forecast skills shall be improved: i) spatial and temporal distribution of convective clouds and precipitation, ii) stratiform precipitation as induced by convective overturning, iii) subgrid-scale peak values of convective precipitation, iv) mesoscale organization of cumulus convection. The nonlocal character of the NHCP scheme is given by the fact that the evolving cumulus cloud will not be fixed to a particular grid point, instead it may be transported over several grid points so that cloud mass fluxes are locally not balanced. Furthermore, cumulus convection will be treated in a hybrid way, that is only parts of a cumulus convection event will be parameterized, certain cloud processes will be directly considered in the dynamic model. During the first two years of the proposed research the principle core of the NHCP scheme shall be developed.
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