Das Projekt "A6: Response of element cycles in a tropical mountain rain forest to environmental and land-use change" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie durchgeführt. The north Andean forest is affected by climate-driven acid and base depositions and will experience increasing N input in the future. Based on our knowledge of element cycling in the Reserva Biologica San Francisco, we aim at developing scenarios of possible responses of the study forest to expected environmental change. We will evaluate the available data series and complete the parameterization of a catchment-based hydrologic model (CATFLOW). We will assume the joint change scenarios of the Research Unit. The developed scenarios will be validated by continuing the Long-term Ecosystem Study and the Nutrient Management Experiment (NUMEX). The Long-term Ecosystem Study was established in 1998. For greater than 11 years, a unique data set of weekly records of all major water and element fluxes has been collected. In the interdisciplinary NUMEX experiment, established in 2007, we continuously add N, P, N+P, and Ca twice per year to native forest in a block design at ca. 2000 m a.s.l. to explore the forest response to low-level nutrient input. For the next phase, a joint 15N pulse chasing experiment will be conducted to further explore the fate of added N. We contribute by setting up a complete flux budget of the applied isotope label.
Das Projekt "A Scientific Review of the Global Water System" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Kassel, Center for Environmental Systems Research durchgeführt. One of the important new insights of global environmental research has been the recognition of the existence of a global water system. This concept expands the long-accepted concept of the global physical water cycle to encompass biogeochemical, ecological and socioeconomic components. The recent launching of the Global Water System Project (GWSP) by the major global research organizations is a strong signal from the scientific community that key questions about this system need to be urgently studied. The objective of this one year project is to conduct a scientific review of the concept of the global water system by compiling and evaluating existing scientific literature and data bases and carrying out discussions with scientific experts. The review will identify key unresolved research questions. The scientific review will be divided into three parts (I) Describing the physical, biogeochemical, ecological and socio-political aspects of the global water system, (II) Elaborating cross-cutting linkages in the global water system, (III) Identifying major unresolved questions & research priorities. To ensure that the perspectives of developing countries are also taken into account, the Antragssteiler proposes to spend 6 months out of the 12-month project at the National Institute of Advanced Studies in Bangalore. This will be a fully independent (eigenständiges) and alone-standing project conducted within the framework of the GWSP (of which the Antragssteiler is Co-Chair). It is expected that the scientific review will make a major contribution to setting priorities in global water research over the coming years.
Das Projekt "Exzellenzcluster 80 (EXC): Ozean der Zukunft" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR), Forschungsbereich 2: Marine Biogeochemie, Forschungseinheit biologische Ozeanographie durchgeführt. Recent measurements of surprisingly high summer pCO2values above 1,000 ìatm in surface waters of the inner Kiel Fjord prompt us to investigate the carbonate chemistry of this region in more detail. We propose to follow the Kiel Bay carbonate system over an entire seasonal cycle. In order to assess the effects of fluctuating pH/pCO2 on key marine organisms in affected surface waters, we plan to simultaneously study acid-base status and calcification performance of the dominant benthic invertebrate, the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Das Projekt "B 1.2: Efficient water use in limestone areas - Phase 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre durchgeführt. The elevated areas of Northern Thailand highlands are inhabited by ethnic minorities. On the other hand, the Thai majority prefers the valley bottoms. Population growth of all groups, reforestation and commercialisation of agriculture lead to an increasing pressure on land and water resources. Therefore, intensified land and water use systems are desired which are resource conserving at the same time. Here, special problem areas are the karstic limestone catchments due to the limited of surface waters.Own pre-investigations together with subproject A1 have shown, that land use systems there are subsistence oriented and local farmers do not use irrigation. But they would like to develop such technology, especially in order to increase staple crop production (highland rice, maize). But lack of irrigation possibilities is also responsible for the lack of diversification of land use systems with respect to orchards. One possibility to increase staple crop yields is to prolong the vegetation period by use of water harvesting technologies. Aim of this project is to develop such low cost water harvesting technologies (together with subproject B3.1) based on a participatory approach and to model the effect of these on the water balance at the catchments scale. This will be done on the basis of the previous variability studies and should lead to model tools, which allow to evaluate ex ante SFB innovation effects on the water balance. The project area is the Bor Krai catchments. Here, weirs will be installed to quantify surface water availability. An investigation plot will be situated near the village of Bor Krai which serves for water balance measurements (TDR/densitometry) and at the same time as demonstration plot for the local community. Here water harvesting by means of filling the soils field capacity at the end of the rainy season by gravity irrigation in order to prolong the vegetation period will be researched. Through cropping of participatory evaluated varieties the crop yield should be increased. The water consumption of traditionally managed and dominant crops (including orchards) will be measured at three further sites in the catchment (TDR, tensiometer). The water balance of the soil cover in the karst catchment will be based on the coupling of a SOTER map with a water transport model. The data base will be completed by soil type mapping, spatially randomised collection of soil physical properties (texture, bulk density, infiltration, water retention curve) and determination of the ku-function at two representative sites. As project results the available water amount for irrigation purposes will be quantified. The effective use of this water reserve will lead to increased productivity of the dominant crops and limitations to orchard productivity will be reduced. (abridged text)
Das Projekt "Exzellenzcluster 80 (EXC): Ozean der Zukunft" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR), Forschungsbereich 2: Marine Biogeochemie, Forschungseinheit biologische Ozeanographie durchgeführt. The oceans presently absorb one third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, causing a gradual acidification of oceanic surface waters. While the magnitude of CO2-induced ocean acidification can be predicted with reasonable confidence, its impacts on marine organisms and their ecosystems are largely uncertain. Recent data show that particularly calcifying organisms can be adversely affected by ocean acidification. At the base of the marine food web, coccolithophores - an important group of calcifying phytoplankton - experience reduced calcification and increased malformations of their calcite platelets at elevated CO2. Like most phytoplankton, coccolithophores operate active ion transport systems to take up inorganic carbon for photosynthesis. This so-called carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) also supplies, together with calcium ion transporters, the building blocks for calcite formation. The ability of coccolithophores to adapt to acidi-fication and to maintain their competitive fitness in The Future Ocean will partly depend on the adaptive potential of their membrane transport systems to CO2 induced changes in seawater chemistry.
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt 1" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von BASF SE durchgeführt. Kohlendioxid ist einerseits ein Treibhausgas, andererseits ein kostengünstiger Rohstoff. Ziel des Verbundprojektes ist die Auffindung von Prozessbedingungen und Katalysatoren für die neue Synthese von Natrium-Acrylat (Na-Acrylat) aus Kohlendioxid und Ethen. Für diese bisher nicht bekannte Reaktion müssen wirksame Homogen- oder Heterogenkatalysatoren aufgefunden werden. Zudem wird die Steuerung des Phasenverhaltens der eingesetzten Reaktanden untereinander und in Wechselwirkung mit CO2 untersucht und eine industriell realisierbare Reaktionsführung abgeleitet. Das Projekt adressiert wesentliche Ziele der High-Tech-Strategie der Bundesregierung zum Klima- und Ressourcenschutz. Der Projektteil der TU München zielt auf eine katalytische Reaktionsführung der Acrylsäure- bzw. Acrylatsynthese. Die Arbeiten der BASF werden am CaRLa, dem gemeinsamen Labor mit der Universität Heidelberg, durchgeführt. In diesem Teilprojekt werden Hoberg-Komplexe und alternative Komplexe im Sinne eines assoziativen Ligandenaustauschs mit einer Vielzahl an Basen und Nucleophilen umgesetzt und Modellkomplexe näher auf ihre Eignung unter industriellen Gesichtspunkten untersucht. hte synthetisiert potentielle heterogene Aktivmassen und testet homogene und heterogene Katalysatoren im hohen Durchsatz. Die Universität Stuttgart wird sich der reaktions- und verfahrenstechnischen Optimierung der einzelnen Prozessstufen und des Gesamtprozesses widmen.
Das Projekt "Sub project: Late Quaternary Climate Reconstruction at Lake El'gygytgyn - Stable oxygen isotopes in biogenic opal of lacustrine diatoms" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung - Institut AWI - Forschungsstelle Potsdam durchgeführt. Lake El'gygytgyn, located in the NE Siberian Arctic, was formed by a meteoritic impact approximately 3.6 Mio a ago. It is a unique archive of climate and environmental history for this period in the Arctic by its most likely continuous and undisturbed sedimentary sequence. The sediments are abundant (up to 30%) in diatoms, whereas other bioindicators such as ostracods and forams are missing. Therefore, the oxygen isotopic composition of lacustrine biogenic silica of Lake El'gygytgyn will be used to quantitatively trace climate and environmental changes by means of isotope geochemistry. Biogenic silica in lake sediments is primarily derived from diatoms, photosynthetic algae that secrete internal shells composed of silica (SiO2 . nH2O). The oxygen isotopic composition of biogenic silica (delta 18OSi) has recently been shown to be a useful palaeoclimatic indicator that reflects the oxygen isotopic composition of the water in which it formed (Shemesh et al., 1992). Since the isotopic composition of lake water is a direct indicator of precipitation and temperature, delta 18OSi correlates directly to regional climate. Recent studies in lacustrine records confirm the high potential of oxygen isotopic analyses in biogenic silica to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate changes in temperature, precipitation, and evaporation (e. g. Leng and Marshall, 2004). A new technique has been developed at AWI Potsdam for small sample sizes (1-4 mg SiO2) and shall now be applied for the first time to a North Siberian Lake. Main aim of the project is a reconstruction of the palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate history in this region for the Late Quaternary using material cored during the expeditions between 1998 and 2003. The expected results will be the base for studying the climate history using stable isotopes in lacustrine diatoms of the whole sedimentary sequence at Lake El'gygygtgyn, coring of which is planned for spring 2009 in the frame of the ICDP programme. This proposal gives an outline of the planned studies during the duration of the project and applies for DFG funding of a third year.
Das Projekt "Vorhaben: Verbesserung von Parametrisierungen des Licht- und Energieflusses durch Meereis im arktischen Ozean" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von O.A.Sys - Ocean Atmosphere Systems GmbH durchgeführt. To be able to predict the physical conditions for the Arctic ecosystem in the ‚new Arctic', it is necessary to understand and parametrise the processes which determine the light and enery budget under the sea ice and snow under 'first year ice' conditions. For this we need a holistic approach that combines biology, optics, seaice and ocean physics, based on direct observations and remotely sensed information with numerical modelling. This is the overall goal of the joint project (with AWI, BAS and UCL) to which OASys contributes. Sea ice plays a fundamental role in the Arctic ecosystem through complex physical and bio-geochemical interactions and feedbacks. The sea ice matrix offers a protected habitat for microbial life, particularly for algae, which together with phytoplankton form the base of the Arctic marine food web, sustaining the sea ice associated macrofauna and part of the pelagic zooplankton. The growth of sea ice algae and phytoplankton depends in large parts on light availability, which is strongly dependent on the sea ice and under ice water properties. On the other hand, the ice underside provides a high variable and heterogeneous habitat for different ice-associated macrofauna, i.e. the zooplankton communities whose vertical migration is often triggered by food availability and periodic changes in light availability. As the Arctic is changing, it is no longer dominated by thick multi-year ice (MYI), but it is a regime dominated by thinner, more dynamic, first year ice (FYI). At the same time, the length of the melt season has increased, leading to earlier retreat and later ice formation, changes in snow accumulation and freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean. These changes have important implications for the in-ice and under-ice biota, influencing light availability, ocean properties, and the timing of sea ice algae and phytoplankton blooms. In other words, changes in sea ice can alter phenology of carbon supply to the ecosystem. We are still in the process of elucidating these complexities, but our fundamental understanding of ecosystem function, sea ice, and upper ocean processes in the Arctic Ocean has been overwhelmingly derived from a MYI setting, rather than the FYI dominated Arctic of recent years. As a result, our current state of knowledge and the validity of many of the parameterisations presently embedded in models become more questionable. For example, most GCMs use a formulation of sea ice light transmission for MYI. However, such treatment can lead to underestimation of the under-ice light conditions. Furthermore, recent measures have shown that the transition from a MYI to FYI summer ice cover corresponds to a 50% increase in light absorption in sea ice and an increase of 200% in light transmittance into the upper ocean. (abridged text)
Das Projekt "FOREST DRAGON - 3: Forest Ecosystem Mapping within China" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Jena, Department for Earth Observation durchgeführt. The overall goal of the FOREST DRAGON 3 project is to advance understanding in forest ecosystems mapping within China. In addition, methodological developments towards the synergy of different sensors and techniques are proposed. Furthermore, a profound study will be carried out, in which a Decision Support System (DSS) will be built around web services providing decision-support on the mixture of eco-system services in local to regional scale integrating space and airborne remote sensing data. The eight objectives of the FOREST DRAGON 3 project are 1) the investigation of scaling effects in forest ecosystem mapping with SAR data, 2) the long-term analysis of forest GSV and forest structure over Northeast China based on SAR data, 3) linking forest DRAGON products with existing land use, land cover and/or fire products and 4) the synergy of optical and radar data for mapping forest ecosystems, 5) adapt current forest mapping algorithms to Eastern Russia, 6) adapt current and develop new forest mapping algorithm in Continental Southeast Asia, 7) use the Sentinels-1/2 data for forest map updating, 8) developing a modeling approach for forest services using space data as input for multi-criteria DSS in mountainous forests in China using earth observation. Under-pining the models will be the technology of remote sensing and existing spatial geo-data to establish or/and enhance forest, land cover and landform information. The project will deliver theoretical results as well as wall-to-wall maps of forest parameters for China and neighboring countries. Furthermore, this study will result in a new methodological base for DSS in forest resource management for mountain forest areas in China. This will be pursued through a case study in pilot region(s) in E and NE China.
Das Projekt "Work Package II - Material processing at Haean Basin scale: The role of hyporheic exchange and the riparian zone in NO3 and DOC export from catchments" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bayreuth, Fachgruppe Geowissenschaften, Bayreuther Zentrum für Ökologie und Umweltforschung (BayCEER), Lehrstuhl für Hydrologie durchgeführt. The hydrogeochemical dynamics in mountainous areas of the Korean Peninsula are mainly driven by a monsoon-type climate. To examine the interplay between hydrological processes and the mobilization and subsequent transport and export of nitrate and DOC from catchments, a field study was initiated in the Haean catchment in north-eastern South Korea under highly variable hydrologic conditions. In order to identify nitrate and DOC source areas, a subcatchment (blue dragon river) within the Haean basin, which includes different types of landuses (forest, dry land farming, and rice paddies), was selected. In 2009, high frequency surface water samples were collected at several locations during summer storm events. A similar but more comprehensive sampling routine was completed in 2010. In order to investigate the groundwater level fluctuations relative to the hydraulic potentials, a piezometer transect was installed across a second order stream of the subcatchment. The results so far suggest deep groundwater seepage to the aquifer with practically no base flow contributions to the stream in the mid-elevation range of the catchment. In 2009 the focus of research was within the subcatchment, in 2010 additionally a second piezometer transect was installed at a third order stream in the lower part of the catchment (main stem of the Mandae River) where more dynamic groundwater/surface water interactions are assumed due to expected higher groundwater levels in this part of the basin. In order to investigate these interactions piezometers equipped with temperature sensors and pressure transducers were installed directly into the river bed. Based on the observed temperature time series and the hydraulic potentials the water fluxes between the groundwater and the river can be calculated using the finite-difference numerical code, VS2DH. VS2DH solves Richard s equation for variably-saturated water flow, and the advection-conduction equation for energy transport. The field data collected at the second piezometer transect suggest that the investigated river reach exhibits primarily losing surface conditions throughout most of the year. Gaining groundwater conditions at the river reach are evident after monsoonal extreme precipitation events. At the transect streambed aggradation and degradation due to bedload transport was observed. Significant erosion has been reported throughout the catchment after extreme events. Results indicate that the event-based changes in streambed elevation, is an additional control on groundwater and surface water exchange. The streambed flux reversals were found to occur in conjunction with cooler in-stream temperatures at potential GW discharge locations. The export of nitrate and DOC were found to be variable in time and strongly correlated to the hydrologic dynamics, i.e. the monsoon and pre- and post-monsoon hydrological conditions. usw.
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