Our paper first outlines the delimitation of environmental employment used in these studies, relating it to Eurostat’s CEPA and CReMA classifications. It then describes the approaches used to estimate environmental employment. Environmental employment originating from the production of environmental goods is estimated by a demand side approach based on environmental protection expenditure using Input-Output techniques. Environmental employment stemming from the provision of services is quantified by a supply side approach based on a large number of data sources on employment in establishments offering services which are beneficial for the environment. The paper explains which dimensions of environmental employment are presented in the above mentioned studies and concludes with some reflections on additional dimensions which may be of interest in further studies. Veröffentlicht in Umwelt, Innovation, Beschäftigung | 01/2015.
Die zunehmende Nutzung von abgestorbenem Holz aus den Wäldern zum Heizen schont die Vorräte an fossilen Brennstoffen, aber sie reduziert den natürlichen Lebensraum für viele wichtige und auch seltene Organismen. Um auf dieses Dilemma hinzuweisen, hat die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mykologie (DGfM) die Becherkoralle zum Pilz des Jahres 2015 gewählt. Die besonders schöne und ungewöhnliche Pilzart aus der Gruppe der Korallenpilze mit dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Artomyces pyxidatus braucht das Totholz von abgestorbenen Baumstämmen zum Überleben. Die Gesellschaft warnt, dass die Konsequenzen des Mehrbedarfs an Holz zur biologischen Verarmung der Wälder führen und damit über den positiven Effekt einer neutralen CO2-Bilanz weit hinausgehen.
Die akute lymphoblastische Leukämie (ALL) ist eine bösartige Erkrankung des Knochenmarks, bei der lymphoide Vorläuferzellen aus weitestgehend unbekannter Ursache in einem frühen Differenzierungsstadium in ihrer Ausreifung blockiert sind. In diesem Vorhaben wurden mittels neuer Sequenziertechnologien in zehn ausgewählten ALLs - fünf Proben mit einer chromosomalen Translokation t(17;19) mit einer Fusion des Hepatic leukemia factor (HLF)-Gens mit dem TCF3-Gen sowie fünf mit einer chromosomalen Translokation t(1;19), die zu einer Fusion des Pre-B cell leukemic homeobox1 (PBX1)-Gens mit dem TCF3-Gen führt - Veränderungen des Genoms, Exoms, Transkriptoms, Methyloms und miRNoms umfassend systematisch analysiert. Rekurrente detektierte Veränderungen sind in weiteren ALL-Patientenproben validiert worden. TCF3-HLF-positive ALLs zeichneten sich in diesen Analysen durch eine Häufung an strukturellen Aberrationen in Genen mit Bedeutung für die lymphoide Differenzierung und aktivierende RAS-Signalweg-Mutationen aus, die in TCF3-PBX1-positiven ALLs nahezu abwesend waren. Weiterhin zeichnete sich die TCF3-HLF-positive ALL durch eine stammzellnahe Transkriptsignatur gegenüber der TCF3-PBX1-positiven ALL aus. In beiden Gruppen konnten Aberrationen des nicht-translozierten TCF3-Allels als neues rekurrentes Merkmal der ALL im Kindesalter beschrieben werden. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass neue Sequenziertechnologien detaillierte Einblicke in das Zusammenspiel molekularer Aberration bei der ALL im Kindesalters erlauben und damit eine Grundlage für ein besseres Verständnis ihrer Pathobiologie schaffen //ABSTRACT// Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a malignant disease of the bone marrow, characterised by a poorly understood early-stage differentiation block of lymphoid progenitor cells. In this project employing new sequencing technologies, ten selected ALLs - five ALLs with a chromosomal translocation t(17;19), leading to a gene fusion of hepatic leukaemia factor (HLF) with TCF3, and five with a chromosomal translocation t(1;19), leading to a gene fusion of the pre-B homeobox 1 (PBX1) gene with TCF3 gene - were analysed for changes in the genome, exome, transcriptome, methylome, and miRNom. Recurrent changes were validated in additional ALL patient samples. TCF3-HLF-positive ALLs were characterised by an accumulation of structural aberrations affecting genes with importance for lymphoid differentiation and activating RAS pathway mutations - both of which were almost absent in TCF3-PBX1-positive ALLs. Furthermore, TCF3-HLF-positive ALL was characterised by a stem cell-like transcript signature when compared to TCF3-PBX1-positive ALL. In both subgroups aberrations of the non-translocated TCF3 allele were detected as a new recurrent lesion in pediatric ALL. Overall, the results indicate that new sequencing technologies allow detailed insight into the interplay of molecular aberrations in childhood ALL and, thus, provide a basis for a better understanding of their pathobiology.
Klebefallen gegen Pflanzenschädlinge können für kleine Vögel und Nutzinsekten gefährlich sein Gegen Schadinsekten wie Apfel- oder Pflaumenwickler, Kirschfruchtfliegen oder Apfelblütenstecher sind diverse Modelle von Klebefallen im Handel erhältlich. Allerdings gibt es zahlreiche Berichte, dass in Abhängigkeit von der Bauweise in einigen Fallen auch Nutzinsekten wie Hummeln, Bienen oder Schlupfwespen und sogar kleine Singvögel oder Fledermäuse kleben bleiben und verenden. Auch größere Wildvögel können an diese Fallen geraten und sich lebensbedrohliche Gefiederschäden zuziehen. Besonders problematisch sind sogenannte Gelb- oder auch andersfarbige Leimtafeln, die gegen viele verschiedene Schädlinge im Handel erhältlich sind, sowie Klebefallen in Dreiecks-Form mit offenen oder nur teilgeschlossenen Seiten. Diese Restöffnungen im oberen Drittel der Seiten können Vögeln auf der Nestsuche zum Verhängnis werden. In Bezug auf die europäischen Vogelarten ist es zudem verboten, wildlebende Tiere zu fangen, zu verletzen oder zu töten oder ihre Entwicklungsformen aus der Natur zu entnehmen, zu beschädigen oder zu zerstören. Unter Umständen kann das Aufhängen derartiger Fallen daher den Verbotstatbestand des § 44 Abs. 1 Nr. 1 Bundesnaturschutzgesetz sowie des § 13 Abs.1 Tierschutzgesetz umfassen. Abhilfe schaffen können feinmaschige Kunststoff- oder Drahtgitter-Vorrichtungen mit einer Maschenweite von maximal sieben oder acht Millimetern. Dies würde genügen, um die kleinen Pflanzenschädlinge hindurch zu lassen, größere Tiere aber vor der Falle zu schützen. Um Vögel vor Leimringen zu schützen, die um Baumstämme herumgewickelt werden, können zum Beispiel selbst gebaute Gittermanschetten aus Volierendraht über dem Leimring angebracht werden. Dabei soll ein Abstand von etwa zwei Zentimetern zur Klebefalle eingehalten werden. Wenn der Draht oben und unten nach innen gebogen wird, können Vögel nicht durchschlüpfen. Auch die Jahreszeit entscheidet, wann die Leimringe sinnvoll eingesetzt werden können. Viele Schädlinge wandern erst im Herbst an Bäumen hinauf auf der Suche nach Eiablageplätzen. Solche Leimringe sollten spätestens im März wieder entfernt werden, um während der Vogel- und Fledermaus-Brutsaison keine ungewollten Opfer zu verursachen. Mit einfachen Mitteln kann so viel für den Artenschutz im eigenen Garten erreicht werden. Download: Pressemitteilung
technologyComment of iron ore beneficiation (IN): Milling and mechanical sorting. Average iron yield is 65% . The process so developed basically involves crushing, classification, processing of lumps, fines and slimes separately to produce concentrate suitable as lump and sinter fines and for pellet making. The quality is essentially defined as Fe contents, Level of SiO2 and Al2O3 contamination. The process aims at maximizing Fe recovery by subjecting the rejects/tailings generated from coarser size processing to fine size reduction and subsequent processing to recover iron values. technologyComment of iron ore beneficiation (RoW): Milling and mechanical sorting. Average iron yield is 84%. technologyComment of iron ore mine operation and beneficiation (CA-QC): Milling and mechanical sorting. Average iron yield is 75%. Specific data were collected on one of the two production site in Quebec. According to the documentation available, the technologies of the 2 mines seems similar. Uncertainity has been adjusted accordingly. technologyComment of niobium mine operation and beneficiation, from pyrochlore ore (BR, RoW): Open-pit mining is applied and hydraulic excavators are used to extract the ore with different grades, which is transported to stockpiles awaiting homogenization through earth-moving equipment in order to attain the same concentration. Conveyor belts (3.5 km) are utilized to transport the homogenized ore to the concentration unit. Initially, the ore passes through a jaw crusher and moves to the ball mills, where the pyrochlore grains (1 mm average diameter) are reduced to diameters less than 0.104 mm. In the ball mills, recycled water is added in order to i) granulate the concentrate and ii) remove the gas from the sintering unit. The granulated ore undergoes i) magnetic separation, where magnetite is removed and is sold as a coproduct and ii) desliming in order to remove fractions smaller than 5μm by utilizing cyclones. Then the ore enters the flotation process - last stage of the beneficiation process – where the pyrochlore particles come into contact with flotation chemicals (hydrochloric & fluorosilic acid, triethylamene and lime), thereby removing the solid fractions and producing pyrochlore concentrate and barite as a coproduct which is also sold. The produced concentrate contains 55% Nb2O5 and 11% water and moves to the sintering unit, via tubes or is transported in bags while the separated and unused minerals enter the tailings dam. In the sintering unit, the pyrochlore concentrate undergoes pelletizing, sintering, crushing and classification. These units not only accumulate the material but are also responsible for removing sulfur and water from the concentrate. Then the concentrate enters the dephosphorization unit, where phosphorus and lead are removed from the concentrate. The removal of sulphur and phosphorus have to be executed because of the local pyrochlore ore composition. Then the concentrate undergoes a carbothermic reduction by using charcoal and petroleum coke, producing a refined concentrate, 63% Nb2O5 and tailings with high lead content that are disposed in the tailings dam again. technologyComment of rare earth element mine operation and beneficiation, bastnaesite and monazite ore (CN-NM): Firstly, open pit, mining (drilling and blasting) is performed in order to obtain the iron ore and a minor quantity of rare earth ores (5−6 % rare earth oxide equivalent). Then, a two-step beneficiation process is applied to produce the REO concentrate. In the first step, ball milling and magnetic separation is used for the isolation of the iron ore. In the second step, the resulting REO tailing (containing monazite and bastnasite), is processed to get a 50% REO equivalent concentrate via flotation. technologyComment of rare earth oxides production, from rare earth oxide concentrate, 70% REO (CN-SC): This dataset refers to the separation (hydrochloric acid leaching) and refining (metallothermic reduction) process used in order to produce high-purity rare earth oxides (REO) from REO concentrate, 70% beneficiated. ''The concentrate is calcined at temperatures up to 600ºC to oxidize carbonaceous material. Then HCl leaching, alkaline treatment, and second HCl leaching is performed to produce a relatively pure rare earth chloride (95% REO). Hydrochloric acid leaching in Sichuan is capable of separating and recovering the majority of cerium oxide (CeO) in a short process. For this dataset, the entire quantity of Ce (50% cerium dioxide [CeO2]/REO) is assumed to be produced here as CeO2 with a grade of 98% REO. Foreground carbon dioxide CO2 emissions were calculated from chemical reactions of calcining beneficiated ores. Then metallothermic reduction produces the purest rare earth metals (99.99%) and is most common for heavy rare earths. The metals volatilize, are collected, and then condensed at temperatures of 300 to 400°C (Chinese Ministryof Environmental Protection 2009).'' Source: Lee, J. C. K., & Wen, Z. (2017). Rare Earths from Mines to Metals: Comparing Environmental Impacts from China's Main Production Pathways. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(5), 1277-1290. doi:10.1111/jiec.12491 technologyComment of scandium oxide production, from rare earth tailings (CN-NM): See general comment. technologyComment of vanadium-titanomagnetite mine operation and beneficiation (CN): Natural rutile resources are scarce in China. For that reason, the production of titanium stems from high-grade titanium slag, the production of which includes 2 processes: i) ore mining & dressing process and ii) titanium slag smelting process. During the ore mining and dressing process, ilmenite concentrate (47.82% TiO2) is produced through high-intensity magnetic separation of the middling ore, which is previously produced as a byproduct during the magnetic separation sub-process of the vanadium titano-magnetite ore. During the titanium slag smelting process, the produced ilmenite concentrate from the ore mining & dressing process is mixed with petroleum coke as the reducing agent and pitch as the bonding agent. Afterwards it enters the electric arc furnace, where it is smelted, separating iron from the ilmenite concentrate and obtaining high-grade titanium slag.
EDC is produced industrially by the chlorination of ethylene, either directly with chlorine or by using hydrogen chloride (HCl). In practice, both routes are carried out together, the HCl stems from the cracking of EDC to vinyl chloride. HCl from other processes can also be used. The major outlet is for the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). There are both integrated EDC / VCM plants as well as stand-alone EDC plants. In 1997, European production of EDC was 9.4 million tons, according to (IPPC Chemicals, 2002). This makes it Europe’s most produced halogenated product. Global demand is expected to grow at roughly 6% per year in the short run, while future growth depends on the global demand for PVC. Major plants with capacities greater than 600’000 tons per year are located in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Norway, the US, Canada, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Japan and Taiwan. Available data from production sites often refer to the entire EDC/VCM chain and do not differentiate between the production lines. There is some information on stand-alone sites, however, and this data forms the basis for part of the inventory developed in this report. EDC can be produced by two routes, both involving the chlorination of ethylene. One route involves direct chlorination, the other is carried out with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and oxygen. In practice, both routes are carried out together. This study includes an average of the available literature data from both routes. EDC by direct chlorination of ethylene: C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 Yield on ethylene 96-98% / on chlorine 98% Liquid chlorine and pure ethylene are reacted in the presence of a catalyst (ferric chloride). The chlorination reaction can be carried out at low or high temperature. In the low-temperature process takes place at 20 ºC – 70 ºC. The reaction is exothermic and heat exchangers are needed. The advantage of this process is that there are few by-products. The high-temperature process takes place at 100 ºC – 150 ºC. The heat generated is used to distill the EDC, which conserves energy. the reaction product consists of more than 99% EDC, the rest being chlorinated hydrocarbons that are removed with the light ends and then combusted or sold. EDC by direct chlorination of ethylene: C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 Yield on ethylene 96-98% / on chlorine 98% Liquid chlorine and pure ethylene are reacted in the presence of a catalyst (ferric chloride). The chlorination reaction can be carried out at low or high temperature. In the low-temperature process takes place at 20 ºC – 70 ºC. The reaction is exothermic and heat exchangers are needed. The advantage of this process is that there are few by-products. The high-temperature process takes place at 100 ºC – 150 ºC. The heat generated is used to distill the EDC, which conserves energy. Tthe reaction product consists of more than 99% EDC, the rest being chlorinated hydrocarbons that are removed with the light ends and then combusted or sold. EDC by chlorination and oxychlorination: C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 (1) C2H4 + 1/2 O2 + 2HCl C2H4Cl2 + H2O (2) Yield on ethylene 93-97% / on HCl 96-99% Pure ethylene and hydrogen chloride are heated and mixed with oxygen. The reaction occurs at 200 ºC – 300 ºC at 4-6 bar in the presence of a catalyst (cupric chloride). After reaction the gases are quenched with water. The acid and water are removed, the gases are cooled and the organic layer is washed and dried. If air is used instead of oxygen, the reaction is easier to control. However, oxygen-based processes operate at lower temperatures, reducing vent gas volume. By-products are ethyl chloride, 1,1,2-trichloromethane and chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde). Thermal cracking of EDC: Thermal cracking of dry, pure EDC produces VCM and HCl. Often all the HCl generated in the cracking section is reused in producing EDC by oxychlorination. Plants that exhibit this characteristic and also do not export EDC are called “balanced”. The balanced process is the common process used as a Best Available Technology benchmark. C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 (Chlorination of ethylene to EDC) C2H4Cl CH2CHCl + HCl (Cracking of EDC to form VCM) C2H4 + 1/2 O2 + 2HCl C2H4Cl2 + H2O (Oxychlorination route to EDC) Reference: IPPC Chemicals, 2002 European Commission, Directorate General, Joint Research Center, “Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry”, February 2002 Wells, 1999 G. Margaret Wells, “Handbook of Petrochemicals and Processes”, 2nd edition, Ashgate, 1999
Das Projekt "Part: 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg durchgeführt. Ziel des Gesamtprojekts 'EU Hardwoods' ist es, die wissenschaftliche Basis für eine gesteigerte Verwendung von Laubholz als Rohstoff für den Holzbau zu schaffen. Innerhalb des Gesamtprojekts ist das Ziel des Vorhabens, die momentane und zukünftige Verfügbarkeit verschiedener Laubhölzer als Rohstoff für Holzwerkstoffe im Bausektor in den beteiligten europäischen Ländern abzuschätzen und eine Charakterisierung dieser Ressourcen hinsichtlich der technisch relevanten Eigenschaften des Rundholzes vorzunehmen. Damit sollen das Rohstoffpotenzial für eine entsprechende Wertschöpfungskette sowie die Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieses Rohstoffs für Holzwerkstoffe und die Anforderungen bei seiner Verarbeitung ermittelt werden. Das Vorhaben entspricht im Wesentlichen einem Arbeitspaket innerhalb des Projekts 'EU Hardwoods'. Es ist in drei Teilaufgaben gegliedert. In Teilaufgabe 1 sollen nationale Waldinventuren der Partnerländer ausgewertet werden, um die derzeitigen Laubholzressourcen differenziert nach Art, Alter, Dimension und, soweit möglich, Sorten und Qualität zu ermitteln. In Teilaufgabe 2 sollen Prognosemodelle genutzt werden, um entsprechend die zukünftigen Ressourcen abzuschätzen. Teilaufgabe 3 umfasst die technische Charakterisierung dieser Ressourcen, indem zerstörungsfreie Untersuchungsverfahren (Röntgen-CT und Laser-Interferometrie) an Stichproben von Rund- und Schnittholz angewandt und mit konventionellen Verfahren zur Qualitätssortierung verknüpft werden.
Das Projekt "Study on the emission of nanoparticles in products in the life cycle and the ecological evaluation" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e.V. durchgeführt. Objective of the project is the assessment of the exposure of environment and human health by synthetic nanomaterials. The project includes a life cycle analysis of relevant products, an analysis of measurement equipment, and the identification of the demand for research and development. A reference study was commissioned by the Federal Environmental Agency - FKZ 3708 61 300 - in the scope of the UFOPLAN 2008, to summarise the current knowledge and research needs in the area of emission of nanoscale particles from products in the course of their life cycle as well as their possible environmental effects (relevance). For this purpose, information about nanoscale silver, titanium dioxide, carbon black, cerium oxide used in wipes, wall paint, in tires and additives in fuel, were compiled and evaluated. Possible measurement techniques and methods, for different measurement parameters and matrices, for examining the emission and characterizing nanostructures and their behaviour in the environment were summarized in a separate section. Emission of nanoscale material from products can take place at different stages in the course of its life cycle; during production, processing, transportation, when in use or during disposal of materials and products. Release generally takes place in environmental media such as air, water or soil/sediments. Nanoscale silver and titanium dioxide is mainly released into the aquatic medium. The release of silver particles has been shown when washing tissues and textiles in particular which have been impinged with nanoscale silver. It is not clear if the particles are release in the form of ions or nanoparticles. The release of TiO2 from wall paint after rain events was seen in rain water and in near by surface waters during field measurements. Laboratory studies have shown that TiO2 particles can be released through mechanical stress.It seems on the other hand that the emission of carbon black and cerium oxide mainly takes place in air. Carbon black can stem from ink, laser printers or tires. Studies have established the release of nanoscale soot particles form tires. It could not be determined if the released particles were the original particles or particles formed from secondary processes. The primary application for nanoscale cerium oxide is in polishing agents, coating products and as catalysts in e.g. diesel fuels. Cerium oxides have also been used recently for medical purposes, e.g. tested and marketed as antioxidants. Cerium oxide emission is likely for all the listed applications. This could be proven by field measurements particularly when used in fuels. It was not examined whether the released cerium oxide from diesel fumes correspond to that which was applied. There are generally very few publications for this study that deal explicitly with the emission from the materials and products which are to be examined...
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Institut für Keramische Technologien und Systeme, Institutsteil Dresden-Klotzsche durchgeführt. Aus früheren Untersuchungen ist bekannt, dass in stehenden Bäumen verschiedene mikroakustische Schallemissionen sowohl im hörbaren als auch im Ultraschall-Bereich auftreten. Sie lassen Rückschlüsse auf den Zustand des Baumes, auf seine Verkehrssicherheit, auf Trockenstress- und Saftstromanomalien sowie auf möglichen Schädlings- oder Krankheitsbefall zu. Im Rahmen des Projekts soll der Demonstrator eines kabellosen Schallemission-Sensorknotens entwickelt werden, der am Stamm des Baumes befestigt wird und über einen längeren Zeitraum mikroakustische Schallemissionen aufnehmen und auf Basis maschinellen Lernens eigenständig oder mit Hilfe eines Zentralrechners auswerten kann. Neben Temperatur, Feuchte und Winddaten sollen zusätzlich auch dendrologische sowie digitale optische Parameter des Baumes aufgenommen werden, um zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten eine Korrelation mit den akustischen Messdaten zu erhalten. Das digitale Messsystem soll - wesentliche Schäden und Krankheiten, welche die Verkehrssicherheit beeinträchtigen können, frühzeitig erfassen und klassifizieren, - rechtzeitige Maßnahmen vorschlagen, die das Absterben bzw. die Schädigung der Bäume verhindern sowie stabilere und bessere Erträge im Obstbau zulassen, - die Wirksamkeit von langfristigen Maßnahmen in der Forstwirtschaft (z.B. Anbau von Mischwäldern oder nicht-endemischen Baumarten) überprüfen und ggf. als Grundlage für deren Anpassung und Änderung dienen. Die Aufgabe des Fraunhofer IKTS im Gesamtprojekt liegt in der Planung, der Durchführung und der Auswertung der Test- und Feldmessungen an verschiedenen Baumarten im urbanen Bereich, im Obstbau sowie in der Forstwirtschaft. Das IKTS übernimmt darüber hinaus die Entwicklung und Optimierung der Auswertealgorithmen und -modelle. Diese sollen als Auswertesoftware in das Gesamtsystem integriert werden.
Das Projekt "TELSI - Terrestrial Laserscanning as an Inventory Tool?" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Arbeitsbereich für Weltforstwirtschaft und Institut für Weltforstwirtschaft des Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit durchgeführt. Main attributes in forest inventories (e.g. stem volume, biomass) are assessed by functions, which quantify the variables of interest (e.g. stem volume) by independent variables (e.g. stem diameter, tree height). Such functions may be associated with substantial uncertainties for estimates of timber volumes, biomass or carbon stocks. Terrestrial laser scanning can reduce the uncertainties of estimates substantially. In the project algorithms for transferring laser scanning data into estimates of timber volume or biomass will be developed. In a further phase operational inventory concepts will be developed that utilize laser scanning data for reliable estimates of forests, trees outside forests and urban trees. Aim: The goal of this project is the development of methods and algorithms to analyse data (point clouds) from ground based laser scanners. In a first step measures of comparably little complexity such as the trunk volume and diameter at various heights will be evaluated. These routines could then be used in future forest inventories or for the reporting of biomass figures of forests and urban trees.
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