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HeideBench: A Multispectral UAV Time-Series Benchmark for Forest Crown Phenology in Dölauer Heide

We present HeideBench, a very-high-resolution multispectral uncrewed aerial vehicle dataset for forest crown phenology collected over a forest patch in Dölauer Heide, Halle (Saale), Germany. Dölauer Heide is currently dominated by pine plantations (Kiefernforste), which cover the largest area but are increasingly affected by dieback, while its potential natural vegetation is sessile oak–hornbeam forest rich in small-leaved lime (Albrecht et al., 1993). In addition to these pine stands, the area contains near-natural mixed deciduous forests with oaks, birches, and beeches, making it a particularly relevant setting for observing seasonal canopy development under contrasting forest structures and ongoing ecological transition. Against this background, HeideBench provides repeated observations of the same forest patch through the growing season. The dataset contains 18 georeferenced multispectral GeoTIFF orthomosaics acquired between 6 March 2025 and 5 November 2025, spanning a 244-day seasonal period from early spring to late autumn. The acquisitions have a median revisit interval of 14 days, with intervals ranging from 4 to 27 days, and an average ground sampling distance of 5.53 cm per pixel. The valid imaging footprint covers approximately 32.1 ha and is bounded by 11.902653–11.911325°E and 51.499959–51.508576°N. Data were collected using a DJI Mavic 3M Enterprise uncrewed aerial vehicle equipped with four multispectral cameras measuring green (560 nm), red (650 nm), red-edge (730 nm), and near-infrared (860 nm) reflectance, in that order. Flights used a real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning module for centimeter-level geolocation, and all data are provided in coordinate reference system EPSG:25832. Imagery was processed with Agisoft Metashape 2.3.1 to generate calibrated multispectral orthomosaics. The dataset further includes 5,885 crop-safe individual tree crown instance segmentations over the same footprint, extracted with the DeepTrees software package (Khan et al., 2025). HeideBench is intended to support crown-centric analyses of seasonal canopy development, temporal representation learning, phenology-aware feature extraction, and the evaluation of tree crown delineation under seasonal change. HeideBench is a result of the Dynamic Platform Project titled "PhenoEmbed: Multispectral UAV AI Embeddings for phenology-aware tree crown delineation" of the Integration Platform 1: "Sustainable future land use" (IP1) at the Helmholz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) in Leipzig, Germany.

Tree Species - Sentinel-2 - Germany, 2016

The Tree Species Germany product provides a map of dominant tree species across Germany for the year 2016 at a spatial resolution of 10 meters. The map depicts the distribution of ten tree species groups derived from multi-temporal optical Sentinel-2 data. The input features explicitly incorporate phenological information to capture seasonal vegetation dynamics relevant for species discrimination. A total of over 100,000 training and test samples were compiled from publicly accessible sources, including urban tree inventories, Google Earth Pro, Google Street View, and field observations. The final product was created by majority-voting on annual XGBoost Sentinel-2 tree species classifications (2016–2024) and filtering with forest structure data. If no clear majority vote was achieved, the class uncertain was assigned. The Tree Species Germany 2016 product achieves an overall F1-score of 0.95. For the dominant species pine, spruce, beech, and oak, class-wise F1-scores range from 0.92 to 0.99, while F1-scores for other widespread species such as birch, alder, larch, Douglas fir, fir, and other deciduous species range from 0.85 to 0.96. The product provides a consistent, high-resolution, and up-to-date representation of tree species distribution across Germany. Its transferable, cost-efficient, and repeatable methodology enables reliable large-scale forest monitoring and offers a valuable basis for assessing spatial patterns and temporal changes in forest composition in the context of ongoing climatic and environmental dynamics.

Forest vegetation development in the Bavarian Forest National Park following the 1983 windfall event

In the Bavarian Forest National Park a brief, but intense storm event on 1 August 1983 created large windfall areas. The windfall ecosystems within the protection zone of the park were left develop without interference; outside this zone windfall areas were cleared of dead wood but not afforested. A set of permanent plots (transect design with 10 to 10 m plots) was established in 1988 in spruce forests of wet and cool valley bottoms in order to document vegetation development. Resampling shall take place every five years; up to now it was done in 1993 and 1998. On cleared areas an initial raspberry (Rubus idaeus) shrub community was followed by pioneer birch (Betula pubescens, B. pendula) woodland, a sequence well known from managed forest stands. In contrast to this, these two stages were restricted to root plates of fallen trees in uncleared windfalls; here shade-tolerant tree species of the terminal forest stages established rather quickly from saplings that had already been present in the preceeding forest stand. Soil surface disturbances are identified to be causal to the management pathway of forest development, wereas the untouched pathway is caused by relatively low disturbance levels. The simulation model FORSKA-M is used to analyse different options of further stand development with a simulation time period of one hundred years.

Holzbau-Systemlösungen für die Mehrgeschossigkeit, Teilvorhaben 5: Grundlagen zur Laubholznutzung

Der bisher geringe Marktanteil mehrgeschossiger Holzbauten kann vergrößert werden, wenn neben dem Abbau bauordnungsrechtlicher Hemmnisse die Planung und Ausführung effizienter erfolgen. Im Forschungsvorhaben 'Holzbau-Systemlösungen für die Mehrgeschossigkeit' sollen Systemlösungen für Bauteile und Verbindungen erarbeitet werden, indem vielfach wiederkehrende Bauteile und Anschlüsse typisiert werden. Hierdurch werden technisch ausgereifte, wirtschaftliche und einfach berechenbare Konstruktionen ermöglicht. Typisierte Systemlösungen heben sich von bereits vorhandenen Muster- und Leitdetails durch die systematische Betrachtung in Abhängigkeit von variablen Eingangsparametern ab. Die konstruktive Durchbildung erfolgt unter Berücksichtigung des Brandschutzes, aller statischen und bauphysikalische Aspekte sowie unter Beachtung des baulichen Holzschutzes. Die Systemlösungen werden in Detailkatalogen, Tabellen, Diagramme sowie EDV-basierten Bemessungshilfen aufbereitet. Mit diesen ganzheitlichen Planungshilfen lassen sich Vorplanungen effizient durchführen, wie sie z.B. im Rahmen einer Entscheidungsfindung bzgl. der Baustoffwahl erforderlich sind. Ressourceneffiziente sowie recyclefähige Konstruktionen sind essentiell, um nachwachsende Rohstoffe optimal zu nutzen. Dies erfordert eine umfassende Planung, deren Aufwand durch Systemlösungen deutlich reduziert wird. Darüber hinaus minimieren sie das technische und wirtschaftliche Risiko für Planer und Ausführende. Systemlösungen sollen auch unter Verwendung von Laubhölzern angeboten werden. Insbesondere für die Holzart Birke, die bauaufsichtlich bisher nicht geregelt ist, sind umfangreiche Untersuchungen vorgesehen, um für die Bemessung fehlende Materialparameter zu ermitteln. Das Projektkonsortium, welches nahezu die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette abdeckt, strebt die Etablierung der Ergebnisse für die unmittelbare baupraktische Anwendbarkeit an, um hierdurch zur Steigerung der klimarelevanten Holzbauquote beizutragen.

Vor den Birken 1. Aenderung des Bebbauungsplanes Vor den Birken

I. vereinfachte Aenderung des Bebauungsplanes "Vor den Birken" der Ortsgemeinde Faid

Vor den Birken

Bebauungsplan "Vor den Birken" der Ortsgemeinde Faid

Auf der grossen Birke

Bebauungsplan Auf der Grossen Birke

Auf den Birken

Teilbebauungsplan der Gemeinde Könen - Distrikt "Auf den Birken"

In den Birken 1. Änderung

Bebauungsplan "In den Birken, 1. Änderung" der Gemeinde Gemünden

In den Birken

Bebauungsplan "In den Birken" der Gemeinde Gemünden

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