This report describes the use of nuclear energy in the Federal Republic of Germany as of December 2012 . It contains the essential data of all nuclear power pl ants, research reactors and the facilities of the n uclear fuel cycle. At the reporting moment 31 st of December in 2012, nine nuclear power plants wer e still in operation. The power generation from nuclear energy in 2012 am ounted to 99.5 TWh (2011: 108.0 TWh). That is a share of 16.1 % of the total gross electricity prod uction (2011: 17.7 %). 1 The report summarises the essential operational res ults of the nuclear power plants and information on granted licences. A short description of the presen t state of the nuclear power plants that have been shut down or decommissioned and of the stopped projects is given. Concerning research reactors essential da ta on type, characteristics (thermal power, thermal ne utron flux) and purpose of the facility are represe nted. Furthermore, an overview of the licensing and opera tion history and the present state of the operating condition is given. For the facilities of the nucle ar fuel cycle data on purpose and capacity, the lic ensing history and the present state of operation and lice nsing are given. The current status of repository p rojects is presented. To give a survey, the data is summarised in tabular form in the report Annexes. The report will be updated and published once a year.
This report describes the use of nuclear energy in the Federal Republic of Germany as of December, 2008. It contains the essential data of all nuclear power plants, research reactors with a continuous thermal power larger than 50 kWth and the facilities of the nuclear fuel cycle. At the reporting moment 31st of December in 2008, 17 nuclear power plants were in operation. With 148,8 TWh (in 2007 - 140,5 TWh) altogether they provided 23,3 % (22,0 % in 2007) of the total gross electricity production (incl. electricity transfers)*. The report summarises the essential operational results of the nuclear power plants and information on granted licenses. A short description of the present state of the nuclear power plants that have been shut down or decommissioned and of the stopped projects is given. Concerning research reactors with a continuous thermal power larger than 50th kW, essential data on type, characteristics (thermal power, thermal neutron flux) and purpose of the facility are represented. Furthermore, an overview about the licensing and operation history and the present state of the operating condition is given. For the facilities of the nuclear fuel cycle data on purpose and capacity, the licensing history and the present state of operation and licensing are given. To give a survey, the data are summarised in tabular form in the report annexes. The report will be updated and published once a year.
This report describes the use of nuclear energy in the Federal Republic of Germany as of 31 December 2013. It contains the essential data of all nuclear power plants, research reactors and the facilities of the nuclear fuel cycle. At the reporting moment 31st of December in 2013, nine nuclear power plants were still in operation. The power generation from nuclear energy in 2013 amounted to 97.3 TWh (2012: 99.5 TWh). It is a share of 15.4 % of the total gross electricity production (2012: 15.8 %).1 The report summarises the essential operational results of the nuclear power plants and information on granted licences. A short description of the present state of the nuclear power plants that have been shut down or decommissioned and of the stopped projects is given. Concerning research reactors essential data on type, characteristics (thermal power, thermal neutron flux) and purpose of the facility are represented. Furthermore, an overview of the licensing and operation history and the present state of the operating condition is given. For the facilities of the nuclear fuel cycle data on purpose and capacity, the licensing history and the present state of operation and licensing are given. The current status of repository projects (ERAM and Konrad), Asse mine and the Gorleben site is presented. To give a survey, the data is summarised in tabular form in the report Annexes. The report will be updated and published once a year.
This report describes the use of nuclear energy in the Federal Republic of Germany as at 31 December 2015. It contains the essential data of all nuclear power plants, research reactors and the facilities of the nuclear fuel cycle. At the reporting moment 31 December 2015, eight nuclear power plant units were in operation. The power generation from nuclear energy in 2015 amounted to altogether 91.8 TWh (2014: 97.1 TWh). This is a share of 14.1 % of the total gross electricity production (2014: 15.8 %). The report summarises the essential operational results of the nuclear power plants and information on granted licences. A short description of the present state of the nuclear power plants that have been shut down or decommissioned and of the stopped projects is given. Concerning research reactors essential data on type, characteristics (thermal power, thermal neutron flux) and purpose of the facility are represented. Furthermore, an overview is given of the licensing and operation history and the present state of the operating condition. For the facilities of the nuclear fuel cycle data on purpose and capacity and output are given.Furthermore, the licensing history and the present status of operation and licensing are represented. The works on the running repository projects ERAM and Konrad and on the Asse II mine and the Gorleben mine are presented. To give a survey, the data is summarised in tabular form at the end of in the report (Annexes). The report is updated and published once a year.
This report describes the use of nuclear energy in the Federal Republic of Germany as at 31 December 2014. It contains the essential data of all nuclear power plants, research reactors and the facilities of the nuclear fuel cycle. At the reporting date 31 December 2014, nine nuclear power plants were in operation. The power generation from nuclear energy in 2014 amounted to altogether 97.1 TWh (2013: 97.3 TWh). This is a share of 15.8% of the total gross electricity production (2013: 15.4%)1. The report summarises the essential operational results of the nuclear power plants and information on granted licences. A short description of the present state of the nuclear power plants that have been shut down or decommissioned and of the stopped projects is given. Concerning research reactors essential data on type, characteristics (thermal power, thermal neutron flux) and purpose of the facility are represented. Furthermore, an overview is given of the licensing and operation history and the present state of the operating condition. For the facilities of the nuclear fuel cycle data on purpose and capacity and output are given. Furthermore, the licensing history and the present status of operation and licensing are represented. The works on the running repository projects ERAM and Konrad and on the Asse II mine and the Gorleben mine are presented. To give a survey, the data is summarised in tabular form at the end of the report (Annexes). The report is updated and published once a year.
Das Projekt "Gas-fuelled rapid heating furnace" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Gaswärme-Institut e.V. durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate the feasibility of reducing energy consumption in the reheating of forgings and to improve forging quality by the replacement of electric and conventional gas-fired furnaces, by a new gas-fuelled rapid heating furnace incorporating and combining known technical features: these will considerably reduce energy consumption and advance the engineering design of conventional gas-fired reheating furnaces. General Information: Rapid heating furnaces are often installed in forging shops to treat small forgings. It is important to heat the forging rapidly and evenly and to minimize scale formation. The object of this research is to produce a micro-structure to eliminate the need for further heat treatment. The advantage of an inductive, over a conventional gas-fuelled furnace is the low level of scale formation due to the brief furnace dwell time. On the other hand, inductive furnaces are operated by a secondary source of energy (electricity) and are therefore expensive to operate. In addition, temperature distribution in a charge heated by a conventional furnace is unsatisfactory. The furnace to be designed, installed and operated for the project is a gas fuelled rapid heating installation using natural gas as the primary energy source. Charge heating will be in 3 zones (soaking, heating-up and preheating) to reheat the charge. As in the case of pusher type furnaces, charge and atmosphere movement will be counter current. In order to minimize scale formation, the soaking zone will be fired in the fuel-rich mode, while the heating-up zone will be fuelled by a fuel-lean gas and air mixture, burning uncombusted gases from the soaking zone. Staged combustion minimizes NO output and environmental impact. Fuel-rich soaking zone operation necessitates tests to establish combustion air preheat temperature, the acceptability of the fuel/air system with respect to sooting and safety aspects associated with CO formation. Forgings will be charged in transverse mode and a recuperator incorporated in the furnace for combustion air preheating: the furnace control system will feature high precision fuel/air ration controllers for heating-up and soaking zones. Each controller is capable of maintaining an air factor of between 0.5 and 1.5 to allow exact adjustment of the fuel/air ratio and to minimize scaling. An optical control system monitors the temperature of the charge leaving the furnace. Fuel gas flow is adjusted by temperature controller as a function of the difference between temperature as measured by the optical system and set point temperature. When fuel gas flow is adjusted, combustion air flow will also be adjusted by the fuel/air ratio control system. A shop function is also incorporated in the furnace control system: this is capable of lowering gas flow to between to 10-30 per cent of rated flow. For this purpose the control system will immediately reduce gas flow if furnace operation is switched to idle mode. Simultaneously...
Das Projekt "Saferty of actinides in the nuclear fuel cycle, 1992-1994" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) durchgeführt. Objective: To carry out safety studies with nuclear fuels under long-term and off-normal conditions, to evaluate and reduce risks associated with storing and handling actinides, to carry out basic solid state studies on actinides and collect data and bibliographic references on properties and applications of transuranium elements. General Information: Progress to end 1991. The Institute continued efforts to contribute to the safety of nuclear fission by concentrating its research activities on investigations of the behaviour of nuclear fuel after prolonged irradiation and under variable reactor operating conditions. Mechanism for the release of fission products from irradiated fuel were further elucidated, and the formation of particular structural features which may limit the fuel lifetime were better understood. First results of the post-irradiation examination of nitride fuels irradiated in the Fench PHENIX reactor were obtained, demonstrating the technological potential and the limitations of this fuel type. The measurement of the physical fuel properties of nuclear fuels at extremely high temperatures was continued, and first results of the thermal expansion of uranium dioxide for above its melting temperature were obtained. A facility was installed in order to study possibilities of (nuclear) aerosol agglomeration under dynamic conditions in a high-power acoustic field at ultrasonic and audible frequencies. Mixed oxide fuel rods containing minor actinides (MA), which had been irradiated in a fast reactor (PHENIX) in order to study possibilities of MA transmutation, were analysed. Np-based specimens, mostly in the form of single crystals, were prepared for basic experimental solid state physics studies at the Institute and in various overseas and European laboratories. Progress was made in understanding the electronic structure of transuranium elements and their compounds by further development of theories and experimental efforts in high-pressure research and photoelectron spectroscopy. Equipment for Moessbauer spectroscopy and for other physical property measurements at cryogenic temperatures was installed in the new transuranium research user facility. Work to adapt instruments and methods developed at the Institute in the frame of the above programme (fast multi-colour pyrometry and enhancement of industrial filter efficiency) to industrial application was continued, together with partners from industry. Four patent proposals (on acoustically enhanced off-gas scrubbing, on laser-enhanced extraction, on production methods for Ac-225 and Bi-213, and on the preparation of amorphous substances) were filed in 1991. 42 articles in scientific-technical journals were published (or submitted for publication) and 82 lectures were given in conferences on various subjects dealing with the safety of actinides in the nuclear fuel cycle in 1991. Detailed description of work foreseen in 1992 (expected results). Studies of fission product migration ...
Das Projekt "Review and further methological development of DOE/CEC fuel cycle externality study, phase I" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Öko-Institut. Institut für angewandte Ökologie e.V. durchgeführt.
Das Projekt "The national implementation in the EU of the externe accounting framework" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung durchgeführt. General Information/Objectives: This study aims to disseminate and implement the ExternE Accounting Framework of the EC for the assessment of external costs of energy fuel cycles for power generation in the EU (15 member states) and Norway. A network of scientific institutes in all these countries has been established. Fuel cycle externalities are the costs imposed on society and the environment that are not accounted for by the producers and consumers of energy, i.e., that are not included in the market price. They include physical damage to the natural and built environment as well as impacts on recreation, amenity, aesthetics and other contributors to individual utility. The Joule programme launched in 1991 developed a bottom up methodology to quantify these externalities. It is the objective of this project to apply this methodology to different fuel cycles in EU countries. This will allow the constitution of a database, in which the externalities of different fuel cycles in the EU will be compiled. It will also allow for the aggregation of results at a national level. Technical Approach This methodology has been successfully developed and reviewed and has received a recognition by both the scientific community and the European Institutions. It was considered by the European and American experts in this field as currently the most advanced project worldwide for the evaluation of external costs of power generation. The review confirmed the importance to take the site and technology specificity of externalities within each fuel cycle fully into account. This requires a completion of the national implementation phase which has started under the Joule II program. The objectives of the study lead to the definition of work packages: - Development of adequate training tools, software for implementation and support. - Implementation of the ExternE accounting framework to some selected fuel cycles. - Maintenance and updating of the already existing data - Aggregation - Transfer of comparable and validated data to IPTS database. - To apply these data to policy related case studies - Dissemination of information to scientists and decision makers Expected Achievements and Exploitation The major outputs of the study are: - Implementation of the ExternE accounting framework to some selected fuel cycles in all member states and maintenance of existing data. - Aggregation of the site and technology specific results to more general figures covering, e.g., the power generation system of a country - To provide the comparable and validated data for the whole EU to feed into the database at IPTS for further dissemination. - To apply these data to policy related case studies that indicate how these data could feed into the decision and policy making process. ... Prime Contractor: Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas, Instituto de Estudios de la Energias; Madrid; Spain.
Das Projekt "Survey of decommissioning requirements for VVER Reactors" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Energiewerke Nord, Abteilung Umwelt- und Strahlenschutz durchgeführt. Objective: The present study should establish a sound basis to judge future R and D needs for the decommissioning of East European nuclear facilities. Emphasis should therefore be put on VVER reactors due to large numbers of reactors of this type in Germany and several Eastern European countries, and the recognition that lack of certain safety features leads to the requirement to decommission the older type VVER 440 V 230 as soon as possible. Four of these reactors have already been closed down in Germany. General Information: Work Programme. 1. Review of East-European nuclear facilities and selection of reference plant (IND). 2. Technical description of reference plant (EWN, IND). 3. Decommissioning of reference plant (Strategy, decontamination, dismantling procedures) (EWN, IND). 4. Comparison with West European experience (Strategy, decontamination, dismantling, spent fuel cycle) (IND, EWN). 5. Identification of R and D requirements (EWN, IND).