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For many years, research into SRM was only publicly funded to a limited extent. Private funding, mainly from philanthropic institutions, was the main source. More recently, growing interest from both the public and private sectors has been reported, although concrete data on expanded funding streams is limited and the overall scale and direction of this investment remains unclear This factsheet attempts to trace the evolution of Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) project initiatives and their financing. It is based on the project overview table linked below.
This study presents the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in OECD countries as well as India and Egypt. Three detailed GHG balances for the USA, India, Egypt and one balance for the OECD countries are elaborated applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) method according to ISO 14040/14044 for waste management. For each balance the respective status quo is determined and compared with two scenarios to 2030. The methodology as well as the underlying data and assumptions were profoundly discussed at workshops with LCA experts and local stakeholders. A GHG calculation approach was developed, which uses harmonised emission factors to credit avoided emissions from material recycling. With regard to the status quo, the net results for the OECD countries, the USA, India and Egypt show that methane emissions from landfilling are the main contributor to the GHG burdens. Only OECD countries with little or no landfill of (organic) waste achieve a net credit (e.g. Japan). These credits are the more evident the higher recycling rates are and the more efficient energy recovery is. The findings of this study were presented in May 2014 at the environmental fair IFAT in Munich.
A robust climate risk and vulnerability assessment is required for companies wishing to achieve taxonomy compliance under the EU Taxonomy Regulation with respect to significant contributions to climate adaptation for certain economic activities. The relevant legal requirements are defined in Annex 1, Appendix A of Delegated Regulation 2021/2139. To facilitate the implementation of these requirements, the German Environmental Agency has developed the recommendation "How to perform a robust climate risk and vulnerability assessment for EU Taxonomy reporting?". Like a guidance, these recommendations describe how companies can practically proceed in order to meet the legal requirements of the taxonomy. Quelle: umweltbundesamt.de
Kreislaufwirtschaft, Geld und Umwelt, nachhaltiger Konsum und die Schattenseiten schnelllebiger Mode für Mensch und Umwelt in den Produktionsländern – das sind die Themen der diesjährigen Jahrespublikation des Umweltbundesamtes. Außerdem stellen wir Ihnen aktuelle Daten und Fakten zum UBA vor sowie unsere Forschungsarbeit zu Kunststoffen und unsere Bauprojekte.
A sustainable energy supply requires a stepped-up change to renewable sources of energy. By 2050, assuming the demand on the security of supply remains the same, at least 60 percent of the gross final consumption of energy in Germany is to be covered by renewable energy sources. A major challenge is the natural fluctuation in power output, particularly with wind and solar power. In order to guarantee a consistent supply of electrical energy, there are a number of flexibility options available to help balance out the difference between energy supply and demand. In addition to grid expansion, load management and the use of highly flexible conventional power plants, this includes the utilisation of suitable storage methods. Nanotechnology innovations are already contributing to improved energy conversion, storage and transmission. In future, nanotechnology solutions (including the targeted use of nanomaterials) could play a prominent role in the energy sector, especially in the development of innovative approaches to energy storage.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are the dominant fraction of fluorinated greenhouse gases, also known as F-gases. HFC emissions in the European Union (EU) amounted to 112 million tonnes CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2eq.) in 2018. This amounts to 2,2% of the EU's total greenhouse gas emissions. Main sources of HFC emissions are refrigeration and air conditioning plants and appliances. Following a proposal by the EU Commission, EU member states and the EU parliament just recently agreed to increase the 2030 target from 40% to 55% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions compared to the 1990 level. This considerable step-up of climate ambition by more than a third needs to be reflected also in the revision process of the F-gas Regulation, regardless of the achievements already made to curb F-gas emissions. On the occasion of the F-gas Regulation revision, the German Environment Agency proposes the acceleration of the phase-down scenario, resulting in larger reduction steps from 2024 on and a final level of 10% of the baseline by 2030 compared to 21% according to the current schedule. Source: www.umweltbundesamt.de
Die tiefe Geothermie birgt in Deutschland keine unbeherrschbaren Risiken für die Umwelt. Das ist das Ergebnis einer Studie, die die Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) erstellt hat. Die tiefe Geothermie setzt meist erst unterhalb von 2.000 Metern an. Dort herrschen Temperaturen von mehr als 60 Grad Celsius. Um diese Erdwärme zu nutzen, kann es manchmal nötig sein, Wasser mit hohem Druck in die dortigen Gesteinsschichten zu pressen. Damit werden Fließwege für die spätere Wasserzirkulation des Geothermie-Kraftwerkes geschaffen. Bei dieser Methode kommen keine wassergefährdenden Zusätze zum Einsatz. Lediglich in Kalkstein werden gegebenenfalls verdünnte Säuren umweltverträglich eingesetzt. Schäden durch seismische Ereignisse sind bei kontrolliertem Vorgehen nicht zu befürchten.
In addition to the EU ETS 1, a separate emissions trading system (EU ETS 2) is to be created within the scope of the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) for the consumption of fossil fuels in buildings, road transport and additional sectors. This EU-ETS 2 is to start in 2027 and is designed as an upstream system analogous to the German national emissions trading system (nEHS). Quelle: umweltbundesamt.de
Das Umweltbundesamt veröffentlicht jährlich seine Berechnungsergebnisse zur Entwicklung des Kohlendioxid-Emissionsfaktors des deutschen Strommix in der Zeitreihe ab 1990, der als Indikator für die Klimaverträglichkeit der Stromerzeugung angesehen werden kann. Bei der Erzeugung einer Kilowattstunde Strom für den Endverbrauch wurden in Deutschland im Jahr 2011 durchschnittlich 558 g Kohlendioxid als direkte Emissionen aus der Verbrennung fossiler Energieträger emittiert. Das sind ca. 186 g/kWh oder ca. 25% weniger als im Jahr 1990. Für das Jahr 2012 auf der Basis vorläufiger Daten sind dies 562 g/kWh und somit 182 g oder ca. 24% weniger als 1990. Hochgerechnete Werte für das Jahr 2013 ergeben 559 g/kWh und somit 185 g oder ca.25% weniger als 1990.<BR>Quelle: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/
In the course of the transformation to a greenhouse gas-neutral society in the second half of the 21st century, the use of synthetic energy carriers based on renewable electricity or biomass is under discussion. This project evaluates the environmental impacts of technical and logistical options for the generation of such energy carriers on the basis of environmental impact categories such as global warming potential, acidification or land use. The production of five products (Fischer-Tropsch fuels, methanol, synthetic natural gas, biomethane and hydrogen) was examined on the basis of various process steps/procedures and their current and future technical data. By using regional factors for Germany, Europe and the Mediterranean region - like the availability of renewable energy sources such as wind or PV and of raw materials such as carbon or water as well as transport routes to Germany - these processes were combined to form supply paths for these energy carriers. Using the life cycle assessment method, the environmental effects were analysed for today and 2050. In addition, the costs for plant construction and operation were estimated. As a result, synthetic energy carriers generally have a significantly lower global warming potential than today's fossil reference products due to the use of renewable energies. However, the production of electricity generation plants and associated economic processes - such as steel and cement production - can still make a relevant contribution to the global warming potential if they are not also greenhouse neutral. At the same time, it is this production of the necessary plants that leads to (sometimes significantly) increased burdens compared with the fossil reference in almost all other impact categories, most notably in terms of water and land use. This study therefore also provides indications of which environmental impacts must be further reduced in the future. Quelle: Forschungsbericht
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