Other language confidence: 0.8750002262383522
Anzahl der Proben: 75 Gemessener Parameter: Mono(4-methyl-7-oxo-octyl)phthalat ist ein oxydierter Metabolit von DiNP mit funktioneller oxo-Gruppe. Probenart: 24h-Sammelurin Eine ideale Matrix für das Human-Biomonitoring, weil mit dem Urin Chemikalien und/oder deren Metabolite ausgeschiedenen werden, die zuvor in direktem Kontakt mit dem Organismus standen. Messungen im Urin können somit zuverlässige Aussagen über die interne Belastung des Menschen liefern. Probenahmegebiet: Münster Bedeutende Universitätsstadt sowie Dienstleistungs- und Verwaltungszentrum in Nordrhein-Westfalen.
Anzahl der Proben: 75 Gemessener Parameter: Mono(4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl)phthalat ist ein oxydierter Metabolit von DiNP mit funktioneller OH-Gruppe. Probenart: 24h-Sammelurin Eine ideale Matrix für das Human-Biomonitoring, weil mit dem Urin Chemikalien und/oder deren Metabolite ausgeschiedenen werden, die zuvor in direktem Kontakt mit dem Organismus standen. Messungen im Urin können somit zuverlässige Aussagen über die interne Belastung des Menschen liefern. Probenahmegebiet: Münster Bedeutende Universitätsstadt sowie Dienstleistungs- und Verwaltungszentrum in Nordrhein-Westfalen.
Anzahl der Proben: 48 Gemessener Parameter: Mono(4-methyl-7-carboxyheptyl)phthalat ist ein oxydierter Metabolit von DiNP mit funktioneller Carboxyl-Gruppe. Probenart: 24h-Sammelurin Eine ideale Matrix für das Human-Biomonitoring, weil mit dem Urin Chemikalien und/oder deren Metabolite ausgeschiedenen werden, die zuvor in direktem Kontakt mit dem Organismus standen. Messungen im Urin können somit zuverlässige Aussagen über die interne Belastung des Menschen liefern. Probenahmegebiet: Münster Bedeutende Universitätsstadt sowie Dienstleistungs- und Verwaltungszentrum in Nordrhein-Westfalen.
Die Umweltprobenbank des Bundes bildet ein zentrales Element der Umweltbeobachtung in Deutschland. Seit mehr als 30 Jahren liefert sie dem Bundesministerium für Umwelt. Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) eine wichtige wissenschaftliche Grundlage. um Maßnahmen im Umwelt- und Naturschutz ergreifen und deren Erfolg kontrollieren zu können. Die Umweltprobenbank ist eine permanente Einrichtung des BMU und arbeitet unter der Ägide des Umweltbundesamtes (UBA). Die Arbeitsgruppe Umweltprobenbank des Bundes - Humanproben des Fraunhofer-Instituts für Biomedizinische Technik (IBMT) sammelt im Auftrag des UBA seit Januar 2012 jährlich an vier Standorten in der Bundesrepublik (Münster, Halle, Ulm, Greifswald) Blut- und Urinproben von jeweils 120 freiwilligen Probandinnen und Probanden für die Umweltprobenbank des Bundes. Jährlich gewinnt das Fraunhofer IBMT somit bis zu 13 200 Einzelproben, die für die Untersuchung der Belastung des Menschen durch Umweltschadstoffe eingesetzt werden können. Ein Teil der Proben wird im Anschluss an die Probenahme auf klinische Parameter (wie z. B. den Cholesteringehalt) hin analysiert. Eine analytische Erstcharakterisierung im Hinblick auf chemische Belastungen wird vom Institut und der Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin (IPASUM) der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg durchgeführt. Der Großteil der jährlich gesammelten Proben wird jedoch vom Fraunhofer IBMT für eine spätere retrospektiven Analyse auf umweltrelevante Chemikalien und Verbindungen in kryokonservierter Form unbefristet und veränderungsfrei in der Umweltprobenbank gelagert. Die Humanproben der Umweltprobenbank des Bundes erlauben einen Überblick über die umweltbedingte Schadstoffbelastung des Menschen. Die wiederholte Untersuchung von vergleichbaren Personengruppen in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen ermöglicht die langfristige Verfolgung von Schadstofftrends, die von grundlegender Bedeutung für die Entwicklung von gesetzlichen Maßnahmen und deren Erfolgskontrolle sind. Mit der zeitlich unbefristeten Kryokonservierung der gesammelten Proben und den damit gegebenen veränderungsfreien Bedingungen wird zudem die Voraussetzung geschaffen, auch zu späteren Zeitpunkten rückblickende Untersuchungen durchzuführen oder Untersuchungen mit neueren und möglicherweise sensibleren Messtechniken zu wiederholen. Somit lassen sich auch noch nach Jahrzehnten retrospektiv Substanzen nachweisen, die zum Zeitpunkt der Einlagerung der Proben noch nicht bekannt oder analysierbar waren bzw. bislang nicht für bedeutsam gehalten wurden.
Wittassek, Matthias; Wiesmüller, Gerhard A.; Koch, Holger M.; Eckard, Rolf; Dobler, Lorenz; Helm, Dieter; Müller, Johannes; Angerer, Jürgen; Schlüter, Christoph International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 210 (2007), 3-4, 319-333 In a retrospective human biomonitoring study we analysed 24h urine samples taken from the German Environmental Specimen Bank for Human Tissues (ESBHum), which were collected from 634 subjects, (predominantly students, age range 20-29 years, 326 females, 308 males) in 9 years between 1988 and 2003 (each n≥60), for the concentrations of primary and/or secondary metabolites of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP). Based on the urinary metabolite excretion we estimated daily intakes of the parent phthalates and investigated the chronological course of the phthalate exposure. In over 98% of the urine samples metabolites of all five phthalates were detectable indicating a ubiquitous exposure of the German population to all five phthalates throughout the last 20 years. The median daily intakes in the subsets between 1988 and 1993 were quite constant for DnBP (approx. 7 μg/kg bw/d) and DEHP (approx. 4 μg/kg bw/d). However, from 1996 the median levels of both phthalates decreased continuously until 2003 (DnBP 1.9 μg/kg bw/d; DEHP 2.4 μg/kg bw/d). By contrast, the daily intake values for DiBP were slightly increasing over the whole time frame investigated (median 1989: 1.0 μg/kg bw/d; median 2003: 1.4 μg/kg bw/d), approximating the levels for DnBP and DEHP. For BBzP we observed slightly decreasing values, even though the medians as of 1998 levelled off at around 0.2 μg/kg bw/d. Regarding daily DiNP exposure we found continuously increasing values, with the lowest median being 0.20 μg/kg bw/d for the subset of 1988 and the highest median for 2003 being twice as high. The trends observed in phthalate exposure may be associated with a change in production and usage pattern. Female subjects exhibited significantly higher daily intakes for the dibutyl phthalates (DnBP p=0.013; DiBP p=0.004). Compared to data from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) exposure levels of the dibutyl phthalates were generally higher in our German study population, while levels of BBzP were somewhat lower. Overall, for a considerable 14% of the subjects we observed daily DnBP intakes above the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value deduced by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (10 μg/kg bw/d). However, the frequency of exceedance decreased during the years and was beneath 2% in the 2003 subset. Even though transgressions of the exposure limit values of the EFSA and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) occurred only in a relatively small share of the subjects, one has to take into account the cumulative exposure to all phthalates investigated and possible dose-additive endocrine effects of these phthalates. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.037
Apel, Petra; Kortenkamp, Andreas; Koch, Holger M.; Vogel, Nina; Rüther, Maria; Kasper-Sonnenberg, Monika; Conrad, André; Brüning, Thomas; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike Environmental International 137 (2020), 105467; online 6. Februar 2020 In several human biomonitoring surveys, changes in the usage patterns of phthalates have come to light, but their influence on the risks associated with combined exposures is insufficiently understood. Based on the largest study to date, the 27-year survey of urinary phthalate metabolite levels in 24-hour urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank, we present a deep analysis of changing phthalate exposures on mixture risks. This analysis adopts the Hazard Index (HI) approach based on the five phthalates DBP, DIBP, BBP, DEHP and DINP. Calculations of the hazard index for each study participant included updated phthalate reference doses for anti-androgenicity (RfDAAs) that take account of new evidence of phthalates’ developmental toxicity. The Maximum Cumulative Ratio (MCR) approach was used to establish whether a subject’s combined exposure was dominated by one phthalate or was influenced by several phthalates simultaneously. Generally, over the years there was a shift towards lower HIs and higher MCRs, reflecting an increased complexity of the combined exposures. The decade from 1988 to about 1999 was characterised by rather high HIs of between 3 and 7 (95th percentile) which were driven by exposure to DBP and DEHP, often exceeding their single acceptable exposures. Traditional single phthalate risk assessments would have underestimated these risks by up to 50%. From 2006 onwards, no study participant experienced exposures above acceptable levels for a single phthalate, but combined exposures were still in excess of HI = 1. From 2011 onwards most individuals stayed below HI = 1. In interpreting these results, we caution against the use of HI = 1 as an acceptable limit and develop proposals for improved and more realistic mixture risk assessments that take account of co-exposures to other anti-androgenic substances also capable of disrupting the male reproductive system. From this perspective, we regard HIs between 0.1 and 0.2 as more appropriate for evaluating combined phthalate exposures. Assessed against lowered HIs of 0.1 - 0.2, the combined phthalate exposures of most study participants exceeded acceptable levels in all study years, including 2015. Continued monitoring efforts for phthalate combinations are required to provide the basis for appropriate risk management measures. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105467
Göen, Thomas; Dobler, Lorenz; Koschorreck, Jan; Müller, Johannes; Wiesmüller, Gerhard A.; Drexler, Hans; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 215 (2011), 1, 36-45 The exposure of the general population to phthalates is of increasing public health concern. Variations in the internal exposure of the population are likely, because the amounts, distribution and application characters of the phthalate use change over time. Estimating the chronological sequences of the phthalate exposure, we performed a retrospective human biomonitoring study by investigating the metabolites of the five most prominent phthalates in urine. Therefore, 24 h-urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected from 240 subjects (predominantly students, age range 19-29 years, 120 females, 120 males) in the years 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008 (60 individuals each), were analysed for the concentrations of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) as metabolite of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP) as metabolite of di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) as metabolite of butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5oxo-MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (5cx-MEPP) and mono-(2-carboxymethyl hexyl) phthalate (2cx-MMHxP) as metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), monohydroxylated (OH-MiNP), monooxidated (oxo-MiNP) and monocarboxylated (cx-MiNP) mono-iso-nonylphthalates as metabolites of di-iso-nonyl phthalates (DiNP). Based on the urinary metabolite excretion, together with results of a previous study, which covered the years 1988-2003, we investigated the chronological sequences of the phthalate exposure over two decades. In more than 98% of the urine samples metabolites of all five phthalates were detectable indicating a ubiquitous exposure of people living in Germany to all five phthalates throughout the period investigated. The medians in samples from the different years investigated are 65.4 (2002), 38.5 (2004), 29.3 (2006) and 19.6 μg/l (2008) for MnBP, 31.4 (2002), 25.4 (2004), 31.8 (2006) and 25.5 μg/l (2008) for MiBP, 7.8 (2002), 6.3 (2004), 3.6 (2006) and 3.8 μg/l (2008) for MBzP, 7.0 (2002), 5.6 (2004), 4.1 (2006) and 3.3 μg/l (2008) for MEHP, 19.6 (2002), 16.2 (2004), 13.2 (2006) and 9.6 μg/l (2008) for 5OH-MEHP, 13.9 (2002), 11.8 (2004), 8.3 (2006) and 6.4 μg/l (2008) for 5oxo-MEHP, 18.7 (2002), 16.5 (2004), 13.8 (2006) and 10.2 μg/l (2008) for 5cx-MEPP, 7.2 (2002), 6.5 (2004), 5.1 (2006) and 4.6 μg/l (2008) for 2cx-MMHxP, 3.3 (2002), 2.8 (2004), 3.5 (2006) and 3.6 μg/l (2008) for OH-MiNP, 2.1 (2002), 2.1 (2004), 2.2 (2006) and 2.3 μg/l (2008) for oxo-MiNP and 4.1 (2002), 3.2 (2004), 4.1 (2006) and 3.6 μg/l (2008) for cx-MiNP. The investigation of the time series 1988-2008 indicates a decrease of the internal exposure to DnBP by the factor of 7-8 and to DEHP and BzBP by the factor of 2-3. In contrast, an increase of the internal exposure by the factor of 4 was observed for DiNP over the study period. The exposure to DiBP was found to be stable. In summary, we found decreases of the internal human exposure for legally restricted phthalates whereas the exposure to their substitutes increased. Future investigations should verify these trends. This is of increasing importance since the European Commission decided to require ban or authorization from 1.1.2015 for DEHP, DnBP, DiBP and BzBP according to REACh Annex XIV. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.011
Nagorka, Regine; Koschorreck, Jan Environmental Pollution 262 (2020), 114237; online 20. Februar 2020 Plasticizers are marketed in high volumes and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is frequently detected in the environment and human populations. Industry had largely relied on DEHP until regulation started to restrict its marketing in 1999 due to environmental and human health concerns. The aim of this study was to obtain spatial-temporal trends for DEHP and its substitutes in German rivers. We have investigated suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) for the presence of 23 plasticizers, i.e. 17 phthalates and 6 non-phthalates. The samples were collected in the last 10 years at 13 sites in large river basins in Germany such as the Rhine, Elbe and Danube. A decrease in DEHP concentrations was observed at all sampling sites between the mid-2000s and 2017. The maximum concentration for DEHP was determined in 2006 in samples from Rehlingen/Saar (6720 ng/g dry weight (dw)). By 2017, the DEHP concentration in Rehlingen had dropped to 2080 ng/g dw. Currently, Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is the plasticizer with the highest levels in the SPM samples (maximum value 4150 ng/g dw in Rehlingen/Saar). Our results show that novel plasticizers such as Diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) spread rapidly in surface waters after their market introduction. We have found several plasticizers of emerging concern in the environmental samples, the further use of which is currently under review under the EU chemicals regulation (REACH, registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals). In particular for Di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) a significant increase in concentration was observed at almost all sites between the mid-2000s and 2017, for example in Prossen/Elbe from 24 ng/g dw (2005) to 1380 ng/g dw (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114237
Koch, Holger M.; Rüther, Maria; Schütze, André; Conrad, André; Pälmke, Claudia; Apel, Petra; Brüning, Thomas, Kolossa-Gehring, Marike International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health (2016), online 9. November 2016 The German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) continuously collects 24-h urine samples since the early 1980s in Germany. In this study we analyzed 300 urine samples from the years 2007 to 2015 for 21 phthalate metabolites (representing exposure to 11 parent phthalates) and combined the data with two previous retrospective measurement campaigns (1988 to 2003 and 2002 to 2008). The combined dataset comprised 1162 24-h urine samples spanning the years 1988 to 2015. With this detailed set of human biomonitoring data we describe the time course of phthalate exposure in Germany over a time frame of 27 years. For the metabolites of the endocrine disrupting phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) we observed a roughly ten-fold decline in median metabolite levels from their peak levels in the late 1980s/early 1990s compared to most recent levels from 2015. Probably, bans (first enacted in 1999) and classifications/labelings (enacted in 2001 and 2004) in the European Union lead to this drop. A decline in di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) metabolite levels set in only quite recently, possibly due to its later classification as a reproductive toxicant in the EU in 2009. In a considerable number of samples collected before 2002 health based guidance values (BE, HBM I) have been exceeded for DnBP (27.2%) and DEHP (2.3%) but also in recent samples some individual exceedances can still be observed (DEHP 1.0%). A decrease in concentration for all low molecular weight phthalates, labelled or not, was seen in the most recent years of sampling. For the high molecular weight phthalates, DEHP seems to have been substituted in part by di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), but DiNP metabolite levels have also been declining in the last years. Probably, non-phthalate alternatives increasingly take over for the phthalates in Germany. A comparison with NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data from the United States covering the years 1999 to 2012 revealed both similarities and differences in phthalate exposure between Germany and the US. Exposure to critical phthalates has decreased in both countries with metabolite levels more and more aligning with each other, but high molecular weight phthalates substituting DEHP (such as DiNP) seem to become more important in the US than in Germany. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.11.003
Wiesmüller, Gerhard A.; Gies, Andreas Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (2011), 507-527, online 23. Februar 2011 The Environmental Specimen Bank for Human Tissues (ESB-Human) is part of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). It focuses on documenting and assessing trends of human exposures via real-time monitoring (RTM) of body burden and long-term storage of samples under stable deep-freezing conditions for retrospective monitoring (RM). Every year RTM is performed in blood and urine of German students. Medical history, personal metadata, individual behavior, and potential exposures are asked via a standardized self-reported questionnaire. RTM currently covers 64 inorganic and 5 organochlorine compounds. It indicates that concentrations of several substances remain unchanged over time, for example, arsenic, cadmium, and selenium, whereas concentrations of other substances significantly decrease, for example, lead and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Stored samples allow rapid RM of pollutants whenever needed. Need for time-related exposure information and availability of analytical methods are main criteria to conduct RM. Recent analyses include phthalates and brominated and perfluorinated compounds (PFC). ESB-Human data confirms success of regulatory efforts to reduce human exposures, for example, to dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and PFC. In contrast, the data indicate time-dependent increase in, for example, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) concentrations in human tissues and the potential need for risk reduction strategies. Current research investigates the feasibility of sampling human tissues from highly vulnerable groups. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00450-5
| Organisation | Count |
|---|---|
| Bund | 42 |
| Land | 1 |
| Weitere | 1 |
| Type | Count |
|---|---|
| Chemische Verbindung | 3 |
| Daten und Messstellen | 8 |
| Förderprogramm | 2 |
| Gesetzestext | 3 |
| Text | 17 |
| unbekannt | 14 |
| License | Count |
|---|---|
| Geschlossen | 42 |
| Offen | 2 |
| Language | Count |
|---|---|
| Deutsch | 32 |
| Englisch | 29 |
| Resource type | Count |
|---|---|
| Bild | 1 |
| Datei | 3 |
| Dokument | 5 |
| Keine | 28 |
| Webseite | 15 |
| Topic | Count |
|---|---|
| Boden | 13 |
| Lebewesen und Lebensräume | 32 |
| Luft | 15 |
| Mensch und Umwelt | 44 |
| Wasser | 17 |
| Weitere | 34 |