Other language confidence: 0.9767018877992262
This dataset provides mechanical test data for quartz sand (“MAM1ST-300”, Sibelco, Mol, Belgium), gypsum powder (plaster; “Goldband”, Knauf), kaolin clay powder, garnet sand, and mixtures of quartz sand and gypsum powder, used at the Analogue Laboratory of the Department of Geography at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust (Poppe et al., 2019). The measured properties are density ρ, tensile strength T0, shear strength σ, obtained by density measurements, ring-shear tests (RST; at Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ, Germany), direct shear tests, traction tests (at University of Maine, Le Mans, France) and extension tests. The obtained tensile strengths and shear strengths reconstruct two-dimensional failure envelopes for each material. By fitting linear Coulomb and non-linear combined Griffith failure criteria to the characterised failure envelopes (Jaeger et al., 2007), the internal friction coefficient µC, Coulomb cohesion CC and Griffith cohesion CG are obtained. The influence of the material emplacement technique has been investigated in Poppe et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplementary, by repeat characterisation of the above physical parameters under three emplacement conditions, i.e. sieving, pouring (non-dried state) and compaction after pouring (oven-dried state). We find that densities of the materials and mixtures range from ~1600 kg.m³ (sieved) and ~1700 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure quartz sand to ~600 kg.m³ (poured) to ~900 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure plaster. Tensile strengths range from ~166 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster). Velocity ring-shear tests on a 90 wt% quartz sand – 10 wt% plaster mixture show a minor shear rate-weakening of <2% per ten-fold increase in shear velocity. The materials show a behavior ranging from Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the materials with coarser grain size (sands) to combined Griffith-Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the powder materials (plaster, kaolin), with the sand-plaster mixtures occupying a spectrum between both end-members. Peak friction coefficients range from ~0.5 (sand) to ~0.6 (plaster) with a maximum of ~0.9 (80:20 wt% sand:plaster), peak Coulomb cohesions range from 13 Pa (sand) to 248 Pa (plaster), peak Griffith cohesions range from ~10 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster).
Sampling large river´s sediment at outlets for cosmogenic nuclide analysis yields mean denudation rates of the sediment producing areas that average local variations in denudation commonly found in small rivers. Using this approach, we measured in situ cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be concentrations in sands of >50 large rivers over a range of climatic and tectonic regimes covering 32% of Earth’s terrestrial surface.River samples were processed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for the Geochemistry of the Earth Surface (HELGES) (von Blanckenburg et al., 2016). 10Be/9Be ratios were measured by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at the University of Cologne and normalized to the KN01-6-2 and KN01-5-3 standards. Denudation rates were calculated using a time-dependent scaling scheme according to Lal/Stone ”Lm” scaling (see Balco et al., 2008) together with a sea level high latitude (SLHL) production rate of 4.13 at/(gxyr) as reported by Martin et al. (2017).Measured in the mineral quartz, the cosmogenic nuclides 26Al and 10Be provide information on how fast Earth´s surface is lowering through denudation. If sediment is however stored in catchments over time spans similar to the nuclides half-lives (being 0.7 Myr and 1.4 Myr for 26Al and 10Be, respectively), the nuclide´s budget is disturbed, and meaningful denudation rates cannot be calculated. The ratio of 26Al/10Be informs us about these disturbances. In 35% of analyzed rivers, we find 26Al/10Be ratios significantly lower than these nuclides´ surface production rate ratio of 6.75 in quartz, indicating sediment storage and burial exceeding 0.5 Myr. We invoke mainly a combination of slow erosion, long transport, and low runoff for these low ratios.In the other 65% of rivers we find 26Al/10Be ratios within uncertainty of their surface production-rate ratio, indicating cosmogenic steady state, and hence meaningful denudation rates can be calculated. For these rivers, we derive a global source-area denudation rate of 140 t/km^2/yr that translates to a flux of 3.10 Gt/yr. By assuming that this sub-dataset is geomorphically representative of the global land surface, we upscale this value to the total surface area for exorheic basins, thereby obtaining a global denudation flux from cosmogenic nuclides of 15.1 Gt/yr that integrates over the past 5 kyr.In Table S1, we provide detailed 10Be nuclide production rates and their correction due to ice shielding and carbonates that are necessary to calculate denudation rates. We provide International GeoSample Numbers (ISGN) for samples used in the analysis, except values that were compiled from published sources. We then compare these denudation rates, converted to sediment fluxes, to published values of sediment fluxes from river load gauging. We find that our cosmogenic nuclide-derived sediment flux value is similar, within uncertainty, to published values from cosmogenic nuclides from small river basins (23 Gt/yr) upscaled using a global slope model, and modern sediment and dissolved loads exported to the oceans (23.6 Gt/yr). In Table S3, we compiled these modern sediment loads and give their references. We also compiled runoff values (mm/yr) from published sources (Table S2) that are used to infer what controls denudation rates.For more details on the sampling and analytical methods, please consult the data description part of this publication.
This dataset includes raw data used in the paper by Reitano et al. (2022), focused on the effect of imposed boundary conditions (regional slope and rainfall rate) on the morphological evolution of analogue landscapes; the paper also focuses on applicability of stream power laws on analogue models, defining if and how the parametrization used in natural landscapes works in analogue ones. The experiments have been carried out at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), University “Roma Tre” (Rome). Detailed descriptions of the experimental apparatus and experimental procedures implemented can be found in the paper to which this dataset refers. Here we present: • Pictures recording the evolution of the models. • GIFs showing time-lapses of models. • Raw DEMs of the models, used for extracting data later discusses in the paper. • Raw channels data (.mat files).
To understand how climate change impacts the global carbon cycle, we need a mechanistic understanding of natural processes driving the capture, storage and release of CO2 within landscapes. Photosynthesis removes carbon from the atmosphere, and the organic carbon (OC) stored in vegetation, soils, and sediments can be eroded and subsequently transported by rivers to marine depocenters. During transport, OC can be stabilized and temporally stored in floodplains or oxidized and returned to the atmosphere as CO2. The balance of storage and release controls the floodplains net carbon budget. Recent research suggests that OC storage can exceed the CO2 release on aggradational floodplains of meandering rivers over millennia. However, direct measurements of the CO2 release from fluvial systems are rare and it remains unclear how geomorphic features, such as channel type and associated floodplain morphology as well as seasonality affect CO2 release. This data set comprises measurements of CO2 fluxes, CO2 d13C values and source d13C values along morphological gradients and two seasons. We measured CO2 fluxes and corresponding d13C values on the catchment-scale in the Rio Bermejo foreland, northwestern Argentina, using a static, non-stationary accumulation chamber. We measured fluxes from the water surface, from sediment deposited on recently exposed riverbeds, on the overbanks, and in paleochannels, along braided and meandering river reaches, during a wet and a dry season. Our aim was to understand how regional-scale morphology and seasonality impact the CO2 fluxes in a foreland floodplain.
This data publication contains new and recalculated soil production, chemical weathering, and physical erosion rates for granitoid soil-mantled hillslopes in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. For further comparison and data discussion the data publication presents global rates from granitoid soil-mantled hillslopes combined with a suite of parameters at the sample location (e.g., slope, precipitation, temperature, vegetation cover). The data were collected within the DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota". The data publication contains one excel table including tables S1 to S9. In addition, these nine sub-tables are available as txt files in a zip-file. They are supplementary material to Schaller et al. (2021).
We compiled available information for burrowing animals in Chile in two tables: "2020-042_Uebernickel-et-al_Vertebrates" and "2020-042_Uebernickel-et-al_Invertebrates". A discussion about burrowing vertebrates and invertebrates and the effect of the communities at selected sites in arid to humid Chile is given in Übernickel et al. (in review): Quantification of animal burrowing volumes on hillslopes along a climate gradient, Chile. The purpose of these tables is to provide an overview of burrowing vertebrates and invertebrate species in Chile. The degree of known details of their natural history varies and is often minimal. For invertebrates, the majority of the published work is taxonomic or descriptive that hardly encounter biologic or ecologic aspects of the respective species. The geographic distribution of most invertebrate species remains largely unknown, as they have been topic of single investigations at specific research sites in Chile. The tables are intended as starting point for follow up research. Quantification of distributional ranges, density, excavation rates, burrow or gallery dimensions and further parameters of these species, is important to quantify the biotic influence they have on a landscape level. From publications mostly treating single species, we have compiled this comprehensive dataset of 45 digging or soil-moving vertebrate and 345 invertebrate species. It includes a list of species names with morphological digging adaptations and species observed to dig. In vertebrates excavating behavior is documented for mammals, lizards and birds. In invertebrates, excavating behavior is mentioned for Chilean spiders, scorpions, camel spider, beetles, cicadas, wasps, bees, ants, a termite and antlions. Chile is characterized by an endemic fauna, especially true for arthropods, with limited distributional ranges. Currently, these largely still unknown species are under thread of extinction by the destruction of habitats, desertification and climate change. We encourage specialists to add information to this first compilation.
This data publication is supplementary to a study on the effect of large boulders and bedrock fracture patterns on hillslope denudation rates in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera, by Lodes et al. (submitted). Hillslope denudation rates are primarily determined by tectonic uplift rates, but landscape morphology is also controlled by climate and lithological properties such as bedrock fractures. Fracture patterns can influence the locations of ridges and valleys in landscapes through lowering surface grain sizes in fractured areas, and therefore the residence time of fractured hillslope material, dictating differential denudation rates. In this project, we used 10Be cosmogenic nuclide analysis to quantify the denudation rates of fractured bedrock, boulders, and soil on hillslopes, and compared the orientations of surrounding streams and faults, to understand the effects of fracturing and faulting on denudation rates, fluvial incision, and grain size in three field sites along a climate gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. In the humid and semi-arid climate zones, we found that denudation rates for unfractured bedrock and large hillslope boulders (10 to 15 m Myr-1) are lower than for soil (15 to 20 m Myr-1), indicating that exposed bedrock and boulders retard hillslope denudation rates. In the mediterranean climate zone, hillslope denudation rates are higher (40-140 m Myr-1) and show a less consistent pattern, likely due to steeper slopes. LiDAR-derived stream orientations support a fracture-control on landscape denudation in the three field sites, which we link with fracture density. Together, our results thus provide new insights into how fracture patterns can dictate topographic highs and valleys through grain size reduction. The main objective of this data publication is to provide our 10Be dataset which we used to calculate denudation rates for bedrock, boulders, and soils.
A quantification of bedrock erodibility under fluvial impact erosion is required for various tasks in geomorphology, landscape evolution, and hydraulic engineering. However, it is challenging to measure in the field. Various proxy methods for easy measurement have been suggested and applied, but none of these has been benchmarked against high-quality data from the laboratory or field. We have collected field and laboratory data on erodibility using erosion mills as well as proxy data from the Schmidt hammer, Mohs' hardness, and the Annandale and Selby methods for 18 different lithological units.
This dataset supports the study "Seafloor Slopes Control Submarine Canyon Distribution: A Global Analysis", which investigates the global-scale controls on the distribution of submarine canyons. The dataset includes geospatial and environmental attributes for 2,261 submarine canyon heads located along the continental margins between 50°N and 50°S (excluding islands and regions dominated by glacial or salt tectonic processes). Each canyon head is assigned 16 variables encompassing topographic, oceanographic, lithologic, and climatic attributes of adjacent marine and terrestrial environments. These variables serve as potential predictors of canyon occurrence and were used in spatial-statistical models—including inhomogeneous Poisson point process models—to assess the influence of marine slope inclination and other factors on canyon distribution. Canyon locations are represented as point features projected onto a global network of continental slope centerlines to facilitate linear-network-based point pattern analysis. This data package includes: (1) submarine canyon locations and attributes, (2) global environmental datasets representing potential controls on canyon distribution, (3) MATLAB code for conducting point pattern analysis on linear networks, and (4) scripts for residual analysis using operational spatial count models. Together, these resources enable detailed exploration of the geomorphological and environmental factors influencing submarine canyon formation, providing a valuable foundation for research on sediment transport, continental margin evolution, and global biogeochemical cycling.
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