Other language confidence: 0.9916734403544044
This dataset provides mechanical test data for quartz sand (“MAM1ST-300”, Sibelco, Mol, Belgium), gypsum powder (plaster; “Goldband”, Knauf), kaolin clay powder, garnet sand, and mixtures of quartz sand and gypsum powder, used at the Analogue Laboratory of the Department of Geography at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust (Poppe et al., 2019). The measured properties are density ρ, tensile strength T0, shear strength σ, obtained by density measurements, ring-shear tests (RST; at Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ, Germany), direct shear tests, traction tests (at University of Maine, Le Mans, France) and extension tests. The obtained tensile strengths and shear strengths reconstruct two-dimensional failure envelopes for each material. By fitting linear Coulomb and non-linear combined Griffith failure criteria to the characterised failure envelopes (Jaeger et al., 2007), the internal friction coefficient µC, Coulomb cohesion CC and Griffith cohesion CG are obtained. The influence of the material emplacement technique has been investigated in Poppe et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplementary, by repeat characterisation of the above physical parameters under three emplacement conditions, i.e. sieving, pouring (non-dried state) and compaction after pouring (oven-dried state). We find that densities of the materials and mixtures range from ~1600 kg.m³ (sieved) and ~1700 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure quartz sand to ~600 kg.m³ (poured) to ~900 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure plaster. Tensile strengths range from ~166 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster). Velocity ring-shear tests on a 90 wt% quartz sand – 10 wt% plaster mixture show a minor shear rate-weakening of <2% per ten-fold increase in shear velocity. The materials show a behavior ranging from Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the materials with coarser grain size (sands) to combined Griffith-Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the powder materials (plaster, kaolin), with the sand-plaster mixtures occupying a spectrum between both end-members. Peak friction coefficients range from ~0.5 (sand) to ~0.6 (plaster) with a maximum of ~0.9 (80:20 wt% sand:plaster), peak Coulomb cohesions range from 13 Pa (sand) to 248 Pa (plaster), peak Griffith cohesions range from ~10 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster).
Decades of photogrammetric records at Bezymianny, one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, allow unveiling morphological changes, eruption and intrusion dynamics, erosion, lava and tephra deposition processes. This data publication releases an almost 7-decade long record, retrieved from airborne, satellite, and UAV platforms. The Kamchatkan Institute of Volcanology and Seismology released archives of high-resolution aerial images acquired in 1967-2013. We complemented the aerial datasets with 2017 Pleiades tri-stereo satellite and UAV images. The images were processed using Erdas Imagine and Photomod software. Here we publish nine quality-controlled point clouds in LAS format referenced to the WGS84 (UTM zone 57N). By comparing the point clouds we were able to describe topographic changes and calculate volumetric differences, details of which were further analyzed in Shevchenko et al. (2020, https://doi.org/...). The ~5-decade-long photogrammetric record was achieved by 8 aerial and 1 satellite-UAV datasets. The 8 sets of near nadir aerial photographs acquired in 1967, 1968, 1976, 1977, 1982, 1994, 2006, and 2013 were taken with various photogrammetry cameras dedicated for topographic analysis, specifically the AFA 41-10 camera (1967, 1968, 1976, and 1977; focal length = 99.086 mm), the TAFA 10 camera (1982 and 1994; focal length = 99.120 mm), and the AFA TE-140 camera (2006 and 2013; focal length = 139.536 mm). These analog cameras have all an 18×18 cm frame size. The acquisition flight altitude above the mean surface of Bezymianny varied from 1,500-2,500 m above mean surface elevation, translating up to >5,000 m above sea level. For photogrammetric processing, we used 3-4 consecutive shots that provided a 60-70% forward overlap. The analog photo negatives were digitized by scanning with Epson Perfection V750 Pro scanner in a resolution of 2,400 pixels/inch (approx. pixel (px) size = 0.01 mm). The mean scale within a single photograph depends on the distance to the surface and corresponds on average to 1:10,000-1:20,000. Thus, each px in the scanned image represents about 10-20 cm resolution on the ground. The coordinates of 12 ground control points were derived from a Theo 010B theodolite dataset collected at geodetic benchmarks during a 1977 fieldwork. These benchmarks were established on the slopes of Bezymianny before the 1977 aerial survey and then captured with the AFA 41-10 aerial camera. The most recent was a satellite dataset acquired on 2017-09-09 by the PHR 1B sensor aboard the Pleiades satellite (AIRBUS Defence & Space) operated by the French space agency (CNES). The forward, nadir and backward camera configuration allows revisiting any point on earth and was tasked for the acquisition of Bezymianny to provide a 0.5 m resolution panchromatic imagery dataset. In order to improve the Pleiades data, we complemented them with UAV data collected on 2017-07-29 with DJI Mavic Pro during fieldwork at Bezymianny. This data publication includes a description of the data (in pdf format) and the nine processed and controlled three-dimensional point clouds (in LAS format). The point clouds can be easily interpolated and imported into most open and commercially available geographic information system (GIS) software. Further details on data and data handling are provided in Shevchenko et al. (2020).
The Dec 22nd 2018 flank collapse and tsunami at Anak Krakatau in Indonesia is a key event in geosciences as little is known about the lead-up processes and deformation changes prior to flank failure. We processed Sentinel-1 satellite radar data in both ascending (orbit 171) and descending (orbit 47) acquisition using multi-temporal InSAR with the Small BAseline (SB) method during the 4 years prior to the collapse. The data shows that the flank was already moving for years prior to collapse, demonstrating that developing instability in volcano can be monitored long before a collapse. The southwest flank movement rates averaged approx. 27 cm/yr, but underwent intermittent accelerations coinciding with distinct intrusion events in Jan/Feb 2017 and in Jun 2018. The data archived here supplements the material detailed in Zorn et al. (202X, https://doi.org/XXXXX).
These data files contain short periods of electrical data recorded at Stromboli volcano, Italy, in 2019 and 2020 using a prototype version of the Biral Thunderstorm Detector BTD-200. This sensor consists of two antennas, the primary and secondary antenna, which detect slow variations in the electrostatic field resulting from charge neutralisation due to electrical discharges. The sensor recorded at three different locations: BTD1 (38.79551°N, 15.21518°E), BTD2 (38.80738°N, 15.21355°E) and BTD3 (38.79668°N, 15.21622°E). Electrical data of the following explosions is provided (each in a separate data file): - Three Strombolian explosions on 12 June 2019 at 12:46:53, 12:49:27 and 12:56:10 UTC, respectively. - A major explosion on 25 June 2019 at 23:03:08 UTC. - A major explosion on 19 July 2020 at 03:00:42 UTC. - A major explosion on 16 November 2020 at 09:17:45 UTC. - A paroxysmal event at 3 July 2019 at 14:45:43 UTC. Each filename indicates the location of the BTD, the starting date and time of the file in UTC, and a short description of the three data columns inside the file (unixtime, primary, secondary). The first column provides the Unix timestamp of each data point, which is the time in seconds since 01/01/1970. All time is provided in UTC. The second column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the primary antenna. The third column provides the measured voltage [V] recorded by the secondary antenna.
Geysers are localized hydrothermal vents that periodically erupt with gas bubbles at the surface. Understanding their distribution, dynamics, and conduit geometry is critical to understand the fluid and heat transfer through the crust. To explore this at the Geysir geothermal field in Iceland, we analyzed the spatial distribution of thermal features using high-resolution UAV-based optical and infrared cameras. Based on this, Walter et al. (2020) identified 364 distinct thermal spots. Here we release the high-resolution drone orthomosaic dataset at the Geysir geothermal field, Iceland.
This dataset comprises new chemical, isotopic and geochronological analyses for 3 samples from the Cenomanian Serra do Cuó olivine basalts from northeast Brazil. Whole rock major, trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions as well as mineral oxide compositions for pyroxenes, plagioclase, olivine, and Fe-Ti oxides. New analyses on 3 samples are presented in the bulk and in-situ data templates developed by EarthChem. A compilation of all new analyses and previous whole-rock data from Sial (1978) are also provided. Analyses were carried out at the Geoanalítica Core Facility, Isotope Geology Research Center and Geochronological Research Center (CPGeo) at the Instituto de Geociências, University of São Paulo, Brazil. This dataset is supplementary to: Macêdo Filho, A. A., Oliveira, A. L., Klöcking, M., Janasi, V. A., Archanjo, C. J., & Lino, L. M. (2025). Petrology of Cenomanian basalts on the Brazilian equatorial margin: Implications for the tectonomagmatic evolution of the drift phase. Geochemistry, 126248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2025.126248. The data publication includes the following Excel Tables: (1) 2025-002_MacedoFilho_BulkSample_Analyses (DIGIS/EarthChem Template, EarthChem Team, 2022a): Whole rock major, trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions and 40Ar/39Ar age; with additional information on sample collection and analytical methods. (2) 2025-002_MacedoFilho_InSitu_Analyses (DIGIS /EarthChem Template, EarthChem Team, 2022b): Mineral oxide compositions for pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine, and Fe-Ti oxides; with additional information on sample collection and analytical methods. (3) 2025-002_MacedoFilho_suppl-compiled: supplementary data tables from Macêdo Filho et al. (2025). Excel file with the six spreadsheets: Table A1. whole-rock chemistry; Table A2. Feldspar chemistry; Table A3. Pyroxene chemistry; Table A4. Olivine chemistry; Table A5. Titanomagnetite chemistry; Table A6. Ar-Ar Geochronology. Table A1 compiles analyses from Sial (1978) as well as new data. Reference: Sial, A. N. (1978). Major and trace chemistry of the Tertiary basaltic suite of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba, northeast Brazil. Jornal de Mineralogia, 7, 119-128.
BayStress4 is a package of MatLab routine, designed to constrain the state of stress of a volcanic system by means of posterior Probability Density Functions (PDFs) of the stress tensor components. To do so, it employs the model of three-dimensional (3D) dyke pathways developed by Mantiloni et al., 2023 (SAM: Simplified Analytical Model of dyke Pathways in Three Dimensions) to match the known locations of past eruptive vents to the known or assumed volume in the subsurface ("Dyke nucleation zone" or "D") where their parent dykes nucleated from. This is achieved by a) using SAM to backtrack dyke pathways from the vents down through the crust for a given stress model; b) quantifying the intersection between such pathways and D through a misfit function; c) using this procedure to run a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to sample the stress parameters' space. The posterior information provided by the stress inversions can then be used to produce forward simulations of dyke pathways with SAM and forecast the surface distribution of future eruptive vents across the volcanic system. This repository contains InVent4Cast, a package of MatLab routines designed to constrain the state of stress of a volcanic system by means of posterior Probability Density Functions (PDFs) of the stress tensor components. To do so, it employs the model of three-dimensional (3D) dyke pathways developed by Mantiloni et al., 2023a (SAM: Simplified Analytical Model of dyke Pathways in Three Dimensions) to match the known locations of past eruptive vents to the known or assumed volume in the subsurface ("Dyke nucleation zone" or "D") where their parent dykes nucleated from. This is achieved by a) using SAM to backtrack dyke pathways from the vents down through the crust for a given stress model; b) quantifying the intersection between such pathways and D through a misfit function; c) using this procedure to run a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to sample the stress parameters' space. The posterior information provided by the stress inversions can then be used to produce forward simulations of dyke pathways with SAM and forecast the surface distribution of future eruptive vents across the volcanic system. The repository also collects data, figures and results of the application of InVent4Cast to some of the synthetic scenarios of dyke pathways in calderas presented by Mantiloni et al., 2023a. These results were detailed and discussed by Mantiloni et al., 2024a, to which the reader is referred for further information. The synthetic scenarios include numerical models of crustal stress state, focusing on gravitational loading/unloading due to topography and tectonic processes as the dominant stress sources. These stress sources are accounted for by a set of stress parameters. Results include posterior probability density functions (PDFs) of such stress parameters after applying the stress inversion to the scenarios, as well as probability maps of eruptive vent opening across the synthetic volcanic areas. Synthetic scenarios, stress inversions and vent forecasts were produced between May 2022 and November 2023.
This dataset comprises 3D X-ray computed tomography (XCT) scans of eight rock cores (15 mm diameter) prepared from two gabbroic nodules collected at Gígöldur, Central Iceland. The scans are provided in the Tagged Image File Format (*.tif). Data were acquired using a Carl Zeiss Xradia Versa-410 3D X-ray microscope at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia – Sezione di Napoli, Osservatorio Vesuviano (INGV-OV), Italy. Data collection was carried out under Trans-National Access support through EXCITE (EC H2020 INFRAIA, grant agreement No. 101005611).
In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.
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