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In Finger et al. (2021), we created consistent three dimensional models in terms of temperature, density and composition of the upper mantle of the cratonic South American Platform ("Upper MAntle Model") by combining seismic (Celli et al., 2020, Schaeffer & Lebedev, 2013) and gravity (Förste et al., 2014) data with mineral physics constraints in an iterative integrated inversion approach (Kaban et al., 2014; Tesauro et al., 2014). We further compiled a new crustal model ("Crustal Model"), including sediment and average crustal density and depth to the Moho to correct the gravity field for crustal effects and calculate the residual topography. To obtain these models we used data from the GSC (Global Seismic Catalog, Mooney, 2015 with updates up to 2019). To calculate depth to the Moho, the GSC data were combined with those published by Rivadeneyra-Vera et al. (2019). Here, we share the initial and final models of the upper mantle, sediment density and crust that are discussed in the article as well as the test cases set up in the uncertainty assessment. The upper mantle models are given in six layers centered at 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 km. All models range from -60.5°N to 15.5°N and -90.5°E to -29.5°E, except for the sediment density model (-59.5°N to 24.5°N and -99.5°E to -25.5°E) with a 1° by 1° lateral resolution. A detailed description of the respective files is given in each subfolder. All data are in ASCII format.
The Atacama Fault System (AFS) in N-Chile is a complex fault system with a variety of fault segments showing different degrees of activity. Initiated as a trench-linked fault system during the Jurassic it is now exposed in the Coastal Cordillera in the forearc of the Nazca-South America convergent plate margin. Fault scarps and surface ruptures indicate varying degrees of reactivation of this fault system that most likely roots into the subduction zone interface at the downdip end of coupling. Therefore, the interaction of these two systems is evident though not well understood. The active fault database for the northernmost segment of the Atacama Fault System (AFS) is the result of creating a comprehensive catalogue of active faults in the forearc to investigate activity patterns of the forearc in relation with megathrust segmentation and upper plate seismicity in the Coastal Cordillera of N-Chile (19°12’S - 25°12’S). The dataset has been compiled in Arc-GIS and is available as .mpk as well as .kmz formats to be visualised in Google Earth. The activity patterns are mapped according to a well-defined set of criteria (see below). The database for activity starts out from a thorough literature review and is supplemented by new evidences combining interpretation of remote sensing data, field work and upper plate seismicity from the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory in Chile (IPOC) (Sippl et al., 2018) and a local seismic catalogues covering the area of the Salar Grande segment (Bloch et al., 2014). It also includes the available age data of offset geological units as references to bracket the chronology of fault activity. Fault activity for this study has been defined according to the Quaternary fault and fold database of the United States (https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/faults?qt-science_support_page_related_con=4#qt-science_support_page_related_con), but is subject to significant error due to slow slip rates (< 0.2mm/yr), few chronologically constrained fault offsets and lack of historically or instrumentally observed earthquakes along the fault segments. Therefore, this database does not have the aim to serve as active fault database for seismic hazard assessment. It has been created with the clear aim to serve as database for general aspects of upper plate fault reactivation in relation with the megathrust seismic cycle and megathrust segmentation. This publication is part of an ongoing study investigating the interaction of megathrust segmentation with activity patterns in the overriding forearc.
In this dataset we provide top-view photos and perspective photos (to create topographic data, i.e. Digital Elevation Models, DEMs) documenting analogue model deformation. For more details on modelling setup, experimental series Wang et al. (2021), to which this dataset is supplementary material. For details on analogue materials refer to Del Ventisette et al., 2019, Maestrelli et al. (2020). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory) of the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources of the National Research Council of Italy, Italy, and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) and by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia. Additional analysis, following the original work, was supported by the “Monitoring Earth’s Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project
The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) performed a dual-phase scientific drilling project called Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC), to investigate mountain-building processes in the central Scandinavian Caledonides. The borehole COSC-1 was drilled through the Lower Seve Nappe, as the first of two 2.5 km deep drill holes close to Åre, central Sweden. As support for the COSC drilling project, an extensive seismic survey took place in 2014 in and around the newly drilled borehole COSC-1. The active seismic survey, among others, consisted of a high-resolution Zero-Offset Vertical Seismic Profiling (ZOVSP) experiment where seismic receivers were placed inside the borehole. For the seismic source signal a hydraulic hammer source (VIBSIST 3000) was used and activated over a period of 20 s as a sequence of impacts with increasing hit frequency. The wavefield was recorded in the borehole by 15 three-component receivers using a Sercel Slimwave geophone chain with an inter-tool spacing of 10 m. The ZOVSP was designed to result in a geophone spacing of 2 m over the whole borehole length. The source was about 30 meters away from the borehole. For component rotation, a check shot position was located about 1.9 km away from the borehole. This data set contains two data sets: (1) the decoded, pre-processed three-component shot gather, and (2) the final-processed shot gather of only the vertical component.
This dataset contains measurements of viscous and viscoelastic materials that are used for analogue modelling. Proper density and viscosity scaling of ductile layers in the crust and lithosphere, requires materials like Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to be mixed with fillers and low viscoity silicone oils. Changing the filler content and filler material, the density, viscosity and power-law coefficient can be tuned according to the requirements. All materials contain a large amount of PDMS and all but one a small amount of an additional silicone oil. Adding plasticine or barium sulfate lead to shear thinning rheologies with power-law exponents of p<0.95. Adding corundum powder only has a minor effect on the power-law exponent. Some mixtures also have an apparent yield point but all are in the liquid state in the tested range. In general, the rheologies of the materials are very complex and in some cases strongly temperature dependent. However, in the narrow range of relevant strain rates, the behaviour is well defined by a power-law relation and thus found suitable for simulating ductile layers in crust and lithosphere.
This data publication includes geologic-map and structural-field data that complement a structural analysis of intra-montane basins of the southwestern Tian Shan of Central Asia. The southwestern Tian Shan is defined as that part of the Tian Shan west of the Talas-Fergana Fault Zone that is located at the junction with the Pamir and the Afghan-Tajik Basin and stretches to the Fergana Basin in the north. It also includes an ArcGIS-Geodatabase with the shapefiles of the digitized stratigraphy and faults for the regional geological maps. The data are supplementary material to Trilsch et al. (2025): “Southwestern Tian Shan: 1. Deformation of Cenozoic Intra-montane Basins and Intervening Basement Ranges in Front of the Indian Mantle Indenter” (Tectonics; doi: added when published). One Figure, provided as pdf file and ArcGIS shapefiles, provides a map of the southwestern Tian Shan that compiles structures that were active or potentially-active during the Cenozoic. Reliable Cenozoic structures affect Mesozoic-Cenozoic strata; potentially-Cenozoic ones displace younger over older Paleozoic strata, or show opposite vergence within a sequence of consistently-verging Paleozoic nappes. The other figures provide maps, structural-data stereoplots, field pictures, and outcrop sketches of several intra-montane basins of the southwestern Tian Shan. The supplementary material is useful for researchers aiming to study the geoscience of the western (Tajik, Uzbek, Kyrgyz) Tian Shan.
OIB localities (e.g., Tristan, Samoa) have been considered ideal natural laboratories for studying mantle heterogeneity. Indeed, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes of lavas collected from OIB systems have provided insights into the existence of distinct mantle reservoirs, the origins of which are closely related to local tectonic processes: DMM, HIMU, EM1, and EM2. In this context, we aim to investigate the isotopic composition of noble gases in fluid inclusions trapped in xenoliths and lavas from Samoa and Tristan islands, two well-known enriched mantle (EM) localities. Our goal is to evaluate the role of noble gas cycling and active tectonic processes on the composition of the upper mantle. Our results show that CO2 is the most abundant volatile in all samples (lavas and xenoliths) from both localities. The 4He/20Ne ratio in most samples is lower than 150, suggesting the presence of atmospheric components in the fluid inclusions. This is further confirmed by the relatively low 40Ar/36Ar ratios, particularly in Tristan samples, which show values below 360. It is worth noting that the Samoa sample exhibits a 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 1000.4, the highest of the dataset. The Rc/Ra values (3He/4He corrected for atmospheric contamination) observed in the Samoa samples align with the Ar ratios mentioned above, as the 3He/4He ratio is the highest reported (13.32Ra). This is above the MORB range, indicating a contribution from lower mantle fluids, likely derived from the Samoan hotspot. In contrast, Tristan samples exhibit low Rc/Ra values, with an average of 5.12Ra. These low helium ratios suggest the presence of a more radiogenic, 4He-rich mantle. The low helium ratios may be related to the EM nature of the mantle. Previous studies in the Canary Islands have shown a decrease in 3He/4He ratios in the eastern part of the archipelago, where EM components have been identified (Hoernle et al., 1993; Simonsen et al., 2001; Day and Hilton, 2011, 2021; Sandoval-Velasquez et al., 2021). However, it is confirmed that an EM component can show a wide range of variation for the 3He/4He ratio, ranging from low values of 5-6Ra to values beyond the typical MORB range, which overlaps (and complicates the distinction) with other OIB contexts with HIMU signature. This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at INGV-Palermo- Noble gas laboratory supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
This data set includes videos depicting the evolution of nine numerical tectonic models simulating rift-inversion orogens. For these models we apply the 2D thermo-mechanical geodynamic code ASPECT, coupled with FastScape for the inclusion of surface processes. Using the results from these models, we examine mantle serpentinization in rift-inversion orogens, and their associated natural hydrogen gas (H2) potential. Detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results can be found in Zwaan et al. (2025) in Science Advances.
This dataset contains a series of analog models for comparing and testing positive tectonic inversion mechanisms and wedge structure formation. Furthermore, it includes a 2-D seismic reflection profile that can be compared with the models presented here. Finally, several photos of some structural features that cab be associated with wedge structure are shown. Both seismic lines and photos are located on a segment of Andean forearc, specifically, in the eastern Domeyko Cordillera and the Salar de Atacama Basin in northern Chile. Specifically, the models were deformed under extensional and compressional conditions, inducing a positive tectonic inversion, using a pure/simple-shear deformational apparatus. Our models intended to simulate the tectonic conditions presented in López et al. (2022), which illustrated the structural setting of the Domeyko Cordillera as resulting from the interplay between positive inversion tectonics and pure shortening faulting. Moreover, our models simulated three geological environments that developed sequentially through time: (a) syn-rift sedimentation, (b) post-rift and pre-shortening sedimentation, and (c) syn-shortening sedimentation. Post-rift and syn-shortening sedimentation incorporated a ductile layer (PDMS) during the shortening phase, simulating the presence of evaporitic deposits (i.e., gypsum) to test the conditions that could have controlled the formation of pure-shortening-related structures in the case study under consideration.
The new data set along the TRANSALP geophysical transect in the European Alps consists of three types: (i) new apatite and zircon fission data, (ii) a MOVE™ structural-kinematic model for the tectonic evolution along the transect since the Oligocene, and (iii) PECUBE input/output thermo-kinematic model data corresponding to the structural-kinematic MOVE™ model. The fission track data are provided as *.csv data tables formatted to be ideally opened and viewed in RadialPlotter (Vermeesch, 2009) or alternatively in any spreadsheet editor (e.g., Microsoft Excel). The MOVE™ files require the software MOVE™ licensed by Petroleum Experts. The PECUBE input/output files can be opened with any text editor (e.g., Microsoft Visual Code) or data analysis software (e.g., MATLAB™).
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