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The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. On 10th of May 2021, two thermal water samples were taken by TNO before and after the heat exchanger at the geothermal site Heemskerk in the Netherlands. The samples sent to Hydroisotop were analysed for their hydrochemical composition, heavy metal and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content and stable isotopes (18O, 2H, 13C-DIC). It should be noted that the pH measured in the laboratory diverges from previously observed pH values which in the past have not been reported below 5,4. Concentrations of major ions had initially been reported too low but re-measurement of the samples yielded values in ranges that had previously been recorded. However, the concentraton of Lithium is much higher than expected. In order to resolve these uncertainties, the site Heemskerk will be sampled again. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB). Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. At the geothermal site Blumau in Austria five thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop at the production and injection well, as well as after the heat exchanger on 29th of June 2020. Besides the hydrochemical composition, dissolved gases, the heavy metal content, DOC and stable isotopes (18O, 2H, 13C-DIC) were analysed. Additionally, three thermal water samples were taken by the operator on 09th of March 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for DOC measurements. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project reflect. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory,Lab No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Nitrite (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Boron (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Molybdenum (mg/l),Ortho-phosphate (mg/l),Selenium (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Sulphide total (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Cadmium (mg/l),Chromium total (mg/l),Cobalt (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Mercury (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),Tin (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Ethene (Nml/kg),Propene (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C).
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. Two thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop at the production and injection wells in Insheim on 18th of June 2020. The samples were analysed for their hydrochemical composition, heavy metal and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, dissolved gases and stable isotopes of water and gas components (18O, 2H, 34S-H2S, 34S-SO4, 18O-SO4, 13C-DIC, 13C-CO2, 13C-CH4, 2H-CH4). Nitrate and a positive redox potential is present in both water samples when reducing conditions would be expected in a deep geothermal well. On-site measurements showed no oxygen present. It is however possible that air contamination during sampling caused some ammonium to oxidize to nitrate. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling (muS/cm),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Base capacity (pH 8.2) (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) on site (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Molybdenum (mg/l),Total phosphate (mg/l),Ortho-phosphate (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Sulphide total (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB),Sulphur-34 d34S-SO4 (per mille V-CDT),Sulphur-34 d34S-H2S (per mille V-CDT),Oxygen-18 d18O-SO4 (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VPDB). Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. One sample of thermal water was taken from the production well at Balmatt, Belgium on May 17th 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for analysis of main cations and anions and heavy metals. It can be seen that the nitrate content is remarkably high. However, all meaurements had to be conducted from the same sample bottle, which had been acidified, presumably with HNO3 which can be expected to be the source of the high nitrate content. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C).
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. At Neustadt-Glewe one thermal water sample was taken by GFZ on June 02, 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for analysis of main cations, anions, heavy metals, DOC, gases and isotopes (18O, 2H, 18O-SO4, 2H, 13C-DIC, 13C-CO2, 13C-CH4, 13C-CxHy, 2H-CH4, 34S-SO4, 34S-H2S, 2H-CH4). There was too little H2S in sample 363469 to conduct the 34S-H2S measurement. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab.,pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Chromium total (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),DOC (mg/l),Hydrogen (Nml/kg),Oxygen (Nml/kg),Nitrogen (Nml/kg),Carbon dioxide (Nml/kg),Methane (Nml/kg),Ethane (Nml/kg),Propane (Nml/kg),Butane (Nml/kg),Pentane (Nml/kg),Helium (Nml/kg),Argon (Nml/kg),Sum Gases (Nml/kg),Oxygen-18 d18O-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium d2H-H2O (per mille VSMOW),Deuterium-excess (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-DIC (per mille VPDB),Sulphur-34 d34S-SO4 (per mille V-CDT),Oxygen-18 d18O-SO4 (per mille VSMOW),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VSMPW),Carbon-13 d13C-C2H6 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-C3H8 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-i-C4H10 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-n-C4H10 (per mille VPDB) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C) .
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. In order to gain information about the increased methane content (about 65 vol-%) in the gas samples of the Groß Schönebeck production well (GrSk05/05) collected in February 2021 as compared to previous samples in 2010-2018 (10-14 vol-%), three gas samples were sampled by GFZ on 02 March 2021 at the valve at the wellhead when releasing the pressure from the wellhead. Main gas composition was measured by GFZ indicating again predominantly CH4 (63,9-64,2 Vol-%) followed by N2 (30,9 – 31,2 vol.-%) with minor amounts of H2 (3,4 vol-%) and CO2 (0,01-0,04 vol-%). Potential reasons for the increased methane content could be either microbial activity or contribution of fluid / gas from a different source within the reservoir. To determine the origin of methane, therefore, isotope analyses were performed. The samples arrived at Hydroisotop on March 13th 2021 for the analysis of higher hydrocarbons (C2-C5) and their isotopic composition (13C-CO2, 13C -CH4, 13C-CxHy and 2H-CH4). Together with the measured high amounts of higher hydrocarbons (ethane, propane etc.) they indicate a rather thermogenic source of the hydrocarbons. To better clarify the question of the source of methane, additionally, two downhole water samples from two different depths (1500 and 4000 m) were taken by GFZ on 09th and 10th of June 2021 and sent to Hydroisotop for analysis of main cations and anions, heavy metals, trace elements and isotopes (13C-CH4) in July 2021. The water sample composition resembles those of earlier measurements of samples collected in Groß Schönebeck (e.g. Regenspurg et al., 2010). However, since the well had not been in operation for a while a depth differentiation between the sample from 4000 m and the one from 1500 m is obvious. This was already visible by the black precipitate observed in the 4000 m sample, whereas the sample at 1500 m showed da reddish precipitate of presumably iron oxides. It should be noted that the nitrate content of the water samples is unusually high since reducing conditions are expected. This could have been caused by air contact of the sample and subsequent oxidation. Furthermore, a reduced silicon content shows in sample 365871 compared to sample 365870. Given the high temperature of the well, the higher silicon content is more plausible. The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Antimony (mg/l),Barium (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Aluminium (mg/l),Arsenic (mg/l),Lead (mg/l),Copper (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),Nickel (mg/l),Uranium (mg/l),Zinc (mg/l),Ethane (vpm),Propane (vpm),i-Butane (vpm),n-Butane (vpm),i-Pentane (vpm),n-Pentane (vpm),Ethene (vpm),Propene (vpm),1-Butene (vpm),Carbon-13 d13C-CO2 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Deuterium d2H-CH4 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-C2H6 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-C3H8 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-i-C4H10 (per mille VPDB),Carbon-13 d13C-n-C4H10 (per mille VPDB) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C).
The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes. On 29th and 30th of April 2021 five thermal water samples were taken by Hydroisotop from five different springs/wells located at Wildbad-Einöd. The samples were analysed for hydrochemical composition, heavy metals and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. It can be noted that the bromide content of sample 361625 is much lower than the bromide content in the other four springs. Since the chloride content in all springs is the same order of magnitude and Cl/Br ratios are expected to be similar in the same The dataset contains analysis results associated with the research project REFLECT. It is a comma separated file (csv) containing the following columns: Location,Country,Description,Laboratory (Lab.),Lab. No.,Sampling date,Temperature at sampling (degC),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) at sampling (muS/cm),Spec. electr. conductivity (25 degC) Lab. (muS/cm),pH value at sampling,pH value Lab.,Temperature Lab. (degC),Dissolved oxygen content (mg/l),Redox potential (mV),Base capacity (pH 8.2) (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) on site (mmol/l),Alkalinity (pH 4.3) Lab. (mmol/l),Sodium (mg/l),Potassium (mg/l),Calcium (mg/l),Magnesium (mg/l),Ammonium (mg/l),Hydrogen carbonate (mg/l),Chloride (mg/l),Sulphate (mg/l),Nitrate (mg/l),Nitrite (mg/l),Bromide (mg/l),Fluoride (mg/l),Iodide (mg/l),Lithium (mg/l),Silicon (mg/l),Strontium (mg/l),Iron total (mg/l),Manganese total (mg/l),DOC (mg/l) Methods are described in the accompanying deliverable Fluid data of geothermal sites (type C)
An extensive vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey using wireline distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology was carried out between the 15th and 18th of February 2017 at the geothermal in-situ laboratory Groß Schönebeck, Germany. Borehole measurements were recorded in two 4.3 km deep wells E GrSk 3/90 and Gt GrSk 4/05. Two hybrid fibre optics cables were freely lowered inside the wells to form dense receiver arrays. As a seismic source, four heavy vibroseis trucks were used. The survey consisted of 61 source positions distributed in a spiral pattern around the target area. This data publication consists of raw uncorrelated seismic data acquired for 3D seismic imaging purposes. Supplementary information such as well trajectories, source point coordinates, and the pilot sweep data is also provided. Data related to zero-offset measurements can be found in Henninges et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.8.2021.001). Further details on the survey design and data acquisition parameters can be found in Henninges et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021); Martuganova et al. (2021, 2022). Information on high-resolution 3D reflection seismic acquisition campaign carried out at Groß Schönebeck in February–March 2017 can be found in Krawczyk et al. (2019); Bauer et al. (2020); Norden et al. (2022). The 3D DAS VSP processing workflow, 3D DAS imaging results, and comparison with 3D surface seismics are presented in Martuganova et al. (2022).
This dataset is part of a research collaboration between Energie und Wasser Potsdam (EWP) and the GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences. The main objective of this research collaboration was to evaluate the suitability of the subsurface in the Potsdam area for deep geothermal energy. EWP is currently constructing a geothermal power plant using the aquifer of the here exploited Jurassic sandstones. From December 2022 to May 2023, two deep wells were drilled in the center of the city Potsdam, Germany, targeting the Jurassic Aalenian Sandstone at depths between 983 and 1180 m below surface. Hydraulic tests were performed immediately after completion of each well. More than 15,000 m3 of formation water was produced. Geochemical analysis were performed on the produced formation water with the objective of characterizing the fluid properties in terms of geothermal usage, e.g. corrosion and scaling potential. The results of the analysis of physicochemical on-site monitoring and performed on-site tests, inorganics, organics, gas composition, heat capacity and naturally occurring radioactive materials are presented in this data publication.
The Gt BTrKoe 1/2021 borehole was drilled in the framework of a research project called GeoFern, funded by the German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action under the grant number 03EE4007. The overall objective of this research project was to support the development of the geothermal heat utilization for urban areas. Therefore, the integration of reservoir utilization concepts into heat supply systems need to be studied. The GeoFern project aimed to contribute to the knowledge on geological structure and the lithological composition of the subsurface to minimize the explorational risks for future site developments in SE Berlin, Germany. It focused on the exploration of possible Mesozoic aquifers, suitable for aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) in depths of up to 500 m. As stopping criteria for drilling, the presence of terrestrial (arid) clayey Keuper sediments of the Exter Formation (Upper German Triassic) were defined. In this data publication we provide the results of the investigations and measurements conducted on site in the field laboratory as well as the open-hole geophysical well-logging data of the Gt BTrKoe 1/2021 borehole acquired by a commercial contractor. In addition, a temperature log of the borehole, measured by the GFZ about two months after the end of drilling activities, is part of this data publication. The drilling of the Gt BTrKoe 1/2021 borehole started at the 15th of November 2021 with the setting of the conductor pipe and reached its final depth of 456 m in Triassic sediments on the 19th of December 2021. The drilling was conducted in two main sections using two different technologies. For the upper section, covering Cenozoic sediments and reaching a depth of 211 m, reverse drilling technology was used. This section comprises the Quaternary to Tertiary groundwater system and the Tertiary “Rupelton” (Oligocene, Rupelian). The latter represents an about 100 m thick clayey succession that do act as a regional aquitard, separating the deeper saline groundwater systems from the upper utilized (freshwater) groundwater levels. After setting and cementing of the casing, the borehole was further deepened by using conventional Rotary drilling technology. Due to the lack of knowledge on the geological situation of the pre-Cenozoic strata before the drilling, this section represents the most relevant part for answering the research goals of the project. In order to allow the most accurate description and characterization of the drilled strata, this section was completely cored using wireline coring equipment with 3-m core barrels. In total, 90 core runs were conducted and 197.4 m of cores retrieved, showing a core recovery factor of 81%. The core show a mean core diameter of about 100 mm. The drilling was stopped after encountering the multicolored terrestrial playa sediments of the Upper Triassic in the last core run. While the token cutting samples were not assigned with International Generic Sample Numbers (IGSN), the borehole (Norden, 2022) and all taken cores were registered with IGSNs.
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