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This data publication includes digital data of the final 3D tomographic model from Chen et al. (2020: Lithospheric delamination beneath the southern Puna plateau resolved by local earthquake tomography). The 3D seismic velocity models are results of a local earthquake tomography which is performed to illuminate the crustal and uppermost mantle structure beneath the southern Puna plateau and to test the delamination hypothesis. The Southern Puna is distinctive from the rest of the Central Andean plateau in having a higher topographic elevation, a thinner lithosphere and in being flanked to the south by the Chilean flat slab region. Previous investigations involving geochemical, geological and geophysical observations, have invoked lithospheric delamination to explain the distinctive magmatic and structural history, elevation and lithospheric thickness of the region. In the present study, Vp and Vp/Vs ratios were obtained using travel time variations recorded by 75 temporary seismic stations between 2007 and 2009. The earthquakes catalog (Mulcahy et al., 2014) contains 1903 local earthquakes (25077 P- and 14059 S-picks). A minimum 1D model is derived with software VELEST (Kissling et al., 1995). The 3D tomographic inversion is performed with software SIMULPS (Thurber, 1983; Evans et al., 1994). Spread values are used to define well resolved model domains (6 for Vp and 5.5 for Vp/Vs), which are calculated from the model resolution matrix (Toomey & Foulger, 1989). The data are provided as one tar.gz archive. Individual ASCII files contain, at each depth from 0 to 200 km: - Vp model (model.vp.depth_???km), format: longitude, latitude, depth, Vp perturbation, absolute Vp - Vp/Vs model (model.vpvs.depth_???km), format: longitude, latitude, depth, Vp/Vs perturbation, absolute Vp/Vs - spread values for Vp (spread.vp.depth_???km), format: longitude, latitude, depth, spread value - spread values for Vp/Vs model (spread.vpvs.depth_???km), format: longitude, latitude, depth, spread value
This data publication contains (i) a slab model of the Cascadia subduction zone, derived from receiver functions, parameterized as depth to the three interfaces: t (top), c (central) and m (Moho), in NetCDF format; (ii) the station measurements of all parameters in the model in tabular and Raysum model file format; (iii) the raw receiver functions in SAC format; and (iv) auxiliary scripts for loading and plotting the data. A total of 45,601 individual receiver functions recorded at 298 seismic stations distributed across the Cascadia forearc contributed to the slab model. For each station, 100 s recordings symmetric about the P -wave arrival (i.e. 50 s noise and 50 s signal) of earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.5 and 8, in the distance range between 30 and 100 degree, were downloaded from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) data center, the Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC), and the Natural Resources Canada Data Center (NRCAN). After quality control, radial and transverse receiver functions were computed through frequency-domain simultaneous deconvolution, with an optimal damping factor found through generalized cross validation. The continental forearc and subducting slab were parameterized as three layers over a mantle half-space, with the subduction stratigraphy bounding interfaces labeled as t (top), c (central) and m (Moho). Synthetic receiver functions were calculated through ray-theoretical modeling of plane-wave scattering at the model interfaces. The thickness, S -wave velocity (VS) and P - to S -wave velocity ratio (VP/VS) of each layer, as well as the common strike and dip of the bottom two layers and the top of the half space (in total 11 parameters) were optimized simultaneously through a simulated annealing global parameter search scheme. The misfit was defined as the anti-correlation (1 minus the cross-correlation coefficient) between the observed and predicted receiver functions, bandpass filtered between 2 and 20 s period duration. In total, 171, 143 and 137 quality A nodes were determined to constrain the t, c and m interfaces, respectively. At the trench, 105 nodes at 3 km below the local bathymetry were inserted to constrain the t and c interfaces, and at 6.5 km deeper to constrain the m interface, representing typical sediment and igneous crustal thicknesses. A spline surface was fitted to these nodes to yield margin-wide depth models. The spline coefficients were found using singular value decomposition, with the nominal depth uncertainties supplied as weights. The solution was damped by retaining the 116, 117, and 116 largest singular values for the t, c and m interfaces, respectively, based on analysis of L-curves and the Akaike information criterion. The data set is the supplemental material to Bloch, W., Bostock, M. G., Audet, P. (2023) A Cascadia Slab Model from Receiver Functions. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.
The present dataset is a comprehensive earthquake catalogue for the Northern Chile subduction zone forearc covering the period 2007-2021, determined from IPOC seismic station data (GFZ and CNRS-INSU 2006; https://doi.org/10.14470/pk615318) plus some auxiliary stations (IPOC = Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile; http://www.ipoc-network.org). The method of automatized earthquake catalogue retrieval, the different relocation steps as well as the different earthquake class labels, and the structures outlined by the seismicity are described in detail in Sippl et al. (2023). The catalogue builds on the one from Sippl et al. (2018; https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.1.2018.001), but uses a slightly deviating parameter set and a new event category. The columns of the data files are: year, month, day, hour, minute, second, latitude [dec. degrees], longitude [dec. degrees], depth [km], magnitude [ML], identifier The identifier term provides a first-order spatial classification of the seismicity, an explanation is given in Sippl et al. (2023).
The dataset presented here is an earthquake catalog for the Central Sea of Marmara (Turkey) obtained by applying a matched-fliter technic to continuous waveforms. The magnitude of completeness of this catalog is Mc=1.1. We use as templates events published by national agencies (KOERI and AFAD). The matched-fliter technic is described in Bentz et al. (2020). The column of the data file are: event ID, Year, Month, Day, Hour, Minute, Seconds, Matlab time (serial time), Latitude (dec.degrees), Longitude (dec.degrees), Depth (km), Magnitude, Cross-correlation coefficient (CC), Template ID, MAD(ratio between CC and median absolution of daily correlogram), Quality flag The ZIP files contains configuration files for ph2dt and HypoDD applications together with input phase and seismic network data.
The Central Andes (~21°S) is a subduction-type orogeny formed in the last ~50 Ma from the subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South American continental plate. However, the most important phases of deformation occur in the last 20 Ma. Pulses of shortening have led to the sudden growth of the by the Altiplano-Puna plateau. Previous studies have provided insights on the importance of various mechanisms on the overall shortening such as the weakening of the overriding plate from crustal eclogitization and delamination, or the importance of a relatively high friction at the subduction interface, and weak sediments in foreland. However none of them has addressed the mechanism behind these shortening pulses yet. Therefore, we built a series of high resolution 2D visco-plastic subduction models using the ASPECT geodynamic code, in which the oceanic plate is buoyancy-driven and the velocity of the continent is prescribed. We have also implemented a realistic geometry for the south American plate at ~30 Ma. We propose a new plausible mechanism (buckling and steepening of the slab) as the cause of these pulses. The buckling leads to the blockage of the trench. Consequently, the difference of velocity between the South American plate and the trench is accommodated by shortening. The data presented here includes the parameters files, for the reference model (S1) and the following alternative simulations: models with variation of the friction at the subduction interface (S2a-c), a model without eclogitization of the lower crust (S3) and a model with higher thermal conductivity of the upper crust (S4). Additionally, this publication includes the initial composition and thermal state of the lithosphere used for the models and a Readme file that gives all the instructions to run them.
This dataset provides results from rheological tests of glucose syrup from two suppliers tested within the EPOS Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) trans-national access (TNA) program 2019 at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), Univ. Roma TRE, Italy. Syrups Glucowheat 45/81 (GW45) and Glucowheat 60/79 (GW60) are produced by Blattmann Schweiz AG, Switzerland (2019 batch). Syrups GlucoSweet 44 (GS44) and GlucoSweet 62 (GS62) are produced by ADEA (Amidi Destrini ed Affini), Italy (2019 batch) . The four tested glucose syrups are labeled according to their DE value (dextrose equivalent value). For tested products from Blattmann Schweiz AG, the second number refers to the weight percentage of dry substance. Glucose syrup GS44 is used in full lithospheric scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Lab (TecLab) at the University of Bern, Switzerland as a low-viscosity material simulating the asthenospheric mantle lithosphere to provide isostatic equilibration. The materials have been analyzed using a MCR301 Rheometer (Anton Paar) equipped with parallel plates geometry and rotational regime . To prevent the evaporation of the samples during the measurements, an external water-lock device has been used.
The dataset contains three seismicity catalogs covering the first 5 days of the aftershock sequence of the Mw 7.8 Karamanmaraş and Mw 7.6 Elbistan earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye on February 6th, 2023. The catalogs are derived from machine learning (ML) approaches operating on continuous data from 38 permanent seismological stations covering the area of the aftershock sequence and span the time interval 06.02.2023-10.02.2023. The seismological stations are operated by AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey) and KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute). Automatic P- and S-phase picks were obtained using the deep learning PhaseNet software (Zhu & Beroza, 2019), and either GaMMA (Zhu et al., 2022) or GENIE (McBrearty & Beroza, 2023) routines were used to associate these phases into seismic events. The probabilitic NLLoc earthquake location software (Lomax et al., 2009) was used to produce single event locations and final relative relocations were obtained after applying the hypoDD software (Waldhauser & Ellsworth, 2000). This resulted in two single event location NLLoc aftershock catalogs based on GaMMA and GENIE event association and containing 17,550 and 14,805 event detections in the time interval 06.02.2023 01:18 UTC - 11.02.2023 00:00 UTC, respectively. The hypoDD based catalog of better constrained relative relocations contains 5,215 events. The magnitude range is between M-0.1 and M6.9 with time-variable magnitude of completeness. The catalog covers the area 36.00S-39.00S and 35.40E-40.00E. The full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file.
This data publication contains scanning electron microscope (SEM) and (scanning) transmission electron microscope ((S)TEM) images as well as electron energy loss spectra (EELS) and Raman spectra of the principal slip surface of carbonate fault mirrors. We analysed a total of eleven samples to investigate the formation mechanisms of fault mirrors in carbonates. The samples were taken as drill cores in Central Greece from two different outcrop locations. The first location, close to Arkitsa, is a large anthropogenic outcrop exposing three large fault planes. The second location is close to Schinos and was also formed by human interaction at the side of a gravel road. The data set contains supplemental material to the publication "Mechanisms of fault mirror formation and fault healing in carbonate rocks" by Ohl et al., (2020). In addition to the electron microscopy images we provide the spectra files of the Raman and EELS measurements for the identification of the carbon species in relation to the principal slip surface. The publication concludes that decarbonation of calcite during fault slip and the subsequent reaction of the decarbonation products produces fault mirror surfaces. Post-seismic hybridization of carbon results in partly-hybridised amorphous carbon and contributes to connecting hanging wall and footwall. In addition, post-seismic carbonation of portlandite produces secondary nano-sized calcite crystals < 50 nm facilitating fault healing.
For the determination of the exact location and drilling geometry of the ICDP expedition 5071 DIVE (Drilling the Ivrea-Verbano zonE) phase 1 boreholes, we have carried out a series of active seismic experiments to image the subsurface at high resolution (Greenwood et al., 2024). The two drilling sites of DIVE phase 1 are located in the Ossola valley (Figure 1) in the Central part of the Ivrea-Verbano zone, one in Megolo di Mezzo (5071_1_A: IGSN ICDP5071EH10001, Münthener, 2024a) and the other near Ornavasso (5071_1_B: IGSN ICDP5071EH30001, Münthener, 2024a). A total of 4 seismic reflection surveys, one in Megolo, two in Ornavasso (Ornavasso primary and Or-navasso secondary), and a transect crossing from Premosello-Chiovenda south towards Megolo, make up the MicrO-SEIZE (MOS) data base. The MOS surveys were conducted over a period of 12 days mid to late June 2019, utilizing a 26,000 lb (12,247 kg) EnviroVibe2™ vibrator source. Survey planning utilised existing roads, pathways, and open grass fields to cover as much area as possible around the borehole sites, to reduce the envi-ronmental impact on cultivation, and to ease operation logistics. A full description of the data can be found in Greenwood et al. (2024) and the data description file accessible via the data download link.
The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) scientific drilling project focuses on mountain building processes in a major mid-Paleozoic orogen in western Scandinavia and its comparison with modern analogues. The transport and emplacement of subduction-related highgrade continent-ocean transition (COT) complexes onto the Baltoscandian platform and their influence on the underlying allochthons and basement is being studied in a section provided by two fully cored 2.5 km deep drill holes. These operational data sets concern the second drill site, COSC-2 (boreholes ICDP 5054-2-A and 5054-2-B), drilled from mid April to early August 2020. COSC-2 is located approximately 20 km eastsoutheast of COSC-1, close to the southern shore of Lake Liten between Järpen and Mörsil in Jämtland, Sweden. COSC-2 drilling started at a tectonostratigraphic level slightly below that at COSC-1’s total depth. It has sampled the Lower Allochthon, the main Caledonian décollement and the underlying basement of the Fennoscandian Shield, including its Neoproterozoic and possibly older sedimentary cover. COSC-2 A reached 2276 m driller's depth with nearly 100 % core recovery between 100 m and total depth. COSC-2 B, with a driller’s depth of 116 m, covers the uppermost part of the section that was not cored in COSC-2 A. The operational data sets include the drill core documentation from the drilling information system (mDIS), full round core scans, MSCL data sets, a preliminary core description and the geophysical downhole logging data that were acquired during and subsequent to the drilling operations. All downhole logs and core depth were subject to depth correction to a common depth master (cf. operational report for detailed information). The COSC-2 drill core is archived at the Core Repository for Scientific Drilling at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Wilhelmstr. 25–30, 13593 Berlin (Spandau), Germany.
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