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This thermochronological dataset is a collection of apatite fission-track (AFT), apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe), and zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) data, eight time-temperature inverse model files (.hft), created and editable with the HeFTy Software v2.1.7 (Ketcham, 2005, 2024; Ketcham et al., 2007). AFT samples were processed by the Fission-Track Laboratory at the University of Innsbruck. AHe and ZHe data were processed by the Low-T Geochronology Lab at the University of Göttingen. The time-temperature models contain AFT data (grain ages, track lengths, dpar), AHe (AHe) data (age, radius, U-Th-Sm contents), and all necessary sample processing information required for the modelling. All AFT and AHe data have been obtained from rock samples along a N-S transect across the Trento Platform in the eastern Southern Alps. The dataset has been used to examine sedimentation and exhumation dynamics related to the Mesozoic geodynamic setting of northern Adria and Cenozoic orogenic events in the eastern Southern Alps. The results are provided by Klotz et al. (2025).
Faults and fractures form the largest contrast of fluid flow in the subsurface, while their permeability is highly affected by effective pressure changes. In this experimental study, fractured low-permeability Flechtingen (Rotliegend) sandstones were cyclically loaded in a MTS tri-axial compression cell. Two different loading scenarios were considered: “continuous cyclic loading” (CCL) and “progressive cyclic loading” (PCL). During continuous cyclic loading, a displaced tensile fracture was loaded hydrostatically from 2 to 60 MPa in several repeated cycles. During progressive cyclic loading, the load was increased with a step-wise function (15, 30, 45 and 60 MPa) and unloaded after every loading step. For full elasticity of rock matrix deformation each rock sample has been preconditioned up to 65 MPa. After that, an artificial tensile fracture was introduced into the sample using the Brazilian Disk test. The fractured sample was installed into the MTS triaxial cell at a given offset of 0.5 mm and hydrostatic loading was applied accordingly. The fracture permeability was measured continuously using the cubic law calculated from the hydraulic aperture. Fracture closure was measured using LVDT extensometers during the entire experiment and the resulting fracture closure and stiffness was calculated accordingly. The total deformation of the sample was corrected by the amount of elastic deformation of the rock matrix to obtain the fracture closure only. Potential changes to the fracture surface topography before and after the experiments were analysed from high-resolution surface scans obtained by a 3D profilometer using the fringe pattern projection. The scale-independent roughness exponent was calculated using power spectral density method assuming self-affinity. The fracture aperture distribution and contact-area ratio was calculated by matching the best fitting principal planes of the bottom and top surface and applying a grid search algorithm. The results showed a “stress-memory” effect of fracture stiffness during progressive loading that can be used to identify previous stress states in fractures. This effect is characterized by a transition from a non-linear to a linear (reversible to non-reversible) behaviour of specific fracture stiffness when a previous stress-maximum is exceeded. Furthermore, the evolution of fracture permeability shows less reduction during progressive cyclic loading compared to continuous cyclic loading. The data measured during the flow-through experiment under varying effective pressure are provided in the file “MTS_data.zip”. The data are provided as separate text-files as well as in Excel format with different spreadsheets, such that each figure in the paper can be recalculated and that the underlying data is comprehensive. The name of all three rock samples is given in the file name including the type of the experiment (CCL or PCL). The fracture surfaces and the fracture aperture distributions are found within the file “Surface_data.zip”. This file contains the fracture data of each of the three rock samples as point cloud data (text-files), as well the data calculated from the surfaces.
Neogene indentation of the Adriatic plate into Europe led to major modifications of the Alpine orogenic structures and style of deformation in the Eastern Alps. Especially, the offset of the Periadriatic Fault by the Northern Giudicarie Fault marks the initiation of strike-slip faulting and lateral extrusion of the Eastern Alps. Questions remain on the exact role of this fault zone in changes of the Alpine orogen at depth. This necessitates quantitative analysis of the shortening, kinematics and depth of decoupling underneath the Northern Giudicarie Fault and associated fold-and thrust belt in the Southern Alps. Tectonic balancing of a network of seven cross sections through the Giudicarie Belt parallel to the local shortening direction reveals that it comprises two kinematic domains with different amounts and partly overlapping ages of shortening. This data publication provides the cross sections that were not shown within Verwater et al. (2021, submitted to Solid Earth) (see figure A1.1 for section traces) but show lateral variations in shortening in present-day cross-sections across the study area (section A1.1). Cross sections 1, 5 and 6, which are discussed within the manuscript, will be described in more detail within section A1.2 (cross section 1), A1.3 (cross section 5) and A1.4 (cross section 6). In addition, the approach used for forward modelling in Move will be shown within section A2, as well as alternative kinematic scenarios that were tested for Cross sections 6. Section B describes the methods and datasets used for obtaining the location and depth of seismicity plotted along cross sections 1, 5 and 6 in Verwater et al. (submitted).
An experimental investigation was implemented to explore the mechanical parameters of the Odenwald reservoir granitoids. The specimen within this research project was the Odenwald Granodiorite (ODG) which was extracted from the quarry on Bergstrasse in Heppenheim, Germany. The study enfolds fundamental mechanical features from intact cylindrical rock specimens. The ODG was extracted from an active quarry and the extracted blocks were drilled into cylindrical samples. Thereafter, the samples were operated on the Mechanical Testing System (MTS) from the GFZ in Potsdam. This offers the possibility to test the rock strength, including tensile and compressive strength values, of different kind of rock materials. Fundamental mechanical analysis including Brazilian Disk Test (BD), Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test (UCS) and Triaxial Compression Strength Test (Triax) were part of this experimental investigation. Firstly, the BD was executed to achieve the tensile strength (T0) at different loading rates (0.001 mm/s and 0.0003 mm/s) as well as the fracture toughness mode I (KIC) after Guo from 1993. These samples have a size of 50 mm in diameter and 25 mm in length. Secondly, the UCS resulted in the Poisson’s ratio (ѵ), the static Young’s modulus (E) and the maximum uniaxial compressive strength (Co). Thirdly, the Triax was done under saturated and dry conditions. Hereby, the maximum compressive strength (σ1), the compressibility (C) and the Biot coefficient were calculated from raw data. The Triax experiments have four different setups. Three different confining pressure were executed at different specimens, 20 MPa, 40 MPa and 60 MPa. Additionally, a multiple failure test was executed including all three confining pressure steps. Both experimental setups, UCS and Triax, have samples of the size of 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length. All these samples were dried at 60°C for at least 24h and only some Triax experiments were done under saturated conditions. The data publication includes the raw data files from the experiment as well as files with calculated results for the above mentioned different mechanical parameters. These files are either given as DAT files or Microsoft Excel sheets summarized in a Zip folder. For further details, the full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file. The samples used in this data publication are assigned with International Generic Sample Numbers (IGSN). These IGSN numbers can be resolved with https://igsn.org/[igsn_number] and link to the sample description in the internet.
This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of analogue models performed to investigate the influence of inherited brittle fabrics on narrow continental rifting. This model series was performed to test the influence of brittle pre-existing fabrics on the rifting deformation by cutting the brittle layer at different orientations with respect to the extension direction. An overview of the experimental series is shown in Table 1. In this dataset we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different steps and showing the deformation process of each model; they can be used to interpret the geometrical characteristics of rift-related faults; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models, allowing for quantitative analysis of the fault pattern. 3) Short movies built from top-view photos which help to visualize the evolution of model deformation; 4) line-drawing of fault and fracture patters to be used for fault statistical quantification. Further details on the modelling strategy and setup can be found in Corti (2012), Maestrelli et al. (2020), Molnar et al. (2020), Philippon et al. (2015), Zwaan et al. (2021) and in the publication associated with this dataset. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Montanari et al. (2017) Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Zwaan et al. (2020).
This dataset is supplemental to the paper Wiesman et al. (submitted) and contains data on the density of dislocations and their stress fields in olivine rocks deformed via laboratory experiments. The data were used to investigate how the quality of diffraction patterns obtained via electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) affect the stress maps and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps obtained via analysis with high-angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD). These results can be used to optimize the patterns collected during EBSD to reduce noise in the HR-EBSD analysis. Data are provided in a zip folder and include: • Measurements of lattice orientation via EBSD: six raw .ctf files and six processed .ctf files of regions mapped with HR-EBSD • Examples of electron backscatter diffraction patterns used to calculate radial power spectra: 12 .tiff files of diffraction patterns • Densities of geometrically necessary dislocations from the HR-EBSD analysis: six .txt files of processed data • Residual stress heterogeneity also determined from HR-EBSD analysis: six .txt files of processed data Data types and the number of frames averaged are also indicated in the file names. Files are organized into folders by the number of frames averaged. A full description is available in the data description file.
This dataset provides results from rheological tests of glucose syrup from two suppliers tested within the EPOS Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) trans-national access (TNA) program 2019 at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), Univ. Roma TRE, Italy. Syrups Glucowheat 45/81 (GW45) and Glucowheat 60/79 (GW60) are produced by Blattmann Schweiz AG, Switzerland (2019 batch). Syrups GlucoSweet 44 (GS44) and GlucoSweet 62 (GS62) are produced by ADEA (Amidi Destrini ed Affini), Italy (2019 batch) . The four tested glucose syrups are labeled according to their DE value (dextrose equivalent value). For tested products from Blattmann Schweiz AG, the second number refers to the weight percentage of dry substance. Glucose syrup GS44 is used in full lithospheric scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Lab (TecLab) at the University of Bern, Switzerland as a low-viscosity material simulating the asthenospheric mantle lithosphere to provide isostatic equilibration. The materials have been analyzed using a MCR301 Rheometer (Anton Paar) equipped with parallel plates geometry and rotational regime . To prevent the evaporation of the samples during the measurements, an external water-lock device has been used.
This dataset is supplemental to the paper Wiesman et al. (In prep) and contains data on the density of dislocations and their stress fields in olivine from laboratory experiments to examine transient creep in olivine. The data were used to characterize the microstructural evolution that occurs during transient creep in olivine. These results can be used to test and calibrate microphysical models for transient creep that will be used to describe how Earth’s mantle responds to changes in stress caused by earthquakes and as melting glaciers. Data are provided in a zip folder and include: • Mechanical data from each experiment: ten .txt files of raw data, ten .txt files of processed data • Measurements of lattice orientation via EBSD: ten .ctf files of large area EBSD maps and ten .ctf files of regions mapped with HR-EBSD • Densities of geometrically necessary dislocations from the HR-EBSD analysis – ten .txt files of processed data • Residual stress heterogeneity also determined from HR-EBSD analysis – 20 .txt files of processes data • Forescatter electron images of decorated dislocations – 49 .tiff files and 49 .png files of decorated dislocations, 44 .pngs of counted dislocations, and one .txt file documenting the counted dislocations Data types and sample numbers are also indicated in the file names. Files are organized into folders by sample. Data types and sample numbers are also indicated in the file names. A full description is available in the data description file.
The data set includes the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) results for four experiments of releasing bends along dextral strike-slip faults that were performed at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). Gabriel et al. (in prep.) used the DIC data sets to investigate how releasing bend fault systems evolve within different strength wet kaolin. Information on the experimental set up and methods can be found in the main text and supplement to Gabriel et al. (in prep.). The data here include the incremental displacement time series, strain animation and surface elevation data at the end of the two experiments with different clay strength, which are presented within Gabriel et al. (in prep). We also include in this data repository incremental displacement time series and strain animations from two experiments that repeat the conditions of the experiments featured in Gabriel et al. (2025).
This dataset presents the raw data from two experimental series of analogue models and four numerical models performed to investigate Rift-Rift-Rift triple junction dynamics, supporting the modelling results described in the submitted paper. Numerical models were run in order to support the outcomes obtained from the analogue models. Our experimental series tested the case of a totally symmetric RRR junction (with rift branch angles trending at 120° and direction of stretching similarly trending at 120°; SY Series) or a less symmetric triple junction (with rift branches trending at 120° but with one of these experiencing orthogonal extension; OR Series), and testing the role of a single or two phases of extension coupled with effect of differential velocities between the three moving plates. An overview of the performed analogue and numerical models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Maestrelli et al. (2020). Numerical models were run with the finite element software ASPECT (e.g., Kronbichler et al., 2012; Heister et al., 2017; Rose et al., 2017).
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