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We present a global model of ocean tide loading (OTL)-induced surface deformation for the M2 harmonic constituent. The model quantifies three-dimensional displacement amplitudes and phases across the horizontal (west and south) and vertical (up) components. Computations were performed using the advanced VILMA-E software (Tanaka et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021), which integrates the TPXO9.5 global tide model (Egbert & Erofeeva, 2002) with a three-dimensional anelastic Earth structure optimized for OTL observations (Huang et al., 2025). The final output is provided as a high-resolution global grid (0.1° × 0.1°) in netCDF format, compatible with standard geospatial processing tools such as NCO and CDO for efficient data access and analysis.
This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of centrifuge models performed to test the influence of pre-existing weak zones in the lower crust (herein after referred to as Weak Lower Crust –WLC) during continental compression. We varied the width of the WLC, the dip of the interfaces bounding the WLC and the frictional properties at the WLC-LC interface by using lubricant (vaseline). In this dataset, we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and can be used for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different stages and showing the deformation process of each model; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models; 3) Line-drawing of fault and fracture patterns to be used for fault statistical quantification; 4) A Python script to draw swath profiles (outputs) of the analogue models. Further details on the modelling strategy can be found in the publication associated with this dataset and in Milazzo et al. (2021), using a similar setup for achieving compression in the centrifuge. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Corti (2012), Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019), Zou et al. (2024) and Wan et al. (2025).
This dataset contains rheological and density measurements of viscous material mixtures used to simulate the lithosphere in analogue modeling of tectonic processes. Simulating lithospheric deformation occurring in nature over geological time scales requires appropriately scaled materials for the laboratory experiments. Here, we characterize viscous materials that can exhibit Newtonian and/or non-Newtonian behavior depending on the applied strain rate. We conducted rotational tests in controlled shear rate mode (i.e., shear rate was increased while keeping the temperature constant) and temperature ramp tests (i.e., temperature was varied while keeping temperature constant) on eight different materials, including pure Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), pure plastiline (Hartum Color Plaxtin Soft), and mixtures of these materials with fillers (iron powder and/or silicone oil). This publication results from work conducted under the transnational access/national open access action at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics of the University Roma Tre supported by WP3 ILGE - MEET project, PNRR - EU Next Generation Europe program, MUR grant number D53C22001400005.
This dataset includes volumetric data sets from a Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) analysis for recreating images of a re-analyzed analogue models previously presented in (Zwaan et al., 2018). Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, this experiment focused on the evolution of a rift-pass structure. On top of the viscous layer, two viscous seeds are placed with a right-stepping stair-case offset to simulate two propagating rift segments, confining a central rift-pass block (Fig. 1). The selected model was analyzed by means of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) applied on X-Ray computed tomography (XRCT) volumes. The data set includes DVC data in the form of .mat files for incremental (i.e., 20 min intervals) and cumulative displacement components. In addition, this dataset provides a MATLAB script for 1) recreating volumetric displacement sets of subsequent time steps 2) calculating finite stretches and 3) rigid-body rotations. The used experiment was performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). DVC analysis was performed at the Royal Holloway University London (RHUL). The model consists of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 8 cm and the set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam-plexiglass base with a length and width of 800 mm by 305 mm, respectively. Before model construction, the foam-plexiglass assemblage is placed between longitudinal side walls and expands during the course of the experiment as the mobile sidewalls move apart. The applied divergence velocity is 7.5 mm/h and with has an orthogonal direction with respect to the viscous seeds. This results in a maximum displacement of 30 mm after a total run time of 4h. Detailed descriptions of the experiment, mechanical properties as well as monitoring techniques can be found in Schmid et al. (2024).
The data set comprises petrophysical laboratory data for four carbonate rocks and one sandstone – both in solid rock and crushed state. Rock plugs and particle packings of intentionally crushed and sieved material are investigated. Thereby, eight particle size classes with a mean diameter between 0.032 and 9.66 mm are investigated. The data set includes complex electrical conductivity (from Spectral Induced Polarization – SIP), specific surface (from nitrogen adsorption) and porosity (from mercury intrusion MIP). Further analyses include e.g. particle geometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Computer Tomography (μCT), uniaxial compression strength and mineralogical composition (chemical analysis, XRD).
We document the evolution of two 15° strike-slip restraining bends within wet kaolin. Computer-controlled stepper motors displace one half of the split-box apparatus at a constant rate of 0.5 mm/min to induce dextral faulting in a 2.5 cm thick layer of wet kaolin. The basal plate discontinuity has a 15° bend with a 2 cm stepover distance. Prior to any loading we cut a vertical fault surface that follows the basal plate discontinuity into the wet kaolin with an electrified probe and wooden template.
This dataset includes surface 3D stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation (3D stereo DIC) images and videos of 10 analogue models on crustal scale rifting with a rotational component. In addition, this dataset provides CT imagery of four analogue models that have been analyzed by means of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) applied on X-Ray computed tomography volumes. Data of CT scanned models also includes slices of the volumetric displacement set for each displacement component. Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, the experiments focused on surface rift propagation, internal viscous flow driven by a horizontal pressure gradient and the interaction of internal and surface deformation. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). 3D stereo DIC analyses were performed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) and DVC analyses were performed at the Royal Holloway University London (RHUL). All models consist of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 6 cm. Thickness variations in brittle and ductile layers are expressed by the ratio RBD = brittle layer thickness/ductile layer thickness, which ranges from RBD = 0.5 to RBD = 2. The model set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam base with a trapezoidal shape with a height of 900 mm and a pair of bases with widths of 310 mm and 350 mm at the far ends, respectively. The foam block is sliced into segments such that 7 interlayered 0.5 cm thick plexiglass bars prevent foam collapse under the model weight. Before model construction, the foam-plexiglass assemblage is placed between longitudinal side walls. The experimental set-up is such that rotational extension in one part of the model domain is separated from rotational shortening in the other part of the model domain by a vertical rotation axis (Fig. 1). During the model run, the foam homogeneously expands in the domain undergoing extension and homogeneously contracts in the domain undergoing shortening. The applied velocity for all models is 10 mm/h and refers to the divergence of the sidewalls furthest away from the rotation axis which decreases linearly towards the rotation axis. This results in a maximum displacement of 40 mm at the outermost circular segment after a total run time of 4h.
AnyPetro is a Matlab-based, GUI-controlled software for adjusting the parameters of arbitrary and non-linear petrophysical models to laboratory data. A Gauss-Newton scheme is applied for the minimization of a damped least-squares objective function. Thereby the Jacobian matrix is calculated explicitely with the perturbation method. Data weighting, model parameter transformations and different regularizations are provided. The petrophysical model resp. the forward operator is introduced by the user in the form of a short text file. Example data files and forward operators as well as Matlab App and standalone installers are provided. The software tool has been developed for and successfully applied to the fitting of various petrophysical data sets (e.g. porosity, specific surface, electrical conductivity, spectral induced polarization) from fluid, unconsolidated, solid and crushed samples to non-linear, multi-parameter models (e.g. electrical CO2-water interaction, Debye Decomposition, crushed rock conductivity).
This dataset contains 11 top view photographs of fault pattern in sand surfaces from a series of analogue tectonic experiments run to investigate the interaction between faults and volcanic features in areas characterized by pure extension, such as in rift areas (de-Matteo_2018-004_datasets.zip: Fig 02 – Fig 12). Additionally, a figure with a sketch of the experimental setup is provided (Fig 01), a file describing experimental settings for analogue experiments (Table 1.pdf) and a file with figure captions (Figure captions.pdf). This dataset is supplementary to De Matteo et al. (2018), discussing if and how the presence of a volcanic edifice and/or of an intrusive body (i.e. a magmatic chamber) perturbs the local stress field, influencing the magnitude and the attitude of a fault pattern, in a rift zone. Models had dimensions of 40 x 30 x 5 cm. They were built on a metal table confined by two border walls normal to the extension direction: one of them (fixed wall) was fastened to the table and the other one (mobile wall) was connected to an electrical stepped motor (Fig 01). Models had a common set up consisting of a uniform 3 cm-thick brittle layer, made up of sand settled on a basal ~1.5 cm-thick rubber sheet, made of nitrile rubber, fixed to both walls. The sand was a mixture of dry quartz-sand mixed with K-Feldspar powder (70/30% in weight). The mixture had a grain size <250 µm, an angle of internal friction of ~39°, a cohesion of ~65 Pa and a density of ~1550 kg/m3. In some experiments a small cylindrical pocket of fluid material (1 cm thick and with variable diameter) was introduced in the brittle layer, 1 cm above the surface, to simulate an intrusive body. The fluid material was composed by a different Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), with density of ~1100 kg/m3 and viscosity of ~ 700 Pa s (Corti et al., 2005). In some experiments volcanic edifices were introduced, modeled with the sand mixture also used for the brittle layer. The model parameters that have been changed were the presence or not of a volcanic edifice and/or of an intrusive body, the diameters of both the volcano and the intrusive body, the height of the volcano and the depth of the intrusive body. For details of experimental setups see table 1. The stretching of the basal rubber sheet, imposed by using a pure and simple shear deformation apparatus, allowed inducing a progressive, diffuse extension to models. The displacement velocity has been varied from 2 to 10 cm/h since -being purely brittle models- the scaling velocity in not relevant. Experiments were performed at the Laboratorie Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal (Clermont-Ferrand, France) and at the Tectonic Modeling Laboratory of the CNR-IGG hosted at the Earth Science Department of the University of Florence (Italy).
The presented datasets and scripts have been obtained for testing the performance of a trigger algorithm for use in combination with a ringshear tester ‘RST-01.pc’. Glass beads (fused quartz microbeads, 300-400 µm diameter) and thai rice are sheared at varying velocity, stiffness and normal load. The data is provided as preprocessed mat-files ('*.mat') to be opened with Matlab R2015a and later. Several scripts are provided to reproduce the figures found in (Rudolf et al., submitted). A detailed list of files together with the respective software needed to view and execute them is available in 'List_of_Files_Rudolf-et-al-2018.pdf' (also available in MS Excel Format). More information on the datasets and a small documentation of the scripts is given in 'Explanations_Rudolf-et-al-2018.pdf'. The complete data publication, including all descriptions, datasets, and evaluation scripts is available as 'Dataset_Rudolf-et-al-2018.zip'.
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