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Rekonstruktion der Variabilität von radiogenen Isotopensignaturen des Labradorwassers und dessen Stärke im Holozän

Das Projekt "Rekonstruktion der Variabilität von radiogenen Isotopensignaturen des Labradorwassers und dessen Stärke im Holozän" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR), Forschungsbereich 1: Ozeanzirkulation und Klimadynamik durchgeführt. Tiefenwassermassen, die in der Labradorsee gebildet werden (LSW), sind eine wichtige Komponente der Atlantischen Meridionalen Umwälzzirkulation (AMOC), die signifikant zur Bildung von Nordatlantischem Tiefenwasser (NADW) beiträgt. Ausgeprägte Einbrüche der NADW-Bildungsraten der Vergangenheit ereigneten sich beispielsweise während des Übergangs von der letzten Kaltzeit zur jetzigen Warmzeit. Solche Zirkulationsänderungen spielten eine kritische Rolle bei der Steuerung des Klimas der Nordhemisphäre auf verschiedenen Zeitskalen des Spätquartärs und werden auch für die nahe Zukunft prognostiziert. Die Änderungen waren eng an das LSW gekoppelt, aber seine genaue Rolle und Variabilität der Vergangenheit sind unklar. Um diese Wissenslücke zu füllen, sollen die radiogenen Neodym(Nd)-Isotopensignaturen der Tiefenwassermassen im Untersuchungsgebiet aus marinen Sedimenten extrahiert werden und so die der Wassermassenmischung und Ozeanzirkulation der Vergangenheit im westlichen Nordatlantik und in der Labradorsee rekonstruiert werden. Dies wird durch die spezifischen Signaturen ermöglicht, die die Wassermassen in ihren Quellgebieten durch Verwitterungseinträge annehmen. Eine schwächere und flachere Umwälzzirkulation wurde für das letzte Glazial rekonstruiert und kam während der sogenannten Heinrich-Events fast völlig zum Erliegen, was in beiden Fällen die durch die Advektion von Tiefenwasser aus dem Südozean kompensiert wurde. Im Gegensatz dazu war das frühe Holozän von sehr stark unradiogenen Nd-Isotopensignaturen gekennzeichnet, was auf eine sogar stärkere Umwälzzirkulation als heute hindeutet, wahrscheinlich gesteuert von erhöhter Konvektion des LSW. Eine grundlegende Voraussetzung für diese Interpretationen ist, dass die Wassermassen-Mischungsendglieder inklusive des LSW über die Zeit genau bestimmt werden können, was genau das Ziel des beantragten Projekts ist. Wenn signifikante Änderungen der Verwitterungseinträge die LSW-Signatur in der Vergangenheit veränderten, hätte das fundamentale Auswirkungen auf die Interpretation der bisher im Nordatlantik gewonnenen Nd-Isotopenzeitserien. Hier wird eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Variabilität der Wassermassenendglieder für den westlichen Nordatlantik seit dem frühen Holozän beantragt, die Schlüsselgebiete des Kanadisch-Arktischen Archipel, den Lancaster Sound, die Nares Strait und die Hudson Strait umfasst. Diese Untersuchungen sollen durch die Bestimmung der radiogenen Meerwasser-Hafnium(Hf)-Isotopie der Vergangenheit an den gleichen Proben ergänzt werden, die sich als hochsensitiver Wassermassentracer in der heutigen Labradorsee erwiesen haben. Das Projekt soll an außergewöhnlich gut charakterisierten Sedimentkernen durchgeführt werden, die gut erhaltene karbonatische Mikrofossilien enthalten und so hochaufgelöst datiert werden können.

Aliphatische Amine in der tropischen marinen Umwelt: Quellen, Budget und Phasenverteilung Phase II

Das Projekt "Aliphatische Amine in der tropischen marinen Umwelt: Quellen, Budget und Phasenverteilung Phase II" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. durchgeführt. Das Vorkommen aliphatischer Amine in sub-mikrometer Partikeln in der marinen Umwelt lässt vermuten, dass diese Verbindungen eine wichtige Rolle bei sekundären Aerosolbildungsprozessen (engl. secondary aerosol formation, SOA) Prozessen spielen. Diese kleinen, sehr flüchtigen Verbindungen haben weiterhin einen wesentlichen Anteil am Stickstoff und Kohlenstoffkreislauf. Jedoch sind die genaue Bedeutung der aliphatischen Amine in der Atmosphärenchemie sowie ihr biogener Ursprung und ihre Bildungsprozesse noch weitestgehend unbekannt.Ziel des ALAMARE Projektes ist es, aliphatische Amine in der marinen Umwelt zu detektieren, weitergehende Informationen bezüglich ihres Ursprungs zu erhalten, sowie ein besseres Verständnis für ihren Transfer zwischen Gas- und Partikelphase zu erlangen. Außerdem soll die Beziehung zwischen der biologischen Produktivität im Meerwasser und der Emission von Aminen untersucht werden. Dafür werden diese Verbindungen im Rahmen von Feldmesskampagnen auf den kapverdischen Inseln sowohl im Meerwasser als auch in der Gas- und Partikelphase chemisch analysiert. Weiterhin erfolgt die Analyse von aminspezifischen Algenpigmenten im Meerwasser.Während des ALAMARE Projektes konnten Amine in marinen Aerosolpartikeln erfolgreich nachgewiesen werden. Dabei wurde ein großer Datensatz generiert, der Messungen über insgesamt 2 Jahre (2012 und 2013) enthält. Eine positive Korrelation zwischen Algenpigmenten und Aminen in der Atmosphäre konnte während ALAMARE festgestellt werden. Diese Ergebnisse erfordern nun eine umfassende Interpretation der Amine in Bezug auf biologische, chemische und meteorologische Parameter, die während ALAMARE II durchgeführt werden soll. Während des ALAMARE Projektes konnte allerdings keine Methode für die Aminbestimmung im Meerwasser etabliert werden. Der hohe Salzgehalt sowie das Vorkommen dieser Verbindungen im Spurenbereich erfordern eine weitere analytische Methodenentwicklung. Die Etablierung einer geeigneten analytischen Methode für die Bestimmung von Aminen in salinen Matrizes ist das Hauptziel von ALAMARE II. Drei vielversprechende Methoden stehen zur Verfügung und die geeignetste Methode soll für die Analyse der Meerwasserproben, die während der Feldmesskampagnen genommen wurden, zum Einsatz kommen.Die umfassende Interpretation der Aminkonzentrationen in Meerwasserproben (Meerwasser und mariner Oberflächenfilm) und in der Aerosol- und Gasphase wird einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Phasenverteilung dieser Verbindungen leisten und neue Einblicke in ihre Rolle in der marinen Umwelt geben.

Anthropogenic carbon and heat uptake by the Southern Ocean

Das Projekt "Anthropogenic carbon and heat uptake by the Southern Ocean" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Institut für Biogeochemie und Schadstoffdynamik durchgeführt. Heat and carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and ocean is a major control on Earths climate and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and concomitant global warming stimulate uptake of both heat and CO2 by the ocean. The Southern Ocean south of 30 S, occupying just over 1/4 of the surface ocean area, accounts for a disproportionate share of the vertical exchange of properties between the deep and surface waters of the ocean and between the surface ocean and the atmosphere. On average, the Southern Ocean absorbs 70Prozent of anthropogenic heat and 42Prozent of anthropogenic carbon in a new set of climate model simulations. This region thus plays a central role in determining the rate of climate change. However, the exact processes governing the magnitude and regional distribution of heat and carbon uptake remain poorly understood with models showing the largest disagreement in Southern Ocean anthropogenic air-sea heat and CO2 fluxes due to their widely divergent representation of physical circulation and atmosphere-ocean interactions. Indeed, the fraction of the simulated uptake within the Southern Ocean ranges between 30 to 160Prozent for excess heat and between 38 to 47Prozent for anthropogenic carbon. Natural unforced variability in models and observations further complicates the detection and attribution of changes. We will investigate anthropogenic ocean heat and carbon uptake with our main objectives being: (i) intercomparing ocean heat and carbon uptake in Earth System Model (ESM) simulations conducted for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), (ii) assessing the contribution of internal variability to model-model and model-data differences in anthropogenic heat and carbon uptake, and (iii) quantifying the contribution of differences in basic atmospheric forcing, model parameterizations, sea ice representation and model resolution to differences in heat and carbon uptake and distribution, and disagreements between models. This will be achieved through a series of process-perturbation experiments and ensemble simulations with an Earth System Model configured for transient climate change that help in attributing variations over the Southern Ocean. We will also contribute to the broader community goal in interpreting projections of IPCC AR5 coupled climate models. Ultimately, the project leads to a better understanding of Southern Ocean biogeochemical processes, thereby pinning down one of the greatest sources of uncertainty in predictions of the fate of anthropogenic carbon and of the climate.

Tropical High Altitude Clouds and their Impact on Stratospheric Humidity

Das Projekt "Tropical High Altitude Clouds and their Impact on Stratospheric Humidity" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. durchgeführt. Clouds play a key role in the Earth's climate system by regulation of the incoming and outgoing radiation, chemical and dynamical processes. Ice clouds at high altitudes in the tropics, the so called tropical tropopause layer, are particularly important since this is the main region where air ascends slowly from the troposphere into the dry stratosphere. Thus, these ice clouds affect the stratospheric water vapour content which in itself is a main driver of radiative and chemical processes, e.g. ozone depletion, there. These clouds can either be of convective nature, or occur in convective overshooting cloud turrets, or they form in situ by large scale upwelling and cooling as subvisible cirrus. Although the latter occur frequently, little is known about the exact microphysical formation mechanisms and how they can be maintained. Previous modelling efforts using various different mechanisms, however, have failed to agree with the observed properties. This project aims to improve our knowledge of the impact clouds in the tropical tropopause layer have on stratospheric humidity, by studying their formation, maintenance, and occurrence frequencies.A set of state-of-the-art numerical models will be used to simulate the clouds in the tropical tropopause layer, taking advantage of their particular strengths. These models are the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, the GLObal Model of Aerosol Processes (GLOMAP), and the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator (ACCESS). First, the questions related to the formation and maintenance of subvisible cirrus will be addressed. In a second step the impact of subvisible cirrus and overshooting convection on the stratospheric humidity will be assessed. Both the direct effects (e.g. injection of ice particles into the stratosphere) and indirect effects (e.g. change in dynamical processes) will be studied. In order to estimate the net effect, occurrence frequencies of both cloud types will be derived from a complementary set of ground based remote sensing observations from the Darwin site and satellite observation from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. The data of airborne in situ measurements which I analyzed during my PhD will help to constrain and test the model simulations. A better understanding of the complex processes related to the clouds in the tropical tropopause layer will improve their representation in numerical models and thus, enhance the quality of model predictions. This will improve our ability to constrain climate predictions due to highly uncertain ice cloud processes. Additionally, knowing the impact of these clouds on stratospheric humidity will enable an improved quantification of their climate impact.

Identification of the processes leading to ikaite formation in polar sea ice

Das Projekt "Identification of the processes leading to ikaite formation in polar sea ice" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung durchgeführt. Recently we presented the first direct evidence of the systematic occurrence of ikaite, a metastable hydrated phase of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in new and multi-year sea ice from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica (Dieckmann et al. 2008). The possibility of (CaCO3) formation during the freezing of sea-ice had been discussed since decades (based on thermodynamic calculations and laboratory experiments) but calcium carbonate was never observed to actually occur in the polar sea-ice. Since then we have also discovered the occurrence of ikaite in sea-ice from the Arctic (Kongsfjord, Svalbard) (Dieckmann et al. 2009). Calcium carbonate precipitation in sea ice is an emergent by-product of the physico-chemical changes attendant to seawater freezing and represents an additional potential carbon sink within the system along with internal primary production. The occurrence of antigenic CaCO3 has been considered central as a source of acidity to the processes on sea ice surfaces leading to tropospheric ozone depletion events in Polar Regions and as a source of CO2 potentially sequestered to the deep ocean with the dense brine expelled from sea ice, thus constituting an ice-driven carbon pump. However, the exact physic-chemical conditions leading to the formation of ikaite in sea-ice are still poorly understood. For example it has been suggested that the slightly higher phosphate concentration in Antarctic seawater would restrict the occurrence of ikaite to the southern Polar Regions, which we now have proven to be not the case. In 2009 we participated in an international large-scale sea-ice tank 4 experiment (INTERICE) at the HSVA in Hamburg (Germany). During these experiments a strong change in the carbonate system (CO2 and alkalinity) of the brine solution during ice formation was observed, which commonly is used as an 'indirect evidence' of calcium carbonate formation. The fact that no calcium carbonate crystals formed during these experiments again proves how poorly this system is understood. As long as we do not understand the mechanisms leading to the calcium carbonate formation during the formation of sea-ice it is not possible to assess its impact on the global carbon cycle and other reactions such as the Bromide explosion. We therefore plan to perform ikaite precipitation experiments under controlled laboratory conditions, which will allow us to isolate the parameters leading to the formation of ikaite during the formation of sea-ice.

Organic matter dynamics in the plant-soil system under drought: investigating the importance of roots in the soil carbon stabilization using 13C, 2H, 18O Multi-isotope-labelling technique

Das Projekt "Organic matter dynamics in the plant-soil system under drought: investigating the importance of roots in the soil carbon stabilization using 13C, 2H, 18O Multi-isotope-labelling technique" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Zürich, Geographisches Institut durchgeführt. This research project proposes to address a simple question: are the plant roots one of major drivers of the climate change mitigation ? Indeed, the organic matter present in the soils (mainly consisting of plant debris, microbial biomass and plant biomass decomposition products) represents 2/3 of the continental carbon stocks, twice more than the total plant biomass and the atmosphere carbon (mainly CO2) Recently, several studies pointed out the roots as possible main contributor to this soil organic matter. However, these evidences are indirect, because the access to the roots is extremely challenging, technically but also conceptually. For example, it is not possible to even measure precisely the amount of root for a given plant. In this project, we propose a new direct approach to estimate the root contribution to the soil organic matter. This innovating method is based on a tool, the Multi-Isotopes Chambers in controlled Environment (MICE) device, which has been developed last year by our group. This device is unique world-wide, entirely conceived at the university of Zurich by the team presenting this present proposal, and innovating by many aspects: - We can control and reproduce almost any climatic conditions (except snow) and, thank to a double chamber system, compare two climatic situations in the same time, - We can consider the plant - soil system as a whole and in the same time monitor separately the above part of the plant and the soil + roots system, thanks to a specific dual isolation system, - We are able to trace at a very high spatial and temporal resolution organic molecules from the plant leaves (photosynthesis) to the soil organic matter, via the roots,18C and 13H, 2-Using for the first time in environmental sciences a systematic continuous triple isotopic labelling (using - Using new features we developed on this device, we can also sample soil and plant material, up to 30 replicates, to study in detail processes and mechanisms in the plant and in the soil. In this research proposal, we would like to use the MICE device to address this fundamental question: what is the exact role of the roots in the organic matter stabilisation in the soil ? We will use the drought, on of the most probable climatic modifications in central Europe ecosystems, as a driver to modify the root biomass, and then measure directly the contribution of the root carbon to the soil-plant system carbon cycle.

Linking nutrient cycles, land-use and biodiversity along an altitudinal gradient at Mt. Kilimanjaro - KiLi SP 3

Das Projekt "Linking nutrient cycles, land-use and biodiversity along an altitudinal gradient at Mt. Kilimanjaro - KiLi SP 3" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Göttingen, Büsgen-Institut, Abteilung Ökopedologie der gemäßigten Zonen durchgeführt. To understand impacts of climate and land use changes on biodiversity and accompanying ecosystem stability and services at the Mt. Kilimanjaro, detailed understanding and description of the current biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem C and nutrient fluxes are needed. Therefore, cycles of main nutrients and typomorph elements (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Si) will be quantitatively described on pedon and stand level scale depending on climate (altitude gradient) and land use (natural vs. agricultural ecosystems). Total and available pools of the elements will be quantified in litter and soils for 6 dominant (agro)ecosystems and related to soil greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4). 13C and 15N tracers will be used at small plots for exact quantification of C and N fluxes by decomposition of plant residues (SP7), mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and incorporation into soil organic matter pools with various stability.13C compound-specific isotope analyses in microbial biomarkers (13C-PLFA) will evaluate the changes of key biota as dependent on climate and land use. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and leaching losses of nutrients from the (agro)ecosystems and the increase of the losses by conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture will be evaluated and linked with changing vegetation diversity (SP4), vegetation biomass (SP2), decomposers community (SP7) and plant functional traits (SP5). Nutrient pools, turnover and fluxes will be linked with water cycle (SP2), CO2 and H2O vegetation exchange (SP2) allowing to describe ecosystem specific nutrient and water characteristics including the derivation of full GHG balances. Based on 60 plots screening stand level scale biogeochemical models will be tested, adapted and applied for simulation of key ecosystem processes along climate (SP1) and land use gradients.

PHOTOchemical Formation of Nitrous Acid in the Atmosphere (PHOTONA)

Das Projekt "PHOTOchemical Formation of Nitrous Acid in the Atmosphere (PHOTONA)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Wuppertal, Fachgruppe Chemie und Biologie, Arbeitsgruppe Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie durchgeführt. Nitrous Acid (HONO) has attracted significant attention during the last few years since recent field measurements have demonstrated that the photolysis of HONO can be the dominant source of OH radicals in the lower atmosphere. The OH radical is responsible for the degradation of most air pollutants and for the formation of harmful photooxidants. Thus, the identification and quantification of the sources of HONO are of major importance. To explain un-expected high daytime concentrations of HONO, different photochemical sources have been proposed. However, the exact origin and the magnitude of HONO fluxes over irradiated rural and urban surfaces are still open questions, which have to be solved to understand and quantify the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. In the proposed project, these questions are aimed to be answered by the integration of selected laboratory, field and modelling studies. In the laboratory studies, different photochemical sources of HONO will be investigated in photoreactors by the help of very sensitive and selective instrumentation to enable the simulation of atmospheric relevant conditions. In the field studies, the daytime source strength of HONO will be quantified over irradiated surfaces by the help of a mixed gradient / eddy-covariance technique at a field site near Paris (INRA/Grignon), which is already used for flux measurements of NOx and O3 since two years. The HONO fluxes will be parameterized for different types of surfaces (e.g. pure soil and crop) as a function of measured variables (solar intensity, NO2, nitrate, etc.). In addition, daytime gradients measurements in the altitude range 10-200 m will be performed under urban conditions at the meteorological tower at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe to better quantification the impact of the HONO photolysis on the radical budget for an extended altitude range. The results from the lab and field studies - including data from recent other studies - will be used to improve existing box, 1-D and 3-D models with the focus on the better description and quantification of the oxidation capacity of the boundary layer. The outcome of the project will have an essential impact on the understanding of the photochemistry of the lower atmosphere.

Fuel cell power trains and clustering in heavy-duty transports (FELICITAS)

Das Projekt "Fuel cell power trains and clustering in heavy-duty transports (FELICITAS)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Institut für Verkehrs- und Infrastruktursysteme IVI durchgeführt. Objective: The FELICITAS consortium proposes an Integrated Project to develop fuel cell (FC) drive trains fuelled with both hydrocarbons and hydrogen. The proposed development work focuses on producing FC systems capable of meeting the exacting demands of heavy-dut y transport for road, rail and marine applications. These systems will be: - Highly efficient, above 60Prozent - Power dense, - Powerful units of 200kW plus, - Durable, robust and reliable. Two of the FC technologies most suitable for heavy-duty transport applic ations are Polymer Electrolyte FuelCells (PEFC) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). Currently neither technology is capable of meeting the wideranging needs of heavy-duty transport either because of low efficiencies, PEFC, or poor transient performance,SO FC. FELICITAS proposes the development of high power Fuel Cell Clusters (FCC) that group FC systems with other technologies, including batteries, thermal energy and energy recuperation.The FELICITAS consortium will first undertake the definition of the requirements on FC power trains for the different heavy-duty transport modes. This will lead to the development of FC power train concepts, which through the use of advanced multiple simulations, will undertake evaluations of technical parameters, reliab ility and life cycle costs. Alongside the development of appropriate FC power trains the consortium will undertake fundamental research to adapt and improve existing FC and other technologies, including gas turbines, diesel reforming and sensor systems f or their successful deployment in the demanding heavy-duty transport modes. This research work will combine with the FC power trains design and simulation work to provide improved components and systems, together with prototypes and field testing where ap propriate.The FELICITAS consortium approach will substantially improve European FC and associated technology knowledae and know-how in the field of heavv-duty transport.

Epidemiologische Studie zu angeborenen Fehlbildungen in der Umgebung deutscher Leistungsreaktoren

Das Projekt "Epidemiologische Studie zu angeborenen Fehlbildungen in der Umgebung deutscher Leistungsreaktoren" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugenmedizin, Geburtenregister Mainzer Modell durchgeführt. *In der Studie wurde ein möglicher teratogener Effekt im 10 km-Radius eines Leistungsreaktors im Vergleich mit einer kernkraftwerksfreien Region untersucht. Bei der Durchführung der Kohortenstudie konnte die standardisierte Erfassung wie geplant durchgeführt werden. Systematische Fehler wurden nicht ermittelt. Die Daten sind bezüglich Vollzähligkeit und Vollständigkeit intern validiert und erfüllen auch Kriterien einer externen Validierung. Die Fehlbildungsprävalenz im Studiengebiet ist im Vergleich zur Vergleichsregion nicht erhöht. Diese Aussage besteht auch bei Adjustierung für relevante individuelle Confounder und bei Ausschluss der Deformationen. Es gibt innerhalb der Studienregion keinen negativen Abstandstrend der Fehlbildungsprävalenz zum nächstgelegenen Leistungsreaktor. Diese Aussage besteht auch bei Adjustierung für relevante individuelle Confounder. Von wissenschaftlichem und gesundheitspolitischem Interesse ist der explorativ beobachtete Zusammenhang zwischen einer mütterlichen beruflichen Strahlenexposition in der Frühschwangerschaft und dem vermehrten Auftreten großer Fehlbildungen beim Kind.

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