Die Broschüre stellt zentrale Ergebnisse einer Studie zum Zusammenhang von Einkommen und Umweltbeanspruchung übersichtlich dar. In der zugrunde liegenden Studie werden Treibhausgasemissionen, Flächennutzung, Wasserverbrauch und Ressourcennutzung im Zusammenhang mit dem Einkommen und anderen relevanten Einflussfaktoren, wie z. B. Alter, Wohnortgröße oder Bildungsgrad analysiert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich vor allem: Wer mehr verdient, lebt meist umweltschädlicher. Wesentliche Treiber dieser Entwicklung sind mehr Mobilität und wachsende Wohnflächen. So fahren beispielsweise Besserverdienende häufiger mit dem Auto, unternehmen mehr Flugreisen und nutzen größere Wohnflächen. Quelle: www.umweltbundesamt.de
Die Datensammlung "Stadtteil-Profile" enthält Strukturdaten für 105 Hamburger Stadtteile, sieben Bezirke und Hamburg insgesamt zu den Themenbereichen Bevölkerung, Wohnen, Bürgerschaftswahlen, Sozialstruktur, Infrastruktur, und Verkehr. Die Daten ermöglichen eine Standortbeschreibung eines Stadtteils und den Vergleich mit dem zugehörigen Bezirk und der Stadt Hamburg. Die Datensammlung enthält Angaben seit 1987 und wird jährlich fortgeschrieben. Eine aktuelle Fassung der "Stadtteil-Profile" erscheint einmal im Jahr in der Reihe "HAMBURG.regional" und enthält seit 2002 auch Daten für ausgewählte Hamburger Quartiere.
Das Einkommen und die Konsumausgaben privater Haushalte sind in den letzten Jahren weiter gestiegen. Gleichzeitig macht der Konsum privater Haushalte einen hohen Anteil des globalen Ressourcenverbrauchs aus. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, welchen Einfluss die Höhe des Einkommens auf umweltschädliches Verhalten hat. Gerade im deutschen Kontext gibt es zum Zusammenhang von Haushaltseinkommen und dem durch private Haushalte verursachten Ressourcenverbrauch kaum empirische Befunde. An dieser Stelle setzt das Vorhaben "Einkommen und Ressourcen - Wirkung veränderter Einkommen auf den Ressourcenverbrauch" an. Im Zentrum des Erkenntnisinteresses steht hierbei, inwieweit hö-here Haushaltseinkommen stets mit einem höheren Ressourcenverbrauch verbunden sind, oder ob es eventuell Anzeichen für eine Entkopplung gibt. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage werden Mengendaten zum Konsum privater Haushalte mit Ökobilanzen gekoppelt (u.a. hinsichtlich Treibhausgasemissionen und Landnutzung) und anschließend der Effekt des Einkommens unter Zuhilfenahme von Regressionsmodellen untersucht. Darüber hinaus bilden weitere Einflussgrößen wie der Bildungsgrad, die Wohnortgröße sowie das Alter das Erkenntnis-interesse der Untersuchungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei gleichzeitiger Kontrolle weiterer Einflussvariablen für die Konsumbereiche Mobilität, Bekleidung und Wohnen das Haushaltseinkommen die dominierende Einflussgröße auf den konsuminduzierten Ressourcenverbrauch ist. Haushalte mit einem höheren Einkommen haben teils einen erheblich höheren Ressourcenverbrauch. Bei den anderen erklärenden Variablen ist das Bild heterogener. Indizien, die auf eine Entkopplung von Einkommen und Ressourcenverbrauch hindeuten, konnten bei der Betrachtung aller Konsumbereiche und im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens nicht gefunden werden. Besonders stark ist der Zusammenhang zwischen höherem Einkommen und Treibhausgasemissionen bei der Mobilität. Quelle: Forschungsbericht
Die Infoline ist das Hamburger Online-Regelwerk der Behörde für Arbeit, Gesundheit, Soziales, Familie und Integration (Sozialbehörde) zu den Leistungen der - kommunalen Leistungen der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende - nach dem SGB II - Sozialhilfe und Grundsicherung - nach dem Sozialgesetzbuch XII - sowie den Leistungen nach dem Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz Die Infoline stellt den zuständigen behördlichen Dienststellen sowie Bürgerinnen und Bürgern die gesetzlichen Grundlagen und Ausführungsvorschriften zur Bewilligung von Sozialleistungen zur Verfügung.
Das Projekt "B 5.1: Fate of agrochemicals in integrated farming systems in Son-La province, Northern Vietnam" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre, Fachgebiet Biogeophysik durchgeführt. In Son La province, Northern Vietnam, many irrigated farming systems include ponds in which small-scale farmers raise fish to produce additional food and income. The main field crops in this area are paddy rice and maize. Often, irrigation water is first used in paddy fields, before it flows to the fishponds. Because farmers regularly apply considerable amounts of agrochemicals, mainly insecticides, to field crops fish production suffers. Moreover, agrochemicals may enter the human food chain. Subproject B5.1 will study the fate of agrochemicals applied in two subcatchments near Yen Chau, Son La province. Investigations will be carried out in close collaboration with A1.3, B4.1, C4.1, D5.2, and G1.2. In the two subcatchments, fishponds have been investigated by D5.1 since 2003. We will carry out a survey of the subcatchments with special emphasis on the water distribution systems (fields, ponds, canals, brooks). The data will be linked to the GIS (Geographical Information System) set up by B4.1. In one subcatchment, B5.1 will install a weather station as well as five TDR (time do-main reflectometry) probes and tensiometers. Water flow through the system will be recorded by means of water meters and V-shaped (Thompson) weirs equipped with automatic pressure sensors. Soil and water samples from selected fields sites, pond inflows, and ponds will be regularly screened for agrochemicals using the procedure developed by B2.1 (Ciglasch et al., 2005; see below). Soil and sediment characteristics that determine water regime and soil-agrochemical interaction, e.g. texture, organic carbon content, hydraulic conductivity, partitioning coefficients, and half-life times will be measured in laboratory and field experiments in cooperation with B4.1. In preparation for the next phase, discharge will be assessed and agrochemical concentrations monitored in the main catchment.
Das Projekt "E 4.1: Quality and food safety issues in markets for high-value products in Thailand and Vietnam" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrar- und Sozialökonomie in den Tropen und Subtropen durchgeführt. The production and marketing of high-value agricultural commodities - such as fruits, vegetables, and livestock products - has been an important source of cash income for small-scale farmers in the northern mountainous regions of Thailand and Vietnam. However, against the background of recent free trade agreements and market liberalization, there is increasing national and international competition, partly leading to significant price decreases. Given structural disadvantages of farmers in northern Thailand and Vietnam, it will be very difficult for them to achieve and maintain a competitive position in markets for undifferentiated high-value products. Therefore, product differentiation - in terms of health attributes (e.g., low-pesticide residues, free from diseases and pathogens), taste (e.g., indigenous livestock breeds), time (e.g., off-season production), or processing characteristics (e.g., packaging, drying, canning) - could be a promising alternative. Quality and safety attributes play an increasing role in domestic and international food trade. The additional value generated could lead to sustainable income growth in the small farm sector, but this potential will only materialize when appropriate institutional mechanisms help reduce transaction costs and allow a fair distribution of benefits. This subproject seeks to analyze how the production and marketing of high-value agricultural products with quality and safety attributes can contribute to pro-poor development in northern Thailand and Vietnam. Quality and safety attributes can only generate value when they directly respond to consumer demand. Furthermore, since they are often credence attributes, the product identity has to be preserved from farm to fork. Therefore, the analysis will cover the whole supply chain, from agricultural production to final household consumption. Interview-based surveys of farmers, intermediate agents, and consumers will be carried out in Thailand, and to a limited extent also in Vietnam. The data will be analyzed econometrically with regard to the structure of high-value markets, trends and their determinants, and efficiency and equity implications of different institutional arrangements (e.g., contract agriculture, supermarket procurement). Since in northern Vietnam, the marketing of high-value products is a relatively recent activity, markets for more traditional crops will be analyzed as well, to better understand the linkages between different cash-earning activities in the semi-subsistent farm households. Apart from their direct policy relevance, the results will contribute to the broader research direction of the economics of high-value agricultural markets in developing countries. Moreover, they will generate useful information for other subprojects of the Uplands Program.
Das Projekt "E 1.2: Multi-layer drying models for optimising high value crop drying in small scale food industries" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrartechnik, Fachgebiet Agrartechnik in den Tropen und Subtropen durchgeführt. Fruit tree cultivation is a suitable option for erosion control in mountainous regions of Southeast Asia. However, seasonal overproduction and insufficient access to markets can cause economic losses. The possibility of processing fruits locally could contribute considerably to increase and stabilize farm income. Currently, fruit drying methods in these areas are yielding products of inferior quality. Pre-treatments such as sulphurizing are commonly used, but can make the product undesirable for international markets. In addition, high energy requirements increase production costs significantly. Therefore, the objective of subproject E1.2 is to optimize the drying process of small-scale fruit processing industries in terms of dryer capacity, energy consumption and efficiency and end product quality. During SFB-phase II in E1.1, drying fundamentals for the key fruits mango, litchi and longan were established. In laboratory experiments, impacts of drying parameters on quality were investigated and numerical single-layer models for simulation of drying kinetics have been designed. In SFB-phase III this knowledge will be expanded with the aim of optimizing practical drying processes. Therefore, the single-layer models will be extended to multi-layer models for simulating bulk-drying conditions. The Finite Element Method (FEM) will be adapted to calculate heat and mass transfer processes. Thermodynamic behavior of batch and tray dryers will be simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Drying facilities will be optimized by systematic parameter variation. For reduction of energy costs, the potential of solar energy and biomass will be investigated in particular. Further research approaches are resulting from cooperation with other subprojects. A mechanic-enzymatic peeling method will be jointly used with E2.3 for studying the drying behavior of peeled litchi and longan fruits. Furthermore, a fruit maturity sensor based on Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy (ARS) will be developed in cooperation with E2.3 and B3.2. Finally, an internet platform will be built for exchange of farmer-processor information about harvest time and quantities to increase utilization of the processing facilities.
Das Projekt "Impacts of Solar Home System Usage in Rural Burkina Faso" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung e.V. RWI, Kompetenzbereich Umwelt und Ressourcen durchgeführt. In remote areas with low electrification rates, Solar Home Systems (SHS) can be seen as a promising alternative to the investment-intensive extension of the electricity grid. The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs provides funding to a project in Burkina Faso that offers SHS to rural households using a market-based approach. The SHS that are distributed can provide electric lighting and - depending on the chosen capacity of the system - allow for the usage of small electric appliances up to colored television. As part of the series of impact evaluations of development activities supported by the Netherlands on behalf of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, RWI and ISS assess the socio-economic impact of the usage of SHS such as improved living conditions, time savings, increased security, better health conditions, and educational attainment trough extended study hours. The idea is to conduct a difference-in-difference approach based on household surveys before and after the intervention, in combination with propensity score matching (PSM) to better match control and treatment households on pre-program characteristics (e.g. education, socio-economic status, income, asset-ownership, characteristics of the villages they live in). Following the roll-out plan of Yeelen Ba's activities, a baseline survey was conducted in November 2010 based on a random sample of villages that are in the program's catchment area. In total, 1,200 households in 40 villages (30 households per village) were interviewed. A particular focus was on the use of appliances and energy expenditures, as well as convenience and comfort aspects before and after the SHS was installed. For the difference-in-difference approach the sample will be divided into a treatment group consisting of households who will have obtained an SHS in the meantime and a control group consisting of untreated households. The follow-up survey will be conducted two years after the baseline survey in November 2012. All households will be revisited and differences in the changes in the outcome variables between the treatment group and the control group will be assessed, providing insights about how ownership of an SHS changes the socio-economic living conditions of the households.
Das Projekt "SP 3.1 Economic analysis on the effects of management and policy measures aiming at a reduction of the environmental burden from high-level agricultural production in the North China Plain" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre (410), Fachgebiet Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre (410b) durchgeführt. In the second phase of subproject 3.1 is envisaged to model representative farms. The models will be structured in a way that not only the production but also the material balances can be represented. In particular the nitrogen balance, the carbon balance and the water balance will be incorporated. Gas and particulate matter emissions can be considered as well, as far as there are sufficient data available. The modelling aims at integrating on farm level all baseline data surveyed in other sub-projects and at quantifying and valuating at farm level the already worked out management measures for reducing environmental burden while increasing production efficiency. The focus will be on measures for reducing nitrogen fertilisation, the interrelation between management activities and carbon/nitrogen balance, effects of nitrogen deposition on the operational nutrient management, water efficiency, etc. Another part for the impact analysis shall be the extent to which cropping practices elaborated in other sub-projects can be alternatives for the prevailing wheat-maize-rotation. Thereby cotton, groundnuts, soybeans, vegetables, and row intercropping are to be analysed and valued on farm level. Furthermore, the sub-project shall provide other sub-projects with indicators which are necessary in order to optimise breeding and management programmes under consideration of economic factors. Another aim of the sub-project is to carry out economic impact analyses of possible policy measures. To do so, realistic concepts of the Chinese agricultural policy as e.g. a reduction of the subsidies on means of production, in particular on nitrogen, water, etc. and their possible impact on quantities produced, input quantities applied, nutrient and water efficiency, income and other criteria are to be investigated. Furthermore, the influence of stages of an increasing mechanisation on production, income and structural changes can be investigated. Finally, open questions and approaches for further research will be derived through a sensitivity analysis.
Das Projekt "D 7: Research for improved fish nutrition and fish health in upland aquaculture systems in Yen Chau, Son La Province, Northern Vietnam" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Tierproduktion in den Tropen und Subtropen (480), Fachgebiet Aquakultur-Systeme und Tierernährung in den Tropen und Subtropen (490i) durchgeführt. Background: Aquaculture significantly contributes to protein supply and cash income of Black Thai farmers in Yen Chau, Son La province, Northern Vietnam. Fish is produced for cash income (2/3rd) and subsistence (1/3rd) while self recruiting species (small fish, crustaceans and molluscs) provide additional protein for home consumption. The current aquaculture system is a polyculture of the macroherbivorous grass carp as main species together with 3-5 other non-herbivorous fish species like Common Carp, Silver Carp, Bighead Carp, Mud Carp, Silver Barb and Nile Tilapia. With a rearing period of 21 months, the productivity of the aquaculture system amounts to 1.54 +- 0.33 t ha-1 a-1 and can be characterized as low. Nearly each household has at least one pond, which serves multiple purposes and is operated as a flow-through-system. The steady water flow is advantageous for the culture of grass carp, but causes a continuous loss of nutrients and high turbidity and thereby limits the development of phytoplankton and zooplankton which are natural food for non-herbivorous species. The farmers are using mainly green leaves (banana, bamboo, cassava, maize and grass) and crop residues (rice bran, rice husk, cassava root peel, distillery residue) as feed input, which is available to Grass Carp while non-herbivorous fish species are not fed specifically. Manure is used as fertilizer. The uneaten parts of fed plants are sometimes accumulating in the pond over several years, resulting in heavy loads of organic matter causing oxygen depletion. Anaerobic sediment and water layers limit the development of zoobenthos and may provide a habitat for anaerobe disease agents. Since 2003 an unknown disease condition has been threatening Grass Carp production and is having a major economic impact on the earnings from fish farming in Yen Chau region. Other fish in the same ponds are not affected. Especially in March-April and in September-October the disease is causing high morbidity and mortalities of Grass Carp in affected ponds and is thereby decreasing the dietary protein supply and income generation of Black Thai farmers. Little is known about the definition or aetiology of the disease condition.