In the Earth, the dynamo action is strongly linked to core freezing. There is a solid inner core, the growth of which provides a buoyancy flux that drives the dynamo. The buoyancy in this case derives from a difference in composition between the solid inner core and the fluid outer core. In planetary bodies smaller than the Earth, however, this core differentiation process may differ - Fe may precipitate at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) rather than in the center and may fall as iron snow and initially remelt with greater depth. A chemical stable sedimentation zone develops that comprises with time the entire core - at that time a solid inner core starts to grow. The dynamics of this system is not well understood and also whether it can generate a magnetic field or not. The Jovian moon Ganymede, which shows a present-day magnetic dipole field, is a candidate for which such a scenario has been suggested. We plan to study this Fe-snow regime with both a numerical and experimental approach. In the numerical study, we use a 2D/3D thermo-chemical convection model that considers crystallization and sinking of iron crystals together with the dynamics of the liquid core phase (for the 3D case the influence of the rotation of the Fe snow process is further studied).The numerical calculations will be complemented by two series of experiments: (1) investigations in metal alloys by means of X-ray radioscopy, and (2) measurements in transparent analogues by optical techniques. The experiments will examine typical features of the iron snow regime. On the one hand they will serve as a tool to validate the numerical approach and on the other hand they will yield important insight into sub-processes of the iron snow regime, which cannot be accessed within the numerical approach due to their complexity.
Outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to consumptions of fresh, or partially processed, agricultural products are a growing concern in industrialized and developing countries. The incidence of human pathogens on fresh fruits and vegetables is often related to the use of recycled wastewaster in surface irrigation as well as high amounts of animal manure in agricultural management practice. Thereby the soil inhabiting fauna plays an important role in the transport and dissemination of microorganisms. The focus of the proposed project is on nematodes, well known vectors for bacteria and viruses in soil. The major goals are to: (1) survey human pathogens in soil and on/in free-living and plant parasitic nematodes in agriculture field sites irrigated with recycled wastewater or fertilized with fresh animal manure in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, (2) assess the function of nematodes as vectors in transmitting bacteria from microbial hot spots to plants, and (3) localize bacteria on and/or within the nematode and identify bacterial factors required for survival in the nematode host. Understanding the mechanisms involved in dissemination of human pathogens by nematodes will enhance the ability to develop practical means to minimize contamination of fresh produce and increase safety in food production.
Ozeanerwärmung, -versauerung und die Umweltverschmutzung, nehmen zunehmend Einfluss auf die arktische und antarktische Umwelt. Antarktische, stenothermen Fische haben sich evolutionär an die dortigen stabilen Umweltbedingungen angepasst, welche z.B. genetische und funktionellen Veränderungen beinhalten. Diese könnten u.a. die Anpassungsmöglichkeiten antarktischer Fische gegenüber Umweltveränderungen beeinträchtigen. Vergleichsweise dazu leben arktische, gadoide Fische in einem Gebiet mir größeren Umweltschwankungen. In Anbetracht desen wird sich die Klimaveränderung wahrscheinlich unterschiedlich auf Arktische und Antarktische Fische auswirken.Das Herz-Kreislaufsystems stenothermer Fischarten ist prinzipiell nur geringfügig auf Umweltveränderungen zu reagieren. Hierbei stellt die Herzfunktion einen Schlüsselfaktor dar. Studien deuten des Weiteren auf negative und interagierende Einflüsse von Ozeanerwärmung- und versauerung auf Embryos und Larvalen polarer Fischarten hin. Die Exposition der Fische gegenüber mehreren, kombinierten Umweltstressoren kann zudem zu Verschiebungen im Energiehaushalt führen. Diese können eine verringerte Energieverfügbarkeit für andere, lebensnotwendige Funktionen zur Folge haben.Der Antrag befasst sich mit der Frage, wie sich die Umweltstressoren anthropogene Umweltverschmutzung, Klimaerwärmung und Ozeanversauerung auf den Energiestoffwechsel verschiedener Lebensstadien arktischer und antarktischer Fische auswirkt. Die Kernfragen lauten:Beeinträchtigt das Zusammenspiel multipler Stressoren den Schadstoffstoffwechsel polarer Fische? Verursachen multiple Stressoren eine Verschiebung im Energiehaushalt arktischer und antarktischer Fische? Wie beeinflussen Schadstoffe die aerobe und Herzfunktion der verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien polarer Fische?Was für negative Folgen könnten aus ökologischer Sicht für arktische Gadoiden und antarktische Notothenioiden draus resultieren?Der Antrag soll ein grundsätzliches Verständnis für molekulare, mitochondriale, zellulare und Stoffwechselprozesse schaffen, welche der Anfälligkeit polarer Fische gegenüber Umweltstressoren zugrundeliegen. Als Maß für evolutionäre Anpassungsfähigkeit sollen die Akklimationskapazitäten der verschiedenen Lebensstadien polarer Fische untersucht werden.Für einen Breitengraden-Vergleich von Toleranzen gegenüber Umweltfaktoren konzentriert sich der Antrag auf ökologisch und biologisch vergleichbare stenotherme Arten. Somit wird eine Datengrundlage geschaffen, um die evolutionär verschiedenen aber gleichermaßen stenothermen arktische und antarktische Fische vergleichen zu können.Die in diesem Antrag eruierte physiologische Empflindlichkeit polarer Fische gegenüber Klimawandel sollen abschließend dazu dienen, die zukünftigen Risiken menschengemachter Umweltrisiken für diese Tiere abgeschätzen zu können. Schließlich wird das Projekt eine Grundlage für Management- und Schutzmaßnahmen polarer Ökosysteme gegenüber fortschreitendem globalen Wandel bilden.
Soil structure determines a large part of the spatial heterogeneity in water storage and fluxes from the plot to the hillslope scale. In recent decades important progress in hydrological research has been achieved by including soil structure in hydrological models. One of the main problems herein remains the difficulty of measuring soil structure and quantifying its influence on hydrological processes. As soil structure is very often of biogenic origin (macropores), the main objective of this project is to use the influence of bioactivity and resulting soil structures to describe and support modelling of hydrological processes at different scales. Therefore, local scale bioactivity will be linked to local infiltration patterns under varying catchment conditions. At hillslope scale, the spatial distribution of bioactivity patterns will be linked to connectivity of subsurface structures to explain subsurface stormflow generation. Then we will apply species distribution modelling of key organisms in order to extrapolate the gained knowledge to the catchment scale. As on one hand, bioactivity influences the hydrological processes, but on the other hand the species distribution also depends on soil moisture contents, including the feedbacks between bioactivity and soil hydrology is pivotal for getting reliable predictions of catchment scale hydrological behavior under land use change and climate change.
Ziel der Forschungsarbeit ist die Klassifizierung von Boden-Biozönosen in ausgewählten Feldrainen. In drei Naturräumen (Lössböden der Jülicher Börde, Muschelkalkböden in Mainfranken und pleistozäne Sande bei Leipzig) werden typische Lebensgemeinschaften von Collembola und Gamasina (Taxozönosen) beschrieben. Der wesentliche Unterschied zu anderen Klassifikations-Ansätzen liegt in der induktiven Vorgehensweise: Biozönosen werden allein aufgrund der Artenzusammensetzung an den Standorten typisiert. Vegetationskundliche Kriterien dienen als entscheidendes Hilfsmittel zur Vorauswahl von Flächen mit ähnlichen Standortbedingungen. Hierbei wird gleichzeitig die aufgenommene Vegetation als ein weiteres Taxon der zu beschreibenden Biozönose angesehen. Die typische Artenzusammensetzung ist das integrierte Ergebnis aller denkbaren ökologischen Vorgänge. Ein Ziel der Arbeit ist somit die prospektive Formulierung von Erwartungswerten für Collembolen und Raubmilben auf der Basis vegetationskundlicher Daten. Es sollte daher möglich sein, dieses Mehrarten-System mit hoher Sensibilität zur Bioindikation von Standortveränderungen einzusetzen. Die Kenntnis der Artenstruktur wiederkehrender Lebensgemeinschaften kann der funktionellen Ökosystemforschung hilfreiche Hinweise bieten.
The nature of the microbial communities inhabiting the deeper soil horizons is largely unknown. It is also not clear why subsurface microorganisms do not make faster use of organic compounds under field conditions. The answer could be provided by a reciprocal soil transfer experiment studying the response of transferred soils to fluctuations in microclimate, organic inputs, and soil biota. The subproject P9 will be responsible for the establishment of reciprocal transfer experiments offering a strong link between subgroups interested in organic matter quality, transport of organic substances, as well as functions of the soil microbial community. A single, high molecular weight substrate (13C labelled cellulose) will be applied at two different levels in the pre-experiment to understand the dose-dependent reaction of soil microorganisms in transferred surface and sub-soils. Uniformly 13C labelled beech roots - representing complex substrates - will be used for the main reciprocal soil transfer experiment. We hypothesize that transferring soil cores between subsoil and surface soil as well as addition of labelled cellulose or roots will allow us to evaluate the relative impact of surface/subsurface habitat conditions and resource availability on abundance, function, and diversity of the soil microbial community. The second objective of the subproject is to understand whether minerals buried within different soil compartments (topsoil vs. subsoil) in the field contribute to creation of hot spots of microbial abundance and activity within a period of two to five years. We hypothesize that soil microorganisms colonize organo-mineral complexes depending on their nutritional composition and substrate availability. The existence of micro-habitat specific microbial communities could be important for short term carbon storage (1 to 6 years). The third objective is to understand the biogeography and function of soil microorganisms in different subsoils. Parent material as well as mineral composition might control niche differentiation during soil development. Depending on size and interconnectedness of niches, colonization and survival of soil microbial communities might be different in soils derived from loess, sand, terra fusca, or sandstone. From the methodological point of view, our specific interest is to place community composition into context with soil microbial functions in subsoils. Our subgroup will be responsible for determining the abundance, diversity, und function of soil microorganisms (13C microbial biomass, 13C PLFA, enzyme activities, DNA extraction followed by quantitative PCR). Quantitative PCR will be used to estimate total abundances of bacteria, archaea and fungi as well as abundances of specific groups of bacteria at high taxonomic levels. We will apply taxa specific bacterial primers because classes or phyla might be differentiated into ecological categories on the basis of their life strategies.
The relevance of biogeochemical gradients for turnover of organic matter and contaminants is yet poorly understood. This study aims at the identification and quantification of the interaction of different redox processes along gradients. The interaction of iron-, and sulfate reduction and methanogenesis will be studied in controlled batch and column experiments. Factors constraining the accessibility and the energy yield from the use of these electron acceptors will be evaluated, such as passivation of iron oxides, re-oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on iron oxides. The impact of these constraints on the competitiveness of the particular process will then be described. Special focus will be put on the evolution of methanogenic conditions in systems formerly characterized by iron and sulfate reducing condition. As methanogenic conditions mostly evolve from micro-niches, methods to study the existence, evolution and stability of such micro-niches will be established. To this end, a combination of Gibbs free energy calculations, isotope fractionation and tracer measurements, and mass balances of metabolic intermediates (small pool sizes) and end products (large pool sizes) will be used. Measurements of these parameters on different scales using microelectrodes (mm scale), micro sampling devices for solutes and gases (cm scale) and mass flow balancing (column/reactor scale) will be compared to characterize unit volumes for organic matter degradation pathways and electron flow. Of particular interest will be the impact of redox active humic substances on the competitiveness of involved terminal electron accepting processes, either acting as electron shuttles or directly providing electron accepting capacity. This will be studied using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of the gained spectra. We expect that the results will provide a basis for improving reactive transport models of anaerobic processes in aquifers and sediments.
Der Dienst (WMS-Dienst) stellt die Waldbrandeinsatzkarte des Saarlandes im Geoportal dar.:Der Dienst stellt die Waldbrandeinsatzkarte des Saarlandes im Geoportal dar.
Der Dienst (WMS-Dienst) stellt die Waldbrandeinsatzkarte des Saarlandes im Geoportal dar.:Die gesamte Landesfläche des Saarlandes wird lückenlos in Forstreviere unterteilt. Innerhalb dieser Flächen ist die Leiterin / der Leiter des Forstrevieres für die Bewirtschaftung des Staatswaldes und des vertraglich betreuten Kommunal- und Privatwaldes zuständig. Darüber hinaus gibt es kommunale und private Waldbesitzer, die ihren Wald in Eigenregie bewirtschaften. Auf deren Flächen nehmen Mitarbeiter des SaarForst Landesbetriebes nur in begrenztem Umfang zumeist hoheitliche Aufgaben wahr. Die Grenzen der Forstreviere wurden auf Basis der TK25 digitalisiert und decken sich daher nicht in allen Fällen mit den Grenzen der Waldbestände.
The decomposition of terrestrial organic material such as leaf litter represents a fundamental ecosystem function in streams that delivers energy for local and downstream food webs. Although agriculture dominates most regions in Europe and fungicides are applied widely, effects of currently used fungicides on the aquatic decomposer community and consequently the leaf decomposition rate are largely unknown. Also potential compensation of such hypothesised adverse effects due to nutrients or higher average water temperatures associated with climate change are not considered. Moreover, climate change is predicted to alter the community of aquatic decomposers and an open question is, whether this alteration impacts the leaf decomposition rate. The current projects follows a tripartite design to answer these research questions. Firstly, a field study in a vine growing region where fungicides are applied in large amounts will be conducted to whether there is a dose-response relationship between the exposure to fungicides and the leaf decomposition rate. Secondly, experiments in artificial streams with field communities will be carried out to assess potential compensatory mechanisms of nutrients and temperature for effects of fungicides. Thirdly, field experiments with communities exhibiting a gradient of taxa sensitive to climate change will be used to investigate potential climate-related effects on the leaf decomposition rate.
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