Der vorliegende Bericht ist im Ufoplan-Vorhaben "Rural Urban Nexus - Globale Landnutzung und Urbanisierung" entstanden. Ziel des Projektes ist es, integrierte Ansätze für eine tragfähige Verbindung urbaner und ruraler Räume zu entwickeln und Anknüpfungspunkte für eine global nachhaltige Landnutzung im Kontext der Urbanisierung aufzuzeigen. In diesem Rahmen dient der Bericht dazu, eine Übersicht über institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen und Instrumente für die Gestaltung nachhaltiger Stadt-Land-Verknüpfungen zu verschaffen. Im ersten Berichtsteil werden zunächst nicht-institutionelle Einflussfaktoren vorgestellt, die das Verhältnis von Stadt und Land prägen. Betrachtet werden (natur-)räumliche Faktoren, soziokulturelle Faktoren, ökonomische Faktoren, infrastrukturelle Faktoren und technologische Faktoren. Zusätzlich wird untersucht, ob diese Faktoren die nachhaltige Gestaltung von Stadt-(Um)Land-Beziehungen positiv oder negativ beeinflussen können. Im zweiten Berichtsteil wird die Rolle institutioneller Rahmenbedingungen für die Gestaltung von Stadt-Land-Verknüpfungen betrachtet, insbesondere der Faktoren territorialer Zuschnitt, kommunale Kompetenzen, kommunale Aufgabenorganisation, kommunale Finanzen, Eigentumsrechte (speziell Landzugang, Landnutzungsrechte, Landbesitzverhältnisse) sowie Partizipationsmöglichkeiten. Im dritten Berichtsteil wird analysiert, welche Instrumente und Politiken aktuell existieren, um (innerhalb gegebener nicht-institutioneller und institutioneller Rahmenbedingungen) Stadt-Land-Verknüpfungen nachhaltig zu gestalten. Dabei werden Instrumente sowohl auf deutscher, EU- und internationaler Ebene erfasst. Beispiele guter Praxis aus europäischen und außereuropäischen Ländern im Themenfeld "regionale Ernährungssysteme" haben eine ergänzende, illustrative Funktion. Abschließend wird resümiert, dass im Mehrebenensystem zwischen lokaler deutscher und internationaler Ebene bereits eine breite Palette von strategischen Ansatzpunkten, Instrumenten und institutionellen Formen bereitsteht, um einen nachhaltigen rural-urbanen Nexus zu gestalten. Allerdings fehlen oft Anreize, damit kommunale und regionale Akteure die bestehenden Ansatzpunkte nutzen. Quelle: Forschungsbericht
Das Projekt "Do it yourself solar house" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Garbersbau, Hermann Garbers GmbH & Co. durchgeführt. Objective: Aim of the project was to demonstrate the marketability of our 'Do-it-yourself-solar-house'. By this, the gap between our developments and their application should be closed. The specific innovation of the project is, that our Do-it-yourself-conception bases on a construction manual for building (solar) houses which is very detailed but nevertheless also understandable for non-professionals. In addition, we can and do supply full technical support to the client, e.g. concerning safety standards etc., because all construction sites are located near. The market studies which have been carried out, show that in the FRG the market share of Do-it-yourself-houses (one-and-two-family-houses) is about 51,9 per cent. For the first time, our project will introduce to his large market the possibility of building a solar house by a Do-it-yourself technique. General Information: The purpose of this project was to close the gap between the developments of the do-it-yourself-solar houses we (Solar Module) have carried out so far and their application and establishment on the market. Before carrying out the necessary data for the assessment of technical and commercial feasibility of this plan. Compared to conventional buildings this do-it-yourself concept will save costs and, therefore, this concept will contribute to establish (on larger scale) the environment protecting passive solar energy on the market. By the application of passive technology, five detached family houses are heated by solar energy. Conventional energy will be replaced and resources of raw materials will be saved. The houses were built in normal sizes. All five houses are equipped with a conventional heating system (gas). The floor area of the solar houses is about 12 m2. Three of five solar houses are facing South, two facing West. The provided locations for these buildings are two different districts in the region of Lüneburg. Achievements: The clients decided in favour of a do-it-yourself detached family house mainly for financial reasons. They all belong to the financially weak. For them building a do-it-yourself solar house meant increasing the value of their home and possibly saving energy. The solar houses are used mostly as an extension of the living room. In all cases the warm air of the solar house was used for heating the living-room. The solar houses facing South had some problems with overheating during summer time. Some occupants regret that their solar house is too small. Three of five occupants think that the solar house needs too much attention e.g. cleaning the glass. Thermal reaction of the building on cloudy winter days: an effect of diffuse sunlight can be observed in the houses with Solar Modules facing South. Otherwise, there is no influence on the room-temperature. Thermal reaction of the building on sunny winter days: greatest influence of solar radiation is to be seen in the Solar Module facing South e.g. it made the temperature of the Solar Module...
Das Projekt "PV hybrid systems for 5 remote sites in the german alps" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutscher Alpenverein e.V. durchgeführt. Objective: Photovoltaic, hybrid electricity supplies for five different sites in the German Alps. The mountain huts are not connected to the grid. Lightning protection of the systems is a major concern. Economic operation and reduced ecological pollution are aims of the project. General Information: Five remote sites are equipped with PV generators for lighting, household appliances, communication equipment and water pumping. The auxiliary generators are foreseen to operate only if the demand cannot be met by the pv part. In the four small installation the inverter operates only on demand of 220 V ac load. The two larger systems use a special transformerless inverter (developed for the project SE/134/83, Rappenecker Hof), which is operating continuously. 'Global monitoring' is made for the small installations, and 'Analytical monitoring' for the two larger stations. Nr. of subsystems: 5 Power of subsystems: 900, 1000, 1040, 5000, 5400 Wp Total power: 13,3 kWp Backup: Diesel, gas (and wind at one site) Number of modules: 266 Module description: 20 Siemens SM50 (Purtscheller) and 152 AEG PQ36/45 (Brunnstein, Meiler, Mindelheim) and 94 TST MQ36D/53 (Watzmann). Connection: 24 V (for systems smaller than+ 1 kWp) or special Support: special mounting (no holes in the roof) on the sheet metal roofs Max power tracker: none Charge controller: special design by Uhlmann Solarelectronic, IBC Battery: Bayern, Fiamm, Hoppecke, Hagen Batt. (V): 24 V for systems smaller than= 1kWp; special connection for the 2 large systems Capacity (Ah): 100 and 150 Ah at 162 V, 500 and 600 Ah at 24 V. Inverter: Special transformerless inverter at two sites. (Watzmannhaus and Mindelheimer Huette) with 10 kVA each of FhG-ISE (sinusoidal). At two other sites (Purtscheller and Brunnstein): 'Al-elektronic' (trapezoidal) with 1.6 kVA each. At Meiler Huette: 'Sunpower' 2 kVA (sinusoidal). Load description: For lights: fluorescent lamps for 24 V and 230 V. Water pump. Low consumption household appliances, freezers, refrigerators, dish washers ecc. Monitoring: 'Global' for the 4 small systems, 11 data, daily, manual reading of mechanical meters. 'Analytical' for the two larger systems: data, hourly averages stored in data logger.
Das Projekt "Use of geothermal water for bathing and district heating purposes in bad walsee" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stadtverwaltung Bad Waldsee durchgeführt. Objective: The aim of the project is to extract thermal water from an undisturbed area of the Upper Jurassic (Malm), which will then be used to supply the municipal spa facilities of Bad Waldsee. The unsatisfactory result obtained by the well GB Bad Waldsee 2 which had been sunk in 1985 justified the drilling of a second geothermal well in the Upper Jurassic. After comprehensive planning work this well was sunk in the year 1992. General Information: This project is a follow-up project to the geothermal project Bad Waldsee which started in 1985. The scope of the project includes the drilling of a large well in the Upper Jurassic, the testing of the thermal water aquifer to be developed and the well completion required to extract thermal water. The well GB Waldsee 2 has been drilled successfully down to the Malm formation, according to the drilling and casing programme. At the final depth (1970 m) and well equipment a final long term pumping test has been carried out on the second half of 1992. The preliminary results indicate a maximum pumping flow rate of 18 m3/h at 68 degree of Celsius temperature. Achievements: The final report including the definitive results (productivity of the well) will be terminated mid 1993. According to the 'definitions of terms for spas results and mineral springs' established by the German Tourist Association, the water extracted is classified as a 'fluoride and sulfure containing thermal water' and thus be used for balneological and therapeutical applications in the spa faclities of Bad Waldsee. The geothermal water will be utilized for bathing purposes, to produce hot water and to feed an existing gas heat pump in the control district heating station.
Das Projekt "PV hybrid systems for three remote houses" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft FhG, Abteilung für Forschungs- und Budgetplanung durchgeführt. Objective: This project demonstrates three photovoltaic hybrid (wind, Diesel, gas) systems, with continuous AC energy supplied by an inverter. All three sites are far away from the grid. General Information: Three different subsystems at three different sites. A common feature is newly developed indicator of the state of charge of the battery. This indicator allows economic energy management and optimized use of the auxiliary generator. All three subsystems have the same type of special inverter (ISE design) to supply 220 V AC. In the new version of the ISE inverter it is sufficient to have one battery with the full tension of 162 V; the other dc tensions, 84, 42, 24 and 12 V are generated by a DC/DC converter. (Patented system). 1) The Grimmelshofen system, 1.76 kWp, on a private house, a former railroad signal house, has a Diesel/gas auxiliary generator. The PV arrays are mounted on the roof of the house. 2) The Rotwandhaus system, 5 kWp, on a guesthouse in the bavarian Alps near Spitzingsee, has a wind auxiliary generator (20 kWp turbine). The PV arrays are mounted on the roof. 3) The Bognago system, 4.32 kWp, on a site of several isolated guest huts, has a hydro electric generator, 5 kW for the main house supply (household appliances, water pump). This system has also a Diesel/gas auxiliary generator. Nr. of subsystems: 1 + 1 + 1 Power of subsystems: 1.76 + 5.1 + 4.32 kWp Total power: 11 kWp Backup: Diesel (+wind + hydro) Number of modules: about 240 TST (AEG) Module description: AEG PQ 36/45 and Italsolar 36 SL/A Connection: 12 in series Support: On the roof (Rotwandhaus), roof integrated (Langer and Bognago) Max power tracker: none Charge controller: special Battery: HAGEN Batt. (V): 162 (168 Langer) Capacity (Ah): 1 x 75 Ah (OGI) and 1x37.5 Ah (OpzS) at 168 V for Langer house, 400 Ah at 162 V, type Hagen OCSM, for Rotwandhaus, 200 Ah at 162 V, type FIAMM PMF, for Bognago. Inverter: special (ISE design transformer less inverter with DC/DC converter for all three systems, 10 kW. Load description: Household appliances, Dishwater, washing machine, refrigerator, freezer, TV, lights, and water pump. Monitoring: Data logger for 11 main parameters with integrators for mechanical backup. Achievements: The system in the Langer-house works perfectly, satisfying the seasonal needs of the Langer family. The final yield over nine months is 1.3 kWh/(d x kWp) at a reference yield of 3.5 kWh/(d x kWp). The battery and the inverter have both high efficiency. The Rotwandhouse system is operating since September 92. Of the 11.3 MWh totally produced in 1993 3.4 MWh are of pv origin, 2.4 MWh of wind origin and 5.5 MWh are Diesel generated. The final yield for the pv supply was 1.6 kWh/(d x kWp) at a reference yield of 3.8 kWh/(d x kWp). At Bonago, operating since September 1991, the consumption is much higher than expected. The pv systems works correctly, but the motor generator fraction is high. From the whole project many valuable lessons were learned,...
Das Projekt "250-KW-Windturbine fuer Husum" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Husumer Schiffswerft durchgeführt. Objective: To achieve maximum use of wind energy and to gain experience by the construction of a 250 kW wind turbine at Husumer Schiffswerft. General Information: A 3 bladed, 25 m diameter, 250 kW wind turbine has been constructed by Husumer Schiffswerft and will be installed near the factory. The energy generated is fed into the factory grid; possible surplus is returned to the grid. The construction in modules aiming to obtain maximum capacity is innovative, as well as the single bearing basement of the nacelle. Furthermore, universal rotor hub allowing the installation of fixed pitch and variable pitch blades with improved blade-flange and blade-surface. The estimated annual yield at the site of installation is 500 MWh/yr which yields to a cost of energy generated of about 0,123DM/kWh. Payback time is estimated to 11 years which is expected to be reduced at about 5 years when the machine will be produced in series. Achievements: Machine installed on the 25.03.88. Continuous unmanned operation up to date considered as very successful. The measurement data acquisition system has regularly recorded the operating data and electricity outputs. The plant runs perfectly on automatic and feeds its energy into the grid. In 1989 the HSW-250 produced 361 MWH of electricity, operating 5616 h, with a mean annual wind speed of 5.1 m/s. Some changes have been made to the production machines as a result of experience with the prototype. Tip breaks are no longer used because of the noise the generate. Emphasis paid to the inclusion of a 'soft start' system. Over 100 machines have been built, derived directly from the prototype funded by this project, very high level of replication. A 750 kw W.T. was also developed along similar lines.
Das Projekt "Exploitation of geothermal energy by doublet for bathing and heating purposes in Straubing - Phase 1 -" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stadtwerke Straubing GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: To produce geothermal energy to heat a resort centre, baths, sanatoria, schools and buildings in the town of Straubing in Niederbayern. The well has been drilled at 824 m into Malm limestone will be exploited at 180 m3/h flow rate and 35,6 deg. C. 10 per cent of the production for direct supply to brine pools at the existing health resort. The remaining hot water via heat pump will be used for heating purposes and sanitary hot water production. The drilling of an injection well 2 km apart (162 m3/h at 5 deg. C.) is necessary to maintain a sufficient pressure in the reservoir. One of the first geothermal doublet to exploit the Malm reservoir in south Bavaria. General Information: See results. Achievements: The Malm aquifer was found at 708 m and bored until the final depth of 824,8 m. Water bearing (confined water) karstic cavities have been found between 730 and 746 m. The drilling had to be carried out under permanent overflow (126 m3/h at 35 deg. C.). After the end of drilling one output and one long- time pumping test have been carried out. The output pumping test (13.08. - 20.08.90) showed a specific productivity index of 1,8 m3/h/m. The accompanying hydrochemical and isotope-chemical investigation programme showed that the water is a fluoridic sodium chloride-hydrogen carbonate thermal with a total mineralization of 1325 mg/l. The sampling temperature was between 35 and 36 deg. C. A dependance between water output and water quality could not be determined. The long-time pumping test (28.08. - 02.10.90) has been run at a constant pumping planned output during operation. At the end of the pumping test the depression was stabilized at 78 m. With regard to the water quality no changes could be determined compared with earlier analyses.
Das Projekt "PV power supply for remote village 'rambla del banco'" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von SET Selected Electronic Technologies GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: Test of new pv components and system technology. Electrification (lights, cooling, TV) of remote mountain village, that had no electricity before. Provide extra power for production and finishing industry. General Information: A central pv system with some innovative ideas: electronic power management (reduces inverter peak power), controller for outdoor lighting, special fluorescent lamps, lightning protection. AC and DC power available in the houses: AC during the day for refrigerators (with cold storage for the night), washing machines, kitchen appliances and for charging the decentralized batteries. DC during night for lights and television. Some modular street lamps, type SELSET 18W. Nr. of subsystems: 2 (one cristalline AEG, one amorphous Chronar France) Power of subsystems: 9.8 + 2 kWp Total power: 11,8 kWp Backup: none Number of modules: AEG:196. CHRONAR:184 Module description: AEG: PQ 10/40 HD50, 50 Wp. CHRONAR: CSB 13, 11Wp. Connection: AEG: four in series, 49 parallel CHRONAR: four in series, 46 parallel. Support: On racks Max power tracker: none Charge controller: Type CDC 48-7-35 and CDC 106 Battery: central storage: distributed storage Batt. (V): 48: 12 Capacity (Ah): 1200: 150 each Inverter: MARATHON (LS), type WRM 48/48 Inv. in (V): 48 Inv. out(V): 220, single phase, square wave Inv. power (kW): 4,8 (with overload tolerance: 20 kW for 10 sec., 10 kW for 5 min., etc.) Load description: DC loads: lamps (150 units, type TWL18 or HAL10) and TV sets. AC loads: Through a load management system (LSE); Refrigerators, washing machines, kitchen appliances, some milking machines. Monitoring: SET data logger 'DAMOS': irradiances, temperatures, input + output currents, tensions, wind speed and direction. Achievements: The system started operation in October 1990. Load management (through the LMS system) is not yet necessary because of low consumption. The abundance of energy continues even after year because people are moving away from the village and the remaining ones have no money to buy ac-appliances. The central battery had to be replaced in 1992 (by Bosch, successor of FEMSA). The cost per unit of energy is calculated to be 3.5 Ecu/kWh for the demonstration project and 2.3 Ecu/kWh for a replication.
Das Projekt "Almeria solar powered reverse osmosis plant" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate, that small scale PV powered water desalination plants can be constructed in a compact and cost efficient way. This type of plant is urgently needed in Southern Europe and Developing Countries. Intensive publicity is intended and good commercialisation is expected (100 systems potential market in Spain only). General Information: On the site of the ALMERIA university, brackish water is pumped from a well of 60m. Drinking water (about 8000 cbm per year) obtained by a reverse osmosis plant is stored for consumption. A 23.5 kWp PV generator supplies the required energy. Number of subsystems: 1 Power of subsystems: 23.5 kWp Total power: 23.5 kWp Module description: 612 AEG type PQ 10/20/01;(Typ I) + 306 AEG type PQ 10/40/01;(T.II) (I): 20 10x10cm poly crist. cells, 6 V,16.5 W (II): 40 10x10cm poly crist. cells, 12 V,38.4 W Very high resistance glass; UV stabilized PVB; 6.7 kg; 0.25 or 0.5 sqm. Connections: type 20: 36 series, 17 parall.: type 40: 18 series, 17 parall. Support: on racks Max. power tracker: included in inverter Charge controller: charge/discharge regulator: special design, microprocessor controlled. Battery: Spanish TUDOR, 110 cells Battery Volt.: 220 V; Battery capacity: 2240 Ah.(at 100 h). (1650 Ah (10h); type C 10 Battery capacity: 493 kWh.(at 100 h). Inverter: (for well water pump only): AEG, Solarverter, type SV3 sinusoidal, transistor-pulse type, 3 kHz. Input nominal: 130 to 300 V DC in; max 16 A Dc; Output nominal: 3.3 kVA; 13 to 127 V out; 3 phases; to 50/60 Hz. Load description: PLEUGER submersible pump NE612 for raw water pumping. (three phase, AC motor, hence inverter necessary). 4.2 cbm/h, header 30 m. Rated power 2.2 kW. ROCHEM (Hamburg) reverse osmosis, type RORO 1535-B 709165; presses raw water through membrane. Input: 92 cbm/day at 7000 ppm; Output: 60 cbm/day at smaller than 500 ppm. New type of PLATE MODULE system, with turbulent flow on the feed water side and hence less membrane scaling and fouling which leads to less maintenance. The pressure pump of the RO system works with 220 V DC motor, 6750 W, avoiding inverters. Monitoring: Weather station; Reading every 10 seconds six relevant plant data, averaging over ten minutes, storing on floppy. (DAM 800 data acquisition system by TELEFUNKEN). Stored data: (1) Insolation, array plane. (2) amb. temp. (3) module temp. (4) array output energy. (5) energy to and from battery. (6) inverter dc energy. Achievements: While the pv generator and the batteries worked without problem the water pumps, the reverse osmosis plant, the inverter and the monitoring system had several, partly major, failures. The Final Report on System Monitoring (5 June 95) analyses 32 month of operation and puts in evidence: the system is well designed for its task; however the frequent failures of some components decrease its effective utilisation. The plant will continue to operate after the end of the project with some improvements (new pumps, new membranes, etc.)...
Das Projekt "Installation of a grid connected wind turbine with flap hinge rotor of 12.5 M diameter" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Südwind Windkraftanlagen durchgeführt. Objective: To design, manufacture the Suedwind N 1245 wind turbine and to install it in the community of Wangerooge in FRG. The downwind wind turbine has a leight-weight flap hinged rotor. Innovation lies on the leight-weight flap hinged rotor and the upgrading of the wind turbine. General Information: An upgraded version of the N 1230 Suedwind wind turbine will be installed at Wangerooge in order to supply with energy a purification plant at a remote site where motorized traffic is not possible. Therefore the wind turbine will be transported in parts and its erection will take place with the aid of a whinch. Therefore a leight-weight guyed tower will have to be used. The 3 bladed, downwind wind turbine has a 12.5 m rotor diameter and an installed capacity of 45 kW. The blades are composed of glass fibre reinforced epoxy resin with a core of polyurethane foam. There are two asynchronous generators of 6 and 45 kW in order to increase the energy capture. Control of the machine is achieved through stall and blade flopping. The wind power plant is designed for grid connected operation. The estimated annual yield is 90000 kWh resulting to a payback period of about 8 years. Achievements: The wind turbine has been installed and is in operation since November 1989.
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