Das Projekt "The Atmospheric Side of the Freshwater Budget" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Erdsystemwissenschaften, Meteorologisches Institut durchgeführt. The focus of this project is to analyse the observed surface freshwater fluxes through improved estimates of evaporation and precipitation and their individual error characteristics in the HOAPS climatology and its ground validation in climate-related hotspots of the Atlantic Ocean. To enable that in a consistent manner we propose to establish an error characterization of the HOAPS evaporation data by triple collocations with ship and buoy measurements and between individual satellites and to improve the error characterization of the HOAPS precipitation by analysing available shipboard disdrometer data using point to area statistics. After these improvements, an analysis of the spatio-temporal variability of the surface fresh water balance E-P over the Atlantic Ocean is planned, especially with respect to the Hadley circulation and the hotspot regions of interest to related WPs. Also the atmospheric water transport shall be analysed in order to find the source or target region of local fresh water imbalances. And finally, a consistent inter-comparison of the upcoming global ocean surface salinity fields from SMOS with freshwater fluxes from the HOAPS climatology is proposed.
Das Projekt "Änderungen der Cant Speicherung und Änderungen in den Bildungsraten für Zwischen- Tiefen- und Bodenwasser im globalen Ozean, 1982 - 2015" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Erdsystemwissenschaften, Institut für Meereskunde durchgeführt. Die erste Antragsphase war auf die Bildungsraten und die Speicherung von anthropogenem Kohlenstoff (Cant) im Antarktischen Zwischenwasser (AAIW) fokussiert. Mit Hilfe von Freon (CFC) Daten konnten wir eine signifikante Reduktion der AAIW Bildungsrate von den 1990ern zu den 2000ern Jahren feststellen. Dies führte zu einer geringeren Steigerung der Cant Speicherung als vom atmosphärischen Cant Anstieg und einem unveränderten Ozean zu erwarten war. Um den Schwierigkeiten mit den Randbedingungen auszuweichen (Pazifisches AAIW strömt über die Drake Passage auch in den Atlantik und weiter in den Indischen Ozean) planen wir nun ein globales Vorgehen um in allen Ozeanen die Bildungsraten und Cant Speicherungen in den Zwischen- Tiefen- und Bodenwassermassen zu berechnen. Darüber hinaus wird der Zeitraum bis 2015 ausgedehnt, und wo immer die Datenlage es zulässt, Pentaden- anstatt Dekadenmittelwerte gebildet. Verwendet wird der aktualisierte GlODAPv2 Datensatz und eigene Daten.Die Berechnungen aus den Beobachtungen werden mit den Ergebnissen eines wirbelauflösenden globalen Ozeanmodells (1/10 Grad) kombiniert. Das POP Modell (Los Alamos Laboratory Parallel Ocean Program) mit eines horizontalen Auflösung von 0.1 Grad und 42 Tiefenstufen wird für die letzten 20 Jahre mit einem realistischen Forcing angetrieben und enthält außerdem die Freone als Tracer. Neben dem Vergleich mit einem klimatologischen Antrieb wird das Modell zur Weiterentwicklung der Tracer-Methode verwendet wir z.B. die Unsicherheit von zu wenig Datenpunkten und der Extrpolationsroutine auf die Bildungsraten / Cant Speicherungen. Ein weiterer wichtiger Punkt wird die Bestimmung der TTDs aus Lagrange Trajektorien und der Vergleich mit TTDs aus Tracermessungen sein, sowie die Untersuchung der Rolle der Wirbel, der Vermischung durch Wirbel und der vertikalen Vermischung.
Das Projekt "Aus der Atmosphäre in den Boden - wie Druckfluktuationen den Gastransport im Boden beeinflussen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Geo- und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Professur für Bodenökologie durchgeführt. Gasaustausch findet in der Atmosphäre primär durch turbulenten und laminaren Fluss statt. Im Boden dagegen spielt advektiver Gastransport eine untergeordnete Rolle, stattdessen dominiert Diffusion die Transportprozesse. Trotz der Unterschiedlichkeit und scheinbaren Unabhängigkeit dieser Prozesse wurde während Freilanduntersuchungen ein Anstieg von Gastransportraten im Boden um mehrere 10 % während Phasen starken Windes beobachtet. Dieser Anstieg ist auf wind-induzierte Druckfluktuationen zurückzuführen, die sich in das luftgefüllte Porensystem des Bodens fortpflanzen und zu einem minimal oszillierenden Luftmassenfluss führen (Pressure-pumping Effekt). Durch den oszillierenden Charakter des Luftmassenflusses ist der direkte Beitrag zum Gastransport sehr gering. Die damit einhergehende Dispersion führt jedoch zu einem Anstieg der effektiven Gastransportrate entgegen des Konzentrationsgradienten. Wird der Pressure-pumping (PP) Effekt bei der Bestimmung von Gasflüssen mit der Gradienten- und Kammermethode nicht berücksichtigt, kann dies zu großen Unsicherheiten in der Bestimmung von Bodengasflüssen führen. Insbesondere für das langfristige Monitoring von treibhausrelevanten Gasflüssen stellen diese Unsicherheiten ein zentrales Problem dar. Wir stellen vier Hypothesen auf:(H1) Der PP-Effekt ist abhängig von Bodeneigenschaften.(H2) Die Ausprägung von Luftdruckfluktuationen ist abhängig von der Rauigkeit verschiedener Landnutzungen (Wald, Grasland, landwirtschaftliche Kulturen, Stadt)(H3) Kammermessungen werden durch Luftdruckfluktuationen beeinflusst.(H4) Der Austausch und Umsatz von Methan in Böden von Mittelgebirgswäldern wird durch den PP-Effekt verstärkt. Die Hypothesen 1, 3 und 4 werden mittels Laboruntersuchungen von Proben verschiedener Böden und Bodenfeuchtebedingungen überprüft. Die Hypothese 2 wird durch Freilandmessungen an verschiedenen Standorten überprüft. Ziele des Vorhabens sind: (Z1) Modelle zu entwickeln, die die Quantifizierung des Einflusses der Bodenstruktur auf den PP-Effekt ermöglichen, (Z2) den Effekt der Oberflächenrauigkeit auf Luftdruckschwankungen zu quantifizieren, (Z3) Schwellenwerte zu definieren, die die Bestimmung von Standorten mit ausgeprägtem PP-Effekt ermöglichen, (Z4) Faktoren für die Berücksichtigung des PP-Effekts für Kammermessungen zu entwickeln, (Z5) Faktoren für die Berücksichtigung des PP-Effekts für die Gradienten Methode zu entwickeln, (Z6) den Einfluss des PP-Effekts auf die Methanaufnahme von Böden in Mittelgebirgswäldern zu bestimmen. Ein besseres Verständnis des bisher nur unzureichend untersuchten PP-Effekts wird wesentlich dazu beitragen, die Verlässlichkeit und Präzision von Messungen von Bodengasflüssen zu steigern, die die Grundlage für weitergehende Forschung darstellen.
Das Projekt "Design and analysis of unreplicated plant breeding trials" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Biostatistik (340c) durchgeführt. Early generation plant breeding trials are often laid out according to unreplicated designs. Replicated checks may be used for error control, for example in augmented designs based on an incomplete block design for checks which are augmented with unreplicated entries. Traditional augmented designs require considerable resources to be spent on genotypes that are not themselves of interest. Therefore, it has been suggested to replace checks with partially replicated entries, leading to so-called prep designs. In the present proposal we suggest combining both ideas to develop what we call augmented prep designs. A non-trivial design problem arises when trials are to be performed at multiple locations. The main challenge then is how to augment the blocks so as to balance the number of pairwise concurrences. This task can be tackled in different ways based on the use (-arrays which are well-known as the basis for (-designs in fully replicated experiments. Furthermore, we also explore the refinement of designs when analysis by spatial models is envisioned. Robustness of the designs to the presence of genotype-environment interaction is also investigated.
Das Projekt "Drivers and mechanisms of 13C discrimination in Cleistogenes squarrosa (C4) - reducing uncertainties on bundle sheath leakiness" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre durchgeführt. The energetic efficiency of C4 photosynthesis is strongly affected by bundle sheath leakiness, which is commonly assessed with the 'linear version' of the Farquhar model of 13C discrimination, and leaf gas exchange and 13C composition data. But, the linear Farquhar model is a simplification of the full mechanistic theory of ? in C4 plants, potentially generating errors in the estimation of leakiness. In particular, post-photosynthetic C isotope fractionation could cause large errors, but has not been studied in any detail. The present project aims to improve the understanding of the ecological and developmental/physiological factors controlling discrimination and leakiness of the perennial grass Cleistogenes squarrosa. C. squarrosa is the most important member of the C4 community which has spread significantly in the Mongolia grasslands in the last decades. It has an unusually high and variable discrimination, which suggests very high (and potentially highly variable) leakiness. Specifically, we will conduct the first systematic study of respiratory 13C fractionation in light and dark at leaf- and stand-scale in this C4 species, and assess its effect on discrimination and estimates of leakiness. These experiments are conducted in specialized 13CO2/12CO2 gas exchange mesocosms using ecologically relevant scenarios, testing specific hypotheses on effects of environmental drivers and plant and leaf developmental stage on discrimination and leakiness.
Das Projekt "Amplitude, mechanism, and dynamical significance of salinity variability in the Atlantic and Nordic Seas, analyzed from satellite data and ocean syntheses" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Institut für marine Ökosystem- und Fischereiwissenschaften, Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit (CEN) durchgeführt. The goal of this project is to quantify freshwater fluxes in the ocean, and improve our understanding of their temporal and spatial changes in terms of the interaction between ocean transport processes, surface net freshwater fluxes and river run-off, as well as mixing processes in the ocean. In particular, we aim at combining all available ocean salinity/freshwater data (including novel satellite-based salinity retrievals and ARGO data), surface freshwater fluxes (including HOAPS and NCEP net surface freshwater fluxes) and river discharge with a numerical model to improve our understanding of net surface sources of freshwater, near-surface freshwater budgets, and full-depth ocean freshwater transports. Respective sub-goals entail: -Improving the quality of SMOS and Aquarius surface salinity data and estimating respective error information required for their subsequent analysis and assimilation. - Expansion of the GECCO data assimilation system to incorporate surface salinity fields. - Evaluation of the sensitivity of subsurface salinity to freshwater fluxes (incl. run-off), surface salinity fields and subsurface salinity changes. - Estimates of surface and subsurface salinity fields, ocean transports of freshwater (including surface freshwater fluxes) from monthly mean SMOS and Aquarius fields, ARGO salinities and underway salinity measurements. - Quantifying the role of surface forcing (E-P-R) versus lateral transports and mixing of freshwater in modulating the freshwater content as function of depths and geographical position. Providing a best possible description of salinity changes and underlying processes in the Atlantic Ocean.
Das Projekt "The role of turgor in rain-cracking of sweet cherry fruit" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Biologische Produktionssysteme, Fachgebiet Obstbau durchgeführt. Rain-cracking limits the production of many soft and fleshy fruit including sweet cherries world wide. Cracking is thought to result from increased water uptake through surface and pedicel. Water uptake increases fruit volume, and hence, turgor of cells (Pcell) and the pressure inside the fruit (Pfruit) and subjects the skin to tangential stress and hence, strain. When the strain exceeds the limits of extensibility the fruit cracks. This hypothesis is referred to as the Pfruit driven strain cracking. Based on this hypothesis cracking is related to two independent groups of factors: (1) water transport characteristics and (2) the intrinsic cracking susceptibility of the fruit defined as the amount of cracking per unit water uptake. The intrinsic cracking susceptibility thus reflects the mechanical constitution of the fruit. Most studies focussed on water transport through the fruit surface (factors 1), but only little information is available on the mechanical constitution (i.e., Pfruit and Pcell, tensile properties such as fracture strain, fracture pressure and modulus of elasticity of the exocarp; factors 2). The few published estimates of Pfruit in sweet cherry are all obtained indirectly (calculated from fruit water potential and osmotic potentials of juice extracts) and unrealistically high. They exceed those measured by pressure probe techniques in mature grape berry by several orders of magnitude. The objective of the proposed project is to test the hypothesis of the Pfruit driven strain cracking. Initially we will focus on establishing systems of widely differing intrinsic cracking susceptibility by varying species (sweet and sour cherry, Ribes and Vaccinium berries, plum, tomato), genotype (within sweet cherry), stage of development and temperature. These systems will then be used for testing the hypothesis of Pfruit driven strain cracking. We will quantify Pfruit und Pcell by pressure probe techniques and compression tests and the mechanical properties of the exocarp using biaxial tensile tests. When the presence of high Pfruit and Pcell is confirmed by direct measurements, subsequent studies will focus on the mode of failure of the exocarp (fracture along vs. across cell walls) and the relationship between failure thresholds and morphometric characteristics of the exocarp. However, when Pfruit und Pcell are low, the hypothesis of Pfruit driven strain cracking must be rejected and the mechanistic basis for low pressures (presence of apoplastic solutes) clarified on a temporal (in the course of development) and a spatial scale (exocarp vs. mesocarp). We focus on sweet cherry, because detailed information on this species and experience in extending the short harvest period is available. Where appropriate, other cracking susceptible species (sour cherry, plum, Vaccinium, Ribes, tomato) will be included to further extend the experimental period and to maximize the range in intrinsic cracking susceptibility.
Das Projekt "Methodologies for dealing with uncertainties in landscape planning and related modeling; Uncertainty of predicted hydro-biogeochemical fluxes and trace gas emissions on the landscape scale under climate and land use change" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Gießen, Institut für Landschaftsökologie und Ressourcenmanagement, Professur für Landschafts-, Wasser- und Stoffhaushalt durchgeführt. Water, carbon and nitrogen are key elements in all ecosystem turnover processes and they are related to a variety of environmental problems, including eutrophication, greenhouse gas emissions or carbon sequestration. An in-depth knowledge of the interaction of water, carbon and nitrogen on the landscape scale is required to improve land use and management while at the same time mitigating environmental impact. This is even more important under the light of future climate and land use changes.In the frame of the proposal 'Uncertainty of predicted hydro-biogeochemical fluxes and trace gas emissions on the landscape scale under climate and land use change' we advocate the development of fully coupled, process-oriented models that explicitly simulate the dynamic interaction of water, carbon and nitrogen turnover processes on the landscape scale. We will use the Catchment Modelling Framework CMF, a modular toolbox to implement and test hypothesis of hydrologic behaviour and couple this to the biogeochemical LandscapeDNDC model, a process-based dynamic model for the simulation of greenhouse gas emissions from soils and their associated turnover processes.Due to the intrinsic complexity of the models in use, the predictive uncertainty of the coupled models is unknown. This predictive (global) uncertainty is composed of stochastic and structural components. Stochastic uncertainty results from errors in parameter estimation, poorly known initial states of the model, mismatching boundary conditions or inaccuracies in model input and validation data. Structural uncertainty is related to the flawed or simplified description of natural processes in a model.The objective of this proposal is therefore to quantify the global uncertainty of the coupled hydro-biogeochemical models and investigate the uncertainty chain from parameter uncertainty over forcing data uncertainty up the structural model uncertainty be setting up different combinations of CMF and LandscapeDNDC. A comprehensive work program has been developed structured in 4 work packages, that consist of (1) model set up, calibration and uncertainty assessment on site scale followed by (2) an application and uncertainty assessment of the coupled model structures on regional scale, (3) global change scenario analyses and finally (4) evaluating model results in an ensemble fashion.Last but not least, a further motivation of this proposal is to provide project results in a manner that they support planning and decision taking under uncertainty, as this proposal is part of the package proposal on 'Methodologies for dealing with uncertainties in landscape planning and related modelling'.
Das Projekt "Barley compatibility factors pivotal for root colonisation and manipulation of basal defence by Piriformospora indica" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Institut für Phytopathologie durchgeführt. This project is aimed at the characterization of the systemic reprogramming in barley, which modulates the compatible interaction with the biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei upon root infestation with the mutualistic endophyte Piriformospora indica. We have recently shown that the basidiomycete P. indica - upon successful establishment in the roots - reprograms barley to salt stress tolerance, resistance to root diseases and higher yield (Waller et al., 2005). Successful powdery mildew infections in barley leaves are also disturbed by the mutualistic fungus. These processes are associated with a strong change in plant metabolism, especially with a drastic alteration of leaf and root antioxidants. On the basis of these findings we will perform an in-depth analysis of the barley metabolome (B6) and transcriptome (B7) with two specific foci: First, to elucidate the process of establishment of the mutualistic fungus within the barley roots; second, to characterize elements of the systemic response in leaves leading to an interruption or failure of compatibility processes required for successful establishment of biotrophic leaf pathogens like Blumeria. New gene candidates will be pre-selected systematically for their regulatory role in compatibility by means of transiently transformed barley leaves upon Blumeria inoculation. Stable transgenic barley and maize lines (B3) generated with verified gene candidates and genes identified by other projects (A1, A2, B5, B6) will be tested with Blumeria and P. indica. By comparing candidate genes in the different plant - microbe systems, we will identify common regulatory processes, metabolites and metabolic networks implicated in compatibility including those required for successful interactions with mutualistic fungi.
Das Projekt "Agricultural Entrepreneurs' Decision Making and Structural Change: An Experimental Approach" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Berlin (Humboldt-Univ.), Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik durchgeführt. The rational calculus of farmers assumed in many agricultural economic models is unrealistic and non-predictive of their actual decision making. Understanding structural change in agriculture can thus be improved via a realistic modeling of the decision making by agricultural entrepreneurs. Specifically, slow disinvestment (i.e., postponing farm exit), persistence of market structures (i.e., failure to reallocate land plots towards higher efficiency), and more generally characterizing the decision making of farmers are crucial for a better understanding of structural change and policy advice. We apply economic experiments to better understand such disinvestment choices, land markets with economies of scale and private opportunity costs, different auction and bargaining forms to improve allocation efficiency of land markets, and to generally characterize the decision making of farmers.
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