Das Projekt "B 1.2: Efficient water use in limestone areas - Phase 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre durchgeführt. The elevated areas of Northern Thailand highlands are inhabited by ethnic minorities. On the other hand, the Thai majority prefers the valley bottoms. Population growth of all groups, reforestation and commercialisation of agriculture lead to an increasing pressure on land and water resources. Therefore, intensified land and water use systems are desired which are resource conserving at the same time. Here, special problem areas are the karstic limestone catchments due to the limited of surface waters.Own pre-investigations together with subproject A1 have shown, that land use systems there are subsistence oriented and local farmers do not use irrigation. But they would like to develop such technology, especially in order to increase staple crop production (highland rice, maize). But lack of irrigation possibilities is also responsible for the lack of diversification of land use systems with respect to orchards. One possibility to increase staple crop yields is to prolong the vegetation period by use of water harvesting technologies. Aim of this project is to develop such low cost water harvesting technologies (together with subproject B3.1) based on a participatory approach and to model the effect of these on the water balance at the catchments scale. This will be done on the basis of the previous variability studies and should lead to model tools, which allow to evaluate ex ante SFB innovation effects on the water balance. The project area is the Bor Krai catchments. Here, weirs will be installed to quantify surface water availability. An investigation plot will be situated near the village of Bor Krai which serves for water balance measurements (TDR/densitometry) and at the same time as demonstration plot for the local community. Here water harvesting by means of filling the soils field capacity at the end of the rainy season by gravity irrigation in order to prolong the vegetation period will be researched. Through cropping of participatory evaluated varieties the crop yield should be increased. The water consumption of traditionally managed and dominant crops (including orchards) will be measured at three further sites in the catchment (TDR, tensiometer). The water balance of the soil cover in the karst catchment will be based on the coupling of a SOTER map with a water transport model. The data base will be completed by soil type mapping, spatially randomised collection of soil physical properties (texture, bulk density, infiltration, water retention curve) and determination of the ku-function at two representative sites. As project results the available water amount for irrigation purposes will be quantified. The effective use of this water reserve will lead to increased productivity of the dominant crops and limitations to orchard productivity will be reduced. (abridged text)
Das Projekt "Climate Impact Expert System (CIES)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung e.V. durchgeführt. Today, plenty of data is available on the climate, agriculture or forestry which is neither integrated nor easily consumable by individuals or companies. However, climate data alone and integrated with other data sources is valuable information for economically relevant sectors such as agriculture, forestry, hydrology and (bio)energy production. The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), IT partner (wetteronline GmbH) and Bayer AG (specifically Bayer CropScience) are among the leading entities in their areas of expertise worldwide. The proposed work combines their expertise in the following fields: PIK: Climate research IT partner: Information systems Bayer: Plant protection The goal is in a first step to develop a consultant software product for agricultural problems (including hydrology and forestry) influenced by weather and climate. This product will achieve new levels of sophistication, with potential applications to various regions and areas of the economy (energy, water availability, forestry, health, stakeholder consultations etc.). Key innovations are as follows: - PIK is well stocked with different models for the computation of climate scenarios, hydrology and water resources, vegetation dynamics (including forestry and agriculture) which are to be coupled into a tool. There is no such model chain in the shape of an integrative tool so far. - The project aims at developing a client-server based system, which integrates climate and climate scenario from PIK, open data available in the internet, as well as knowledge about crops from our partner Bayer AG CropSciences. Access will be provided via a variety of web-enabled devices. - Although some institutions supply climate data and climate scenario data, the resulting effects on economically relevant sectors such as hydrology, agriculture or energy production are lacking. Within this pilot study, such scenarios integrating both climate and sectors will be provided for Germany to start with. - In turn, the scenario data compiled by the model system will be the foundation and data basis for a user tool that will enable future users to apply the data according to their specific demands in a very user-friendly format. - The aim is to deploy this information for as many regions and users as possible worldwide. Germany and selected regions from other climatic zones such as China and Africa will serve as pilot regions.
Das Projekt "Assessment of satellite constellations for monitoring the variations in earth s gravity field" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Geodätisches Institut durchgeführt. More than a decade has passed since the launch of the GRACE satellite mission. Although designed for a nominal mission lifetime of 5 years, it still provides valuable science data. An eventual systems failure and, thus, mission termination is expected any time soon, though. Despite a relative low spatial and temporal resolution, the monthly gravity fields have proved an invaluable and novel parameter set in several geoscience disciplines, allowing new research venues in the study of Global Change phenomena. The hydrological cycle is now subject to quantification at continental scales; the state of the cryosphere, particularly ice sheet melting over Greenland and Antarctica, can be monitored; and steric effects of sea-level change have become separable from non-steric ones. The enormous success of the mission has driven the need for continuation of monitoring mass changes in the Earth system. Indeed, a GRACE Follow-On (GFO) mission has been approved for launch in August 2017. Like its predecessor it will consist of two satellites flying en echelon with intersatellite K-Band ranging as the main gravitational sensor. Despite a number of planned technological improvements, including a laser link as demonstrator, GFO will mostly be based on GRACE heritage. Given a similar orbit configuration and a similar systems setup, the quality of eventual gravity field products can be expected to be in the same range as the current GRACE products. To guarantee the continuation of such successful gravity field time series ESA has embarked several years ago on a long term strategy for future gravity field satellite missions, both in terms of technology development and in terms of consolidating the user community. Scientists from academia and industry held a workshop on The Future of Satellite Gravimetry at ESTEC premises, 12-13 April 2007, (RD-9). Similar workshops have been organized by other organizations, e.g. the joint GGOS/IGCP565 workshop Towards a Roadmap for Future Satellite Gravity Missions in Graz, September 30 - October 2, 2009. ESA furthermore played a key role in consolidating the international user community by funding a series of study projects, cf. (RD-1) to (RD-5). Similar projects have been funded and conducted at national level, e.g. the German BMBF-funded Geotechnologies III project Concepts for future gravity field satellite missions (PI: N. Sneeuw). These studies, together with GRACE experience, have provided a clear understanding of the current limitations of a GRACE-type mission. In particular the limitations in sampling and sensitivity of a single pair of satellites with in-orbit in-line sensitivity are well documented. At the same time, these studies have shown the design options and a roadmap towards a next generation gravity field mission.
Das Projekt "MATRE - Modernizing Academic Teaching & Research Environment in Business & Economics at Lebanon and Syria" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Oldenburg, Fakultät II, Abteilung Wirtschaftsinformatik I , VLBA durchgeführt. This project contributes towards modernizing the higher education sector in LB/SY by supporting the 'Higher Education & Society' TEMPUS programme theme. This will be realized by establishing 2 centers for international quality research & sustainable curricula development in the Business, Economics & Management fields at MUBS (LB) & AIU (SY) to lead the research environment development in cooperation with LB/SY universities (LU&IUST), business representatives & similar centers in EU & neighboring countries. The specific objectives come in 4 main folds (research, teaching, knowledge triangle & policy related objectives): 1. To boost research environment & promote research culture at MUBS/AIU Faculties of Economics & other LB/SY business faculties & institution. This will be realized by capacity building & creating networks with EU counterparts for exchanging knowhow & good practices. 2. To promote modernization of curricula & teaching skills & methods in the field of Business, Economics & Management at MUBS/AIU & other LB/SY faculties in accordance with the EU experience by organizing related training courses & seminars. 3. To set & operate knowledge triangle (education, innovation, research) in LB/SY by engaging business sector representatives in project activities to facilitate the strategic linkage between research & industry current & future needs. 4. To propose policies & regulations in order to improve the research & teaching environment in the field in LB/SY. A wide range of outcomes & outputs will result from MATRE. The project produces the following principle outcomes/outputs: 1. A situational study of academic & research environment at MUBS/AIU. 2. The establishment of the centers. 3. Bonds strengthening & networks with LB/SY business & industry. 4. Preparing TOT & running training courses, reviewing & proposing the contents of new curricula. 5. Compiling & producing centers' resources & databases. 6. Suggesting a national policy paper & a plan for future centers' sustainability.
Das Projekt "Long-term float-based observation of oxygen dynamics in major contrasting ocean regimes and biogeographical provinces" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR), Forschungsbereich 2: Marine Biogeochemie, Forschungseinheit Chemische Ozeanographie durchgeführt. The project is based on the cooperation with investigators of two famous research institutions and aims to contribute an oxygen observation component to the major field experiments with profiling floats which will be carried out by these institutions. These studies focus on the Arctic and Antarctic regions of the Atlantic, the subtropical gyres of Atlantic and Pacific, and the subpolar north Atlantic. Within this project optical oxygen sensor shall be installed on the existing floats of these studies. The oxygen observation component encompasses the entire chain from calibration of the oxygen sensor via processing and quality control of the oxygen data to full scientific evaluation and publication of the results. This will be carried out within a Ph.D. project with subsequent postdoc phase. The project is scientifically self-contained and at the same time contributes considerably to the interpretability and significance of all field studies. Besides the highly relevant scientific questions addressed the project also aims to provide a significant and internationally visible contribution to the development of autonomous biogeochemical observation methods in oceanography.
Das Projekt "Nitrous acid (HONO) source and sink processes in a disturbed forest ecosystem - interactions of heterogeneous chemistry and turbulent transport" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Technischen Umweltschutz durchgeführt. Within this project, the complex interplay of source and sink processes of nitrous acid (HONO) will be studied in a disturbed forest ecosystem. In previous field experiments, a tight correlation of the atmospheric mixing ratios of HONO and NO2, the most probable precursor, was not observed, while the interaction of heterogeneous chemistry (with a strong dependence on humidity conditions) and turbulent transport was found to play a significant role. The proposed measurements extend the previous field measurements of HONO within the forest to a second contrasting site in a forest clear cut. New near-surface profile measurements of HONO, NO, NO2 and O3 within the lowest two meters above the ground both in the trunk space and the clear cut will contribute to an advanced assessment of the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of relevant HONO sources and sinks. The proposed research tasks are designed to fill the scientific gaps that became evident from analyzing HONO field data from our forest ecosystem research site. In particular, we aim at untangling interactions of heterogeneous chemistry (influenced by radiation and humidity conditions) and turbulent transport under different atmospheric coupling regimes. This project will also contribute to the fundamental understanding of turbulent transport in a disturbed forest ecosystem, and provide basic observational data to evaluate and enhance reactive trace gas modeling on the canopy scale.
Das Projekt "Field and laboratory studies of aerosol formation from halogenated precursor gases" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Technischen Umweltschutz durchgeführt. This project was part of the HaloProc research unit on natural halogenation processes, and explored the impact of reactive halogen species on aerosol formation in field and laboratory experiments. Field studies were focused on the Lake King salt lake area in Western Australia. New particle formation events were frequently observed and characterized by measuring the temporal evolution of the submicron aerosol size distributions, and collecting aerosol samples for subsequent chemical analysis. 9 out of 11 measurement days in 2013 showed secondary aerosol formation with particle growth rates from 2.9 to 25.4 nm h^-1. Raman spectroscopy and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry revealed a contribution of organohalogen compounds (mostly organochlorine) to the secondary organic aerosol, however, organosulfate and organonitrate formation seemed to play a larger role in the studied environment. Nevertheless, a new experimental approach that made use of a mobile Teflon chamber set up above the salt crust and the organic-rich mud layer of various salt lakes directly linked new particle formation to the hypersaline environment of Western Australia. For more detailed process studies, these field results provided realistic scenarios and constraints for simulation experiments in the laboratory. Salt lake conditions were successfully simulated in aerosol chamber experiments and showed secondary aerosol formation in the presence of light and organic precursor compounds. The particle formation dynamics and the chemical speciation of aerosol samples, which were collected from the chamber experiments and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, indicated a coupling of aqueous phase chemistry and secondary aerosol formation. In particular, the Fe(II) concentrations of the simulated salt lakes were a key control for the intensity of new particle formation. In saline environments with low pH values and high solar radiation, Fe(II) might be converted to Fe(III) in the presence of organic matter in a Fenton-like reaction, which can act as a major source for highly reactive OH radicals in the aqueous phase. On the one hand, this expands the potential oxidation pathways for organic compounds, which led to a larger chemical diversity. On the other hand, Fe(II)-controlled aqueous phase chemistry competes with secondary aerosol formation in the gas phase, which led to reduced particle formation in our experiments. While it is premature to fully incorporate these findings in chemistry box models, additional laboratory studies provided experimental data that will guide the development of model parameterizations, e.g., for the organic aerosol yield from the oxidation of organic compounds by chlorine and bromine, or for reactive bromine loss due to uptake in secondary organic aerosol. In conclusion, this project bridged gaps between field studies of halogen-influenced new particle formation in the real world and laboratory experiments within the HaloProc research u
Das Projekt "Tagung: Colloquium: Smart regulation for global competition - is Europe's competitive edge green?" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Berlin, Otto-Suhr-Institut für Politikwissenschaft, Bereich Innenpolitik und Systemvergleich, Forschungsstelle für Umweltpolitik durchgeführt. Zielsetzung und Anlass des Vorhabens: Ziel des Vorhabens war es, den Fokus der (politik-)wissenschaftlichen Debatte auf umweltpolitische Regulierung und Governance zu lenken. Die Kernfrage dabei lautete, wie Strategien aussehen, welche die Mechanismen des Marktes für die Entwicklung und Verbreitung radikaler Ökoinnovationen nutzen, institu-tionelle Pfadabhängigkeiten aufbrechen und angemessene rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für die Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter schaffen können und wie diese Strategien politisch umgesetzt werden kön-nen. Das Symposium führte führende Experten in den Bereichen umweltpolitischer Governance, Verwaltungs- und Staatswissenschaften, Innovations- und Modernisierungstheorie und Umweltpolitikanalyse zusammen, um aktuelle Entwicklungen zu diskutieren, erste Antworten zu formulieren und neue Anstöße für die Forschung auf diesem Gebiet zu geben. Es fand aus Anlass von Martin Jänickes 70. Geburtstag statt, einem der prominentesten deutschen Experten für Umweltpolitik. Martin Jänicke hat die Diskussionen um die hier skizzierten Fragen und viele andere relevante umweltpolitische Diskussionen in den letzten 35 Jahren entscheidend mitgeprägt. Fazit: Die Projektkoordinatoren und Teilnehmer zogen eine außerordentlich positive Bilanz aus dem Colloquium. Die zweitägige Veranstaltung war gefüllt mit inspirierenden Präsentationen und Diskussionen führender Wissenschaftler. Das Colloquiumskonzept wurde von den Teilnehmern sowie den Projektkoordinatoren als sehr bereichernd empfunden. Die Ideen und Konzepte, die auf dem Colloquium diskutiert wurden, sind in zahlreichen Publikationen und Projekten weiter entwickelt worden. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde vor allem die zahlreichen Möglichkeiten für Diskussionen nach den einzelnen Präsentationen wurden positive hervorgehoben, da dies eine tiefe Auseinandersetzung mit den jeweiligen Aspekten des Tagungsthemas zuließ.
Das Projekt "EEB-Comments on the Proposal for a Council Decision Concerning the Fourth Framework Programme of the European Economic Community Activities in the Field of Research, Technological Development and Demonstration (1994-1998)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Öko-Institut. Institut für angewandte Ökologie e.V. durchgeführt.
Das Projekt "Regionale Auswirkungen der Schiffsemissionen in Megaports im Yangtse Delta, China und in Nordeuropa auf die Luftqualität" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH - Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) durchgeführt. Schiffsemissionen gehören zu den wichtigsten Quellen von Luftschadstoffen in Hafenstädten und daran angrenzenden Küstenregionen. Um den daraus resultierenden Gesundheitsgefahren und Umweltbelastungen entgegenzuwirken, werden in nationalen und internationalen Gremien sowie in Politik und Behörden Maßnahmen zur Emissionsminderung diskutiert. Hierzu gehören neuartige Schiffstreibstoffe (wie Flüssiggas, LNG), Abgasreinigungstechnologien (wie Katalysatoren) und Landstromanlagen. Um den anstehenden Entscheidungen eine solide Grundlage zu bieten, wird dringend mehr Forschung über den Einfluss von Schiffsemissionen auf die lokale Umwelt - abhängig von der jeweiligen chemischen Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre sowie der geographischen und klimatischen Situation des betroffenen Ortes - benötigt. Ein geeigneter Forschungsansatz umfasst die Bestimmung von Emissionsfaktoren unter Außenbedingungen, die Messung der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Schiffsabgasfahnen im Nahbereich der Schornsteine, die Ermittlung und Bereitstellung lokaler Schiffsemissionsinventare, sowie die Verbesserung und Anwendung von Chemietransportmodellen für Hafengebiete. Infolgedessen hat ShipCHEM folgende Ziele formuliert: (1) Durchführung von Emissionsmessungen auf repräsentativen Schiffen in Megaports des Yangtse-River-Deltas in China (Shanghai und Ningbo-Zhoushan) inklusive der Bestimmung von gasförmigen und partikelgebundenen Komponenten. Die Auswertung der Messungen wird verbesserte Datensätze lastabhängiger Emissionsfunktionen und Emissionsfaktoren für alle relevanten Schadstoffe liefern. Die Ergebnisse werden im Kontext vorhandener Emissionsfaktoren aus der Literatur und verfügbarer Beobachtungsdaten aus den europäischen Megaports Hamburg und Rotterdam interpretiert. (2) Erstellung eines hochaufgelösten, direkt in Chemietransport-Modellsystemen verwendbaren Schiffsemissionsinventars, basierend auf Schiffsaktivitätsdaten mit allen relevanten Schadstoffen. (3) Verbesserung der Ausbreitungs- und Chemiemodelle für Abgasfahnen von Schiffen durch Auswertung und Vergleich von Modellergebnissen mit Beobachtungsdaten in Hafengebieten. (4) Bestimmung des Einflusses der Schifffahrt auf die Luftqualität in Megaport-Regionen auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Skalen durch Anwendung regionaler (COSMO-CLM/CMAQ) und darin genesteter urbaner Modellsysteme (CityChem). (5) Analyse der Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den Häfen in Shanghai und Hamburg in Bezug auf die Rolle der Häfen für die jeweilige Luftqualität in der Stadt und deren Umgebung. Dies beinhaltet die Bewertung neuer Emissionsstandards in beiden Häfen, die es ermöglicht den Erfolg verschiedener Emissionsminderungsmaßnahmen zu beurteilen.
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