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Distribution and concentration of nutrients, carbon compounds and methane in water samples in the southern German Bight (North Sea) in September 2024 during the MOSES Sternfahrt 12

The 12th Sternfahrt of the ElbeXtreme and MOSES projects took place in 2024 from September 02 to 13, within the area of the German Bight (North Sea). Its objective was to get a more systematic grid of sampling data by spatially integrated onboard sensors. Therefore, the MOSES-laboratory container was installed again. Water samples were taken from the surface with a rosette or via Niskin bottles. The first part of the cruise was conducted by the research vessel (RV) Ludwig Prandtl, starting on the 2nd of September on Heligoland. From there, the crew navigated towards Cuxhaven covering some stations from previous MOSES cruises. For the next days, the ship followed a rectangular track, shifting northward each day, heading towards Heligoland again. Due to strong winds, the sampling stations were reduced to three on the last day. On Heligoland the RV Mya II took over the laboratory container and other sampling equipment for the second part of the cruise. Persistent strong winds delayed the start of the cruise until September 11. Since most of the planned stations were already covered from the RV Ludwig Prandtl, the crew decided to expand the sampling area using a more systematic zig-zag line. With the return of Mya II in the afternoon of the 13th September 2024, the campaign was successfully finished.

Pore-water pH, H2S, Cl-, SO42-, SiO2, NO2-, PO43-, NH4+, NO3-, major and trace element data from MUC cores taken during RV HEINCKE cruises HE575 and HE595 in the Helgoland Mud Area, German Bight

This dataset includes downcore measurements of pH values, H2S, Cl-, SO42-, SiO2, NO2-, PO43-, NH4+, NO3-, As, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, Si and Sr concentrations for sediment cores retrieved using multi-corer sampling during RV Heincke expeditions HE575 and HE595 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The samples were collected in the framework of the Project APOC (Anthropogenic impacts on particulate organic carbon cycling in the North Sea). All measurements were performed in the laboratories of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) in Bremerhaven, Germany, except pH values, which were determined onboard the research vessel.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Kongsberg EM2040 working area dataset) of RV ALKOR during cruise AL652/2, MPA Adlergrund, Baltic Sea

Swath sonar bathymetry data were acquired during cruise AL652/2 with the research vessel RV ALKOR using a hull-mounted Kongsberg EM2040 multibeam echosounder (MBES). The cruise took place between 25.05.2026 - 02.06.2026 in the German Baltic Sea. The approximate depth range of the mapped area is between 10-20 m. To improve MBES data quality, sound velocity profile (SVP) casts were conducted in the vicinity of the mapped area prior to and after each survey using a Sound Velocity Probe. The data set includes data from the 'Adlergrund', located within the Pommeranian Bay/Rønne Bank Nature Conservation Area (NCA). The survey was carried out to support baseline habitat studies in this region. Data processing involved the application of a weak spline filter and manual cleaning to remove erroneous soundings, performed using Qimera (https://qps.nl/qimera/#). A bathymetric raster was generated and exported in GeoTIFF format with a spatial resolution of 0.25 m (negative depth values), referenced to WGS84 as the vertical datum and projected in UTM coordinates.

Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) air-sea fluxes, version 3, 2005-2024

Along ship track bulk turbulent heat and momentum fluxes derived using one-minute interval data collected by the Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) initiative. The fluxes are provided as three products derived using three widely accepted air-sea flux algorithms (Smith 1988, COARE 3.6, and a 2023 update of Bourassa 2006). Datasets are organized by ship and flux algorithm. The dataset uses SAMOS data from 47 research vessels with observations spanning 2005-2024. Data include heat and momentum fluxes, state variables adjusted to 10 meters, and multiple inputs and outputs from the flux algorithms. These data have wide use for satellite product and model evaluation; air-sea interaction, marine biology, chemistry and geoscience research activities; climate science, and marine geoinformatics. Data coverage is the global oceans, but is concentrated around North America. Fluxes are derived from along cruise track navigational, meteorological, and oceanographic observations from 47 research vessels. Fluxes are derived at one-minute intervals (the same as the source observations) and take advantage of extensive quality control flags on the source SAMOS data. Additional QC flags are applied to the derived fluxes, height adjusted state variables, and other outputs of the flux algorithms. All data are provided in CF and ACDD compliant netCDF files, with extensive metadata. The uncompressed data volume is ca. 180 GB per algorithm.

Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) air-sea fluxes, version 2, 2005-2015

Along ship track bulk turbulent heat and momentum fluxes derived using one-minute interval data collected by the Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) initiative. The fluxes are provided as three products derived using three widely accepted air-sea flux algorithms (Smith 1988, COARE 3.5, and a 2013 update of Bourassa 2006). Datasets are organized by ship and flux algorithm. The dataset uses SAMOS data from 19 research vessels with observations spanning 2005-2015. Data include heat and momentum fluxes, state variables adjusted to 10 meters, and multiple inputs and outputs from the flux algorithms. These data have wide use for satellite product and model evaluation; air-sea interaction, marine biology, chemistry and geoscience research activities; climate science, and marine geoinformatics. The data are concentrated in the oceans around North America, but select data are available from most ocean basins. Fluxes are derived from along cruise track navigational, meteorological, and oceanographic observations from 19 research vessels. Fluxes are derived at one-minute intervals (the same as the source observations) and take advantage of extensive quality control flags on the source SAMOS data. Additional QC flags are applied to the derived fluxes, height adjusted state variables, and other outputs of the flux algorithms. All data are provided in CF and ACDD compliant netCDF files, with extensive metadata. The uncompressed data volume is ca. 5 GB.

Multibeam bathymetry processed data (Kongsberg EM2040 working area dataset) of RV ALKOR during cruise AL652/2, MPA Fehmarnbelt, Baltic Sea

Swath sonar bathymetry data were acquired during cruise AL652-2 with the research vessel RV ALKOR using a hull-mounted Kongsberg EM2040 multibeam echosounder (MBES). The cruise took place between 25.05.2026 - 02.06.2026 in the German Baltic Sea. The approximate depth range of the mapped area is between 15-30m. To improve MBES data quality, sound velocity profile (SVP) casts were conducted in the vicinity of the mapped area prior to and after each survey using a Sound Velocity Probe. The data set includes data from an area called 'Oejet', which is a part of the Nature Conservation Area (NCA) 'Fehmarnbelt', located in the western Baltic Sea. The survey was carried out to support baseline habitat studies in this region. Data processing involved the application of a weak spline filter and manual cleaning to remove erroneous soundings, performed using Qimera (https://qps.nl/qimera/#). A bathymetric raster was generated and exported in GeoTIFF format with a spatial resolution of 0.25 m (negative depth values), referenced to WGS84 as the vertical datum and projected in UTM coordinates. The dataset consists of two surveys (Stations AL652-2_65, AL652-2_77) that were combined into a single final grid.

A validation data set of phytoplankton pigment concentrations and phytoplankton groups measured on water samples collected from various expeditions

This data set composes quality controlled in situ measurements of eight major pigments based on HPLC collected from various expeditions from 2016 to 2023. There are two subsets: subset 1 is the test dataset (99 matchups) extracted from and takes up 30 % of a global in situ PFT matchup data set, while the other 70 % was used for the retuning of the PFT algorithm for Sentinel 3 OLCI sensors. Subset 1 spans from 2016 to 2021 and is part of the global data set described in Xi et al. (2023): https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954738. Subset 2 containing 134 matchups is a newly compiled dataset that composites in situ PFT data collected from four recent mostly polar expeditions with the research vessel Polarstern (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2017), that are PS126 (May–June 2021), PS131/1 (June–Aug 2022) and PS136 (May–June 2023) in the north Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean, and PS133 (Oct–Nov 2022) in the Southern Ocean. The in situ PFT data were derived from quality-controlled HPLC pigment concentrations using diagnostic pigment analysis (DPA) with updated pigment-specific weighting coefficients following Xi et al. (2023). This published data set has been used to validate satellite PFT products generated for the EU funded Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS, https://marine.copernicus.eu/), which are derived from multi-sensor ocean color reflectance data and sea surface temperature using an empirical orthogonal function based approach (Xi et al. 2020; 2021).

Sonderforschungsbereich Transregio 172 (SFB TRR): Arktische Verstärkung: Klimarelevante Atmosphären- und Oberflächenprozesse und Rückkopplungsmechanismen (AC)3, Teilprojekt A01: Arktische Aerosol-, Wolken- und Strahlungseigenschaften von bodengebundenen Beobachtungen und Modellen

Wolkenbeobachtungen werden mit Aerosolmessungen auf dem Forschungsschiff (FS) Polarstern und einer Eisstation synchronisiert um den direkten und indirekten Aerosoleffekt zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren. Diese werden mit dem Zustand der Atmosphäre in Zusammenhang mit deren Strahlungsflüssen am Boden in Verbindung gebracht. Strahlungsschließungsstudien werden durchgeführt um die fernerkundeten Aerosol- und Wolkeneigenschaften mit den in-situ Messungen der Bodenstrahlungsflüsse zu verbinden

Erweiterte experimentelle Untersuchungen der reaktiven Halogenchemie in Polarregionen (HALOPOLE III)

Halogenradikale spielen eine Schlüsselrolle in der Chemie der polaren Grenzschicht. Alljährlich im Frühjahr beobachtet man riesige Flächen von mehreren Millionen Quadratkilometern mit stark erhöhten Konzentrationen von reaktivem Brom, welches von salzhaltigen Oberflächen in der Arktis und Antarktis emittiert werden. Dieses Phänomen ist auch als Bromexplosion bekannt. Des Weiteren detektieren sowohl boden- als auch satellitengestützte Messungen signifikante Mengen von Jodoxid über der Antarktis, jedoch nicht in der Arktis. Die Gründe für diese Asymmetrie sind nach wie vor unbekannt, aber das Vorhandensein von nur wenigen ppt reaktiven Jods in der antarktischen Grenzschicht sollte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das chemische Gleichgewicht der Atmosphäre haben und zu einer Verstärkung des durch Brom katalysierten Ozonabbaus im polaren Frühjahr haben. Der Schwerpunkt der Aktivitäten im Rahmen von HALOPOLE III wird auf der Untersuchung von wichtigen Fragestellungen liegen, die im Rahmen der Vorgängerprojekte HALOPOLE I und II im Bezug auf die Quellen, Senken und Transformationsprozesse von reaktiven Halogenverbindungen in Polarregionen aufgetreten sind. Basierend sowohl auf der synergistischen Untersuchung der bislang gewonnen Daten aus Langzeit - und Feldmessungen sowie auf neuartigen Messungen in der Antarktis sind die wesentlichen Schwerpunkte: (1) Die Untersuchung einer im Rahmen von HALOPOLE II aufgetretenen eklatanten Diskrepanz zwischen aktiven und passiven Messungen DOAS Messungen von IO. (2) Eine eingehende Analyse der DOAS Langzeitmessungen von der Neumayer Station und Arrival Heights (Antarktis) sowie Alert (Kanada) bezüglich Meteorologie, Ursprung der Luftmassen, Vertikalverteilung, sowie des Einflusses von Schnee, Meereis und Eisblumen auf die Freisetzung von reaktiven Halogenverbindungen. (3) Die Untersuchung der kleinskaligen räumlicher und zeitlichen Variation von BrO auf der Basis einer detaillierten Analyse der flugzeuggebundenen MAX-DOAS Messungen während der BROMEX 2012 Kampagne in Barrow/Alaska. (4) Die Analyse der kürzlich in der marginalen Eiszone der Antarktis auf dem Forschungsschiff Polarstern durchgeführten Messungen im Hinblick auf die horizontale und vertikale Verteilung von BrO und IO, sowie den Einfluss der Halogenchemie auf den Ozon- und Quecksilberhaushalt. (5) Weitere detaillierte Untersuchungen des Einflusses von Halogenradikalen, insbesondere Chlor und Jod, auf das chemische Gleichgewicht der polaren Grenzschicht auf der Basis einer Messkampagne in Halley Bay, Antarktis. (6) Detailliertere Langzeit-Messungen von Halogenradikalen und weiteren Substanzen auf der Neumayer Station mittels eines neuen Langpfad-DOAS Instruments welches im Rahmen dieses Projektes entwickelt wird. Zusätzlich zu den bereits existierenden MAX-DOAS Messungen werden diese eine ganzjährige Messungen des vollen Tagesganges sowie die Untersuchung nicht nur der Brom- und Jodchemie, sondern auch der Chlorchemie ermöglichen.

Marine geowissenschaftliche Daten - Projekt PANORAMA (WMS)

Im Rahmen des PANORAMA Projekts wurden vier marin-geophysikalische und marin geologische Expeditionen durchgeführt. 2013: Panorama1 mit dem Forschungsschiff RV OGS Explora, nördliche Barentssee und Eurasisches Becken; 2015: Panorama2 mit RV OGS Explora, nördliche Barentssee, Olga Becken; 2017 SEGMENT mit RV Maria S. Merian, nordöstlicher Kontinentrand Grönland; 2018 GREENMATE mit RV Polarstern, nordöstlicher und nördlicher Kontinentrand Grönland. Die geowissenschaftlichen Daten umfassen für die genannten Expeditionen 2D reflexionsseismische Daten und refraktionsseismische Daten (mit OBS bzw. Sonarboje. Zusätzlich wurden hydroakustische Daten mit den bordeigenen Fächerecholoten bzw. Sedimentecholoten aufgezeichnet. Darüber hinaus wurden gravimetrische und magnetische Daten erfasst. Geologische und geochemische Daten wurden mit Schwereloten und Multicorern genommen. Im Rahmen der Expedition Greenmate (2018) wurde auch per Helikopter Proben an der Küste NO Grönlands genommen. Ergebnisse stehen bislang in den folgenden Veröffentlichungen zur Verfügung: Berglar Kai, Franke Dieter, Lutz Rüdiger, Schreckenberger Bernd, Damm Volkmar; Initial Opening of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean; Frontiers in Earth Science; 2016; DOI=10.3389/feart.2016.00091 Rüdiger Lutz, Dieter Franke, Kai Berglar, Ingo Heyde, Bernd Schreckenberger, Peter Klitzke, Wolfram H. Geissler; Evidence for mantle exhumation since the early evolution of the slow-spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean; Journal of Geodynamics; 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2018.01.014 Philipp Weniger, Martin Blumenberg, Kai Berglar, Axel Ehrhardt, Peter Klitzke, Martin Krüger, Rüdiger Lutz; Origin of near-surface hydrocarbon gases bound in northern Barents Sea sediments; Marine and Petroleum Geology; 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.12.036 P. Klitzke, D. Franke, A. Ehrhardt, R. Lutz, L. Reinhardt, I. Heyde, J.I. Faleide; The paleozoic evolution of the Olga Basin region, northern Barents Sea – a link to the timanian orogeny; G-cubed, 20 (2) (2019); 10.1029/2018GC007814 Rüdiger Lutz, Peter Klitzke, Philipp Weniger, Martin Blumenberg, Dieter Franke, Lutz Reinhardt, Axel Ehrhardt, Kai Berglar; Basin and petroleum systems modelling in the northern Norwegian Barents Sea; Marine and Petroleum Geology; 2021; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105128. Franke, D., Klitzke, P., Barckhausen, U., Berglar, K., Berndt, C., Damm, V., Dannowski, A., Ehrhardt, A., Engels, M., Funck, T., Geissler, W., Schnabel, M., Thorwart, M. & Trinhammer, P. (2019): Polyphase Magmatism During the Formation of the Northern East Greenland Continental Margin. - Tectonics, 38, 8: 2961–2982, DOI: 10.1029/2019tc005552.

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