Vergleich herkoemmlicher Verpackungsmaterialien mit biologisch abbaubaren im Hinblick auf Qualitaetseigenschaften, Verwertbarkeit und Haltbarkeit von Obst und Gemuese.
Pflanzenmanagement- und Agrarsysteme erlangen international eine steigende Bedeutung. In der vorliegenden Studie werden Pappeln und Weiden mit einheimischen Pflanzenspezies kombiniert, um Agrarsysteme weiter zu verbessern. Zwei in landwirtschaftlichen Systemen relevante Schadstoffe (Cadmium und Stickstoff) wurden ausgewählt, um die Pflanzen bezüglich Phytoremediation und Effizienz von Schadstoffanreicherung in Pflanzenteilen zu untersuchen. Pflanzen-Mikroben-Interaktionen spielen eine Hauptrolle in Agrarsystemen, weshalb mikrobielle Veränderungen in der Rhizosphäre durch Schadstoffeintrag in Böden einen wichtigen Schwerpunkt darstellen. Um solche Veränderungen in einer pflanzenspezifischen, mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft zu detektieren werden Phospholipidfettsäuren (PLFA) im Boden bestimmt, da diese in allen lebenden Zellen vorkommen und nach Zelltod rasch abgebaut werden. Die erzielten Ergebnisse werden mit DNA-basierten Methoden zur Bestimmung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften verglichen. Weiterhin soll die Analytik von Terpenen, Flavonoiden und Fettsäuren im Pflanzenmaterial Auskunft über pysiologische Veränderungen von Pflanzen geben, welche durch die verschiedenen Schadstoffe ausgelöst werden. Ein 13CO2 Puls, welcher vor der Ernte appliziert wird, ermöglicht eine genaue Untersuchung, wie Pflanzenstoffwechsel und Kohlenstofftranslokation in die Rhizosphäre durch Schadstoffe verändert werden. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Stabilisotopenanalytik von PLFA und DNA verglichen, sowie weitere 13C-Analysen des Pflanzenmaterials durchgeführt. Um den Schwerpunkt von Pflanzenmanagement Systemen zu vertiefen werden weitere Analysen von Pflanzenteilen (Wurzeln, Stamm, Blätter, Früchte, Samen) bezüglich Cadmium und Stickstoff durchgeführt. Massiv kontaminiertes Pflanzenmaterial kann für die Biogasproduktion verbrannt und anschließend zum Recycling kompostiert werden. Pflanzenteile mit hohem Stickstoffgehalt und fehlender Akkumulation von Cadmium kann als Tierfutter in Wintermonaten verwendet werden; eine Verwendung für kommerzielle Produkte ist ebenfalls denkbar und soll im Rahmen des Forschungsantrags untersucht werden.
Objectives: Sustainable management of tropical moist forests through private forest owners will become increasingly important. Media report that in Brazil, particularly in Amazonia, approx. 80 percent of the timber harvested is from illegal sources. Private management of forests according to internationally acknowledged standards offers an opportunity to significantly lower the portion of illegally cut timber. Moreover, it contributes significantly to the conservation of the Amazon forest. Private forest owners show a clear long-term commitment towards the implementation of management standards according that is ecologically compatible, socially acceptable and economically viable. The project area, a pristine forest in legal Amazonia in the transition zone between moist tropical forests and savannas (cerrado), is extremely diverse in floristic and faunistic terms. The institute cooperates with the private forest owner. Main tasks are to document the faunistic and floristic diversity, to calculate the Annual Allowable Cut and to elaborate concepts for site-specific silviculture. Results: To date (Oct. 2006) the following activities were started: - a comprehensive inventory system for planning at the FMU-level has been successfully introduced; - the inventory system for the annual coupe area has been designed and data for the first coupe are being processed; - the annual allowable cut is currently calculated based on the results of the above described inventories; - two fauna surveys are completed; one focusing on large mammals and one on the avi-fauna. A long-term monitoring concept to assess the influence of forest management on the faunistic diversity is currently under development; - forest zoning is completed applying terrestrial surveys and interpreting high-resolution satellite images; - a study on the use of Bethollethia excelsa-fruits (Brazil nuts) is currently implemented; - a study on timber properties of lesser known species is currently implemented.
Rain-cracking limits the production of many soft and fleshy fruit including sweet cherries world wide. Cracking is thought to result from increased water uptake through surface and pedicel. Water uptake increases fruit volume, and hence, turgor of cells (Pcell) and the pressure inside the fruit (Pfruit) and subjects the skin to tangential stress and hence, strain. When the strain exceeds the limits of extensibility the fruit cracks. This hypothesis is referred to as the Pfruit driven strain cracking. Based on this hypothesis cracking is related to two independent groups of factors: (1) water transport characteristics and (2) the intrinsic cracking susceptibility of the fruit defined as the amount of cracking per unit water uptake. The intrinsic cracking susceptibility thus reflects the mechanical constitution of the fruit. Most studies focussed on water transport through the fruit surface (factors 1), but only little information is available on the mechanical constitution (i.e., Pfruit and Pcell, tensile properties such as fracture strain, fracture pressure and modulus of elasticity of the exocarp; factors 2). The few published estimates of Pfruit in sweet cherry are all obtained indirectly (calculated from fruit water potential and osmotic potentials of juice extracts) and unrealistically high. They exceed those measured by pressure probe techniques in mature grape berry by several orders of magnitude. The objective of the proposed project is to test the hypothesis of the Pfruit driven strain cracking. Initially we will focus on establishing systems of widely differing intrinsic cracking susceptibility by varying species (sweet and sour cherry, Ribes and Vaccinium berries, plum, tomato), genotype (within sweet cherry), stage of development and temperature. These systems will then be used for testing the hypothesis of Pfruit driven strain cracking. We will quantify Pfruit und Pcell by pressure probe techniques and compression tests and the mechanical properties of the exocarp using biaxial tensile tests. When the presence of high Pfruit and Pcell is confirmed by direct measurements, subsequent studies will focus on the mode of failure of the exocarp (fracture along vs. across cell walls) and the relationship between failure thresholds and morphometric characteristics of the exocarp. However, when Pfruit und Pcell are low, the hypothesis of Pfruit driven strain cracking must be rejected and the mechanistic basis for low pressures (presence of apoplastic solutes) clarified on a temporal (in the course of development) and a spatial scale (exocarp vs. mesocarp). We focus on sweet cherry, because detailed information on this species and experience in extending the short harvest period is available. Where appropriate, other cracking susceptible species (sour cherry, plum, Vaccinium, Ribes, tomato) will be included to further extend the experimental period and to maximize the range in intrinsic cracking susceptibility.
BACKGROUND: The Kingdom of Jordan belongs to the ten water scarcest countries in the world, and climate change is likely to increase the frequency of future droughts. Jordan is considered among the 10 most water impoverished countries in the world, with per capita water availability estimated at 170 m per annum, compared to an average of 1,000 m per annum in other countries. Jordan Government has taken the strategic decision to develop a conveyor system including a 325 km pipe to pump 100 million cubic meters per year of potable water from Disi-Mudawwara close to the Saudi Border in the south, to the Greater Amman area in the north. The construction of the water pipeline has started end of 2009 and shall be finished in 2013. Later on, the pipeline could serve as a major part of a national water carrier in order to convey desalinated water from the Red Sea to the economically most important central region of the country. The conveyor project will not only significantly increase water supplies to the capital, but also provide for the re-allocation of current supplies to other governorates, and for the conservation of aquifers. In the context of the Disi project that is co-funded by EIB two Environmental and Social Management Plans have been prepared: one for the private project partners and one for the Jordan Government. The latter includes the Governments obligation to re-balance water allocations to irrigation and to gradually restore the protected wetlands of Azraq (Ramsar site) east of Amman that has been depleted due to over-abstraction by re-directing discharge of highland aquifers after the Disi pipeline becomes operational. The Water Strategy recognizes that groundwater extraction for irrigation is beyond acceptable limits. Since the source is finite and priority should be given to human consumption it proposes to tackle the demand for irrigation through tariff adjustments, improved irrigation technology and disincentive to water intensive crops. The Disi aquifer is currently used for irrigation by farms producing all kinds of fruits and vegetables on a large scale and exporting most of their products to the Saudi and European markets and it is almost a third of Jordan's total consumption. The licenses for that commercial irrigation were finished by 2011/12. Whilst the licenses will be not renewed the difficulty will be the enforcement and satellite based information become an important supporting tool for monitoring. OUTLOOK: The ESA funded project Water management had the objective to support the South-North conveyor project and the activities of EIB together with the MWI in Jordan to ensure the supply of water for the increasing demand. EO Information provides a baseline for land cover and elevation and support the monitoring of further stages. usw.
Die Datensätze enthalten ausgewählte Informationen zu kommunalen Kläranlagen in Deutschland, die im Rahmen der EU-Kommunalabwasserrichtlinie seit 2008 alle zwei Jahre an die EU-Kommission berichtet werden müssen. Ziel der Richtlinie 91/271/EWG ist es, die Umwelt vor schädlichen Einwirkungen durch nicht ausreichend gereinigtes kommunales Abwasser zu schützen. Um dies zu erreichen, stellt die Richtlinie Anforderungen an die Mitgliedstaaten für das Sammeln und Reinigen von Abwasser aus Siedlungsgebieten einer bestimmten Größe (2.000 Einwohnerwerte). Die Mitgliedstaaten sind verpflichtet der EU Kommission regelmäßig über den Stand der Umsetzung der Anforderungen der Richtlinie zu berichten.
Die Anwendung zeigt ausgewählte Informationen zu kommunalen Kläranlagen in Deutschland, die im Rahmen der EU-Kommunalabwasserrichtlinie alle zwei Jahre an die EU-Kommission berichtet werden müssen. Ziel der Richtlinie 91/271/EWG ist es, die Umwelt vor schädlichen Einwirkungen durch nicht ausreichend gereinigtes kommunales Abwasser zu schützen. Um dies zu erreichen, stellt die Richtlinie Anforderungen an die Mitgliedstaaten für das Sammeln und Reinigen von Abwasser aus Siedlungsgebieten einer bestimmten Größe (2.000 Einwohnerwerte). Die Mitgliedstaaten sind verpflichtet der EU Kommission regelmäßig über den Stand der Umsetzung der Anforderungen der Richtlinie zu berichten.
An wichtigen Inhaltsstoffen werden gegenwaertig Geschmacks- incl. Aromastoffe in Verbindung mit der Witterung qualitativ und ihre Beteiligung bei der Fruchtreife am Baum und bei der Lagerung quantitativ bestimmt. Weiterhin werden Versuche unternommen, um zu klaeren, ob sich ein optimaler Reifezeitpunkt durch bestimmte Veraenderungen der Aromastoffe charakterisieren laesst. Fruehere Versuche haben gezeigt, dass eine Minimumwaermegrenze von 170 cal/ Quadratzentimeter in den beiden Monaten Sept. und Okt. nur wenig unterschritten werden darf. Die teils noch in Arbeit befindlichen Untersuchungen erstrecken sich auf Fragen der Qualitaet incl. Aromabildung waehrend der Lagerzeit. Ein weiterer Arbeitsschwerpunkt ist die Sortenvergleichspruefung fuer neue Apfel-, Birnen- und Erdbeersorten, wobei die Aromazusammensetzung und -bildung geklaert werden soll. Der Einfluss von Unterlagen auf die Geschmacks- und Qualitaetsbildung der Fruechte. Ob die Unterlage einen Einfluss auf die Ausbildung biologischer Qualitaetamerkmale ausuebt.
This commentary compares the primary energy requirement for apples (cultivar 'Braeburn'), which wem either imported or locally-grown in Meckenheim, Germany. Imported appies of the same cultivar wem grown in a Southern hemisphere winter in Nelson, Southland, New Zealand, and were picked at the end of March with subsequent 28 d transport by sea for sale in April in Germany. Locally-grown apples (cultivar 'Braeburn') were picked in mid-October and required a primary energy of nearly 6 MJ/kg of fruit including 0.8 MJoule/kg for five months CA storage at 1 degree C during a Northern hemisphere winter until mid-March. This compared favourably with 7,5 MJoule/kg for overseas shipment from New Zealand, i.e. a ca. 27 percent greater energy requirement for these imported fruits. Overall, the primary energy requirement of regional produce, stored several months an-site, partially compensated for the larger energy required to Import fresh fruit from overseas. This result is in marked contrast to reported overestimares of a reported up to 8-fold energy requirement for domestic versus imported apple juice concentrate. Our own findings of km primary energy required for domestic apple fruit is discussed with respect to providing local employment, fruit orchards preserving the countryside, quality assurance systems for local fruit such as QS and EUREP-GAP, networking and other factors favouring regional production.
a) Kommen unter bei uns ueblichen Lagerbedingungen bei Kartoffeln, Gemuese und Obst nach Pilzbefall Toxine vor? b) Infektion von Erntegut mit bekannten Pilzen, Lagerung und chromatographische Identifizierung der Toxine. c) Lagerversuche und Studium der Bildungsbedingungen der Toxine.
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