Das Projekt "Calcium cycle for efficient and low cost CO2 capture in fluidized bed systems (C3-CAPTURE)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät für Energietechnik, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen durchgeführt. Objectives: The project aims on developing a dry CO2 capture system for atmospheric and pressurized fluidized bed boilers. The atmospheric option will be developed towards a pilot plant application. For the pressurized option the project seeks for a proof of principle to determine if the advantages of a pressurized capture system can balance the problems known from existing PFBC systems. The quantifiable objectives are: - Low CO2 capture costs (less than 20 Euro/t for atmospheric, less than 12 Euro/t for pressurized sy stems) - Acceptable efficiency penalty for CO2 capture (less than about equal to 6 percent nel). - greater than 90 percent carbon capture for new power plants and greater than 60 percent for retrofitted existing plants - A purge gas stream containing greater than 95 percent CO2 - A solid purge usable for cement production - Sim ultaneous sulphur and CO2 removal with sulphur recovery option Approach: Limestone is a CO2 carrier. The CO2 can be released easily in a conventional calcination process, well known in the cement and lime industry. By integrating a closed carbonation/calc ination loop in the flue gas of a conventional CFB-boiler, the CO2 in the flue gas can be removed. The heat required for calcination is released during carbonation and can be utilised efficiently (high temperature) in the steam cycle of the boiler. Concent rated CO2 can be generated when using oxygen blown calcination. Because the fuel required for supplying heat for calcination is only a fraction of the total fuel requirements, the required oxygen is only about 1/3 of the oxygen required for oxyfuel process es. The work programme: 1.Definition of the technical and economic boundary conditions 2.Selection and improvement of sorbent materials 3.Lab scale and semi-technical scale process development (experimental work) 4.Technical and economic evaluation 5.Des ign of a 1 MWth Pilot plant.
Das Projekt "Trees outside forest: Assessment" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Göttingen, Burckhardt-Institut, Abteilung Waldinventur und Fernerkundung durchgeführt. Tree resources outside the forest (TOF) serve a number of ecological and socio-economic functions, similar in principle, but different in extent to the functions of forest. This resource is not yet fully recognized in natural resources assessments, particularly on a regional level. Many people in particular in the Tropics depend directly on this resource. For TOF sustainability, politics and management options must be developed and implemented. It means that good information about the assessment of this resource must be available. In this project, options of TOF assessment and mapping on a regional basis will be developed based in the results of earlier studies of the TROF project (EU- INCO DC Program. Contract No ERBIC18 CT98 0323) and others research projects experiences in Latin America. Objectives: To develop an approach to the TOF assessment and mapping on a regional basis.
Das Projekt "Energy and Water Fluxes at the Soil Atmosphere Interface of Water Repellent soils" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Ökologie, Fachgebiet Bodenkunde durchgeführt. Unsere zentrale Arbeitshypothese ist, dass durch die globale Erwärmung nicht nur der Trend zur Hydrophobie von Böden zunehmen wird, sondern dass auch der Energieaustausch an der Grenzschicht Bode/Atmosphäre verändert wird und sich damit eine Rückwirkung auf das globale Klima ergibt. Um unsere Arbeitshypothese zu prüfen, beabsichtigen wir, alle Größen der Energie- und Wasserbilanz zwischen Boden und Atmosphäre für einen stark von Hydrophobie geprägten Boden zu bestimmen.
Das Projekt "The role of bacteria in the formation of iron sulfide minerals under low pH conditions" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Department Seenforschung durchgeführt. Bacteria can trigger mineral formation by their metabolic activity or by provision of sorption and nucleation sites on cell surfaces. Sulfide minerals occur in marine and freshwater sediments primarily as the result of dissimilatory sulfate reduction which is mediated by a phylogenetically diverse group of Prokaryotes that gain their energy by anaerobic respiration with sulfate as terminal electron acceptor. In principle it is the reversal process of pyrite oxidation which generates acidic metal-rich waters causing severe environmental pollution in coal and metal ore mining areas. The formation of iron sulfides is a major process in controlling global element cycling, besides, it is the target process during the treatment of acid mine drainage by the use of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. The sustainability of bioremediation depends on the extent and stability of iron sulfides formed. However, so far little is known about iron sulfide formation under acidic conditions and the role that bacteria play in this process. The objectives of this project are i) to investigate the formation of iron sulfide minerals in sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures under low pH-conditions, ii) to analyse and characterise mineral structures and cell-mineral interactions, iii) to elucidate community structure and its response to varying pH values, and iv) to find out whether the involved bacteria benefit from iron sulfide precipitation. This study may contribute to our general understanding of biomineral formation and sulfate reduction under acidic conditions and may help us to further improve bioremediation strategies.
Das Projekt "MYFISH - Maximising yield of fisheries while balancing ecosystem, economic and social concerns" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lehrstuhl für Umwelt-, Ressourcen- und Ökologische Ökonomik durchgeführt. The MSY concept was included as a principle in the 2009 Green Paper on the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in accordance with the global imperative to manage fish stocks according to the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). This implies a commitment to direct management of fish stocks towards achieving MSY by 2015. Attaining this goal is complicated by the lack of common agreement on the interpretation of 'sustainability' and 'yield' and by the effects that achieving MSY for one stock may have on other stocks and broader ecosystem, economic, or social aspects. MYFISH will provide definitions of MSY variants which maximize other measures of 'yield' than biomass and which account for the fact that single species rarely exist in isolation. Further, MYFISH will redefine the term 'sustainable' to signify that Good Environmental Status (MSFD) is achieved and economically and socially unacceptable situations are avoided, all with acceptable levels of risk. In short, MYFISH aims at integrating the MSY concept with the overarching principals of the CFP: the precautionary and the ecosystem approach. MYFISH will achieve this objective through addressing fisheries in all RAC areas and integrating stakeholders (the fishing industry, NGOs and managers) throughout the project. Existing ecosystem and fisheries models will be modified to perform maximization of stakeholder approved yield measures while ensuring acceptable impact levels on ecosystem, economic and social aspects. Implementation plans are proposed and social aspects addressed through active involvement of stakeholders. Finally, effects of changes in environment, economy and society on MSY variants are considered, aiming at procedures rendering the MSY approach robust to such changes. The expertise of 26 partners from relevant disciplines including fisheries, ecosystem, economic and social science are involved in all aspects of the project. Global experience is engaged from North America and the South Pacific.
Das Projekt "Forest functions arrangement with the CBD's Ecosystem Approach - A study on the Bengawan Solo River Basin, Java, Indonesia" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Göttingen, Burckhardt-Institut, Professur für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege durchgeführt. The natural capital of forests consists to a great extend of the forests environmental functions for human well-being, which not only include goods and services (source and sink functions) but also include life-support functions that reflect ecosystem performance (ecosystem functioning). Shifting the management approach from a traditional one to one that is more aware of the ecosystem complexity, the idea of 'ecosystem functioning is appearing to tackle gradual declines of ecosystem functions. Within CBDs framework, the Ecosystem Approach has been introduced on account of the necessity for open decision making with strong links between all stakeholders and the latest scientific knowledge due to uncertainty and unpredictability in nature. The Ecosystem Approach is still in need of further elaboration, even though as a concept Ecosystem Approach has been widely accepted. To aim forest enhancement, this approach has been regarded as the most feasible concept for the study area, the Bengawan Solo River Basin - Java, Indonesia. Therefore the principles and operational guidelines will be used to analyse and evaluate the current forest management in those areas of the Bengawan Solo River Basin, in which ecosystem function is the basis for forest development area. This research focuses on ecological functions of forests at various levels of ecosystem management planning, from the forestry sectors point of view.
Das Projekt "DFG Priority Program (Schwerpunktprogramm) SPP-1362 Porous metal-organic frameworks" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität Dresden, Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Professur für Anorganische Chemie 1 durchgeführt. The priority program concentrates on the synthesis, the physical properties and the specific integration of functionality into Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a new class of porous materials surpassing significantly the adsorption capacity of established materials such as activated carbons and zeolites. They are characterized by a modular construction principle allowing for a rational design of custom made pore systems. Using suitable building blocks, the integration of specific interactions for molecules inside the framework shall be realized for the storage, sensing, transformation, or separation of molecular species inside MOFs. In this way, new materials for energy storage (for example hydrogen or methane) will be constructed. For sensor materials, a change of physical properties should be used for the detection of molecules. For the chemical transformation, materials are important, having specific active catalytic sites in the framework or the pores. In all cases, the focus is to achieve a basic understanding of the interactions of the framework and the adsorbed or reacting molecules. In this context, the experimental determination of the preferred adsorption sites and the dynamics of molecules inside the pore system are crucial. For this purpose, also modeling using modern theoretic methods is needed. In order to enhance the interdisciplinary exchange between chemists, materials scientists, physicists and engineers, generally only such projects will be funded, providing a synergistic cooperation of two or three PIs with different expertise in the following areas of competence: - Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of MOFs - Physical characterization of molecular interactions and dynamics - Theoretic description, simulation, and modeling - Systems and functions. In the program, the modular construction principles of MOFs are used in a rational way for the design of porous frameworks, with functions defined by the constituting building blocks. For the analysis of adsorption, diffusion, and the reaction of guests inside MOFs, structural changes of the molecules and dynamic processes in the frameworks are monitored. Energetic states of molecules inside MOFs and their dynamics are simulated using theoretic quantum chemical calculations and MD-methods for the interpretation of analytic methods and the prediction of functions. An important issue is the application and development of spectroscopic and diffraction methods for the in situ analysis. In this way, formation mechanisms of MOFs, molecular binding sites and catalytic mechanisms in the frameworks are illuminated. By testing the functionality of MOFs, the priority program evaluates the potential of porous Metal-Organic Frameworks in the areas of storage, recognition, separation, or catalytic transformation of molecules.
Das Projekt "Handbook for Approval of Hydrogen Refuelling Stations (HYAPPROVAL)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: HyApproval is a STREP to develop a Handbook (HB) facilitating the approval of hydrogen refuelling sta-tions (HRS). The project will be performed over 24 months by a balanced partnership including 25 partners from industry, SMEs and institutes which ensure the critical mass and required know how for obtaining the identified project goals. Most partners have extensive expertise from HRS projects. Key partners from China/ Japan / USA provide an additional liaison to international regulations, codes & stand ards activities. The project goals are to finalise the HRS technical guideline started under EIHP2 and to contribute to the international standard under development at ISO TC197 and in first line to provide a HB which assists com-panies and organisations i n the implementation and operation of HRS. The HB will be based on best prac-tices reflecting the existing technical know-how and regulatory environment, but also includes the flexibility to allow new technologies and design to be introduced at a later sta ge. In order to meet these goals, best practises will be developed from project experience (CUTE, ECTOS, EIHP1&2, HySafe, CEP, ZERO REGIO) and partner activities. In 5 EU countries (F/D/I/E/NL) and in China, Japan and the USA the HyApproval process wil l include a HB review by country authorities to pursue 'broad agreement' and to define 'approval routes'. After finalising the HB process the developed requirements and procedures to get 'Approval in Principle' shall be suffi-ciently advanced to seek appro val in any European country without major modifications. Not only infra-structure companies, HRS operators/owners and local authorities but also the EC will profit from the HB that is deemed to contribute to the safe implementation of a hydrogen infrastruc ture. The project complies with EU's R&D and energy policies, which aims at the introduction of 5Prozent hydrogen as motor fuel by 2020. The HB will put Europe in a position to maintain and extend its leading position
Das Projekt "Possibilities for the Realisation of Ecological Sustainable Tourism Concepts in Protected Areas in Cameroon" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Göttingen, Burckhardt-Institut, Professur für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege durchgeführt. Ecotourism had been proposed as a tool of sustainable management of protected areas since it is considered to be an environmental and social form of land use, which may ensure the long-term conservation of natural and socio-cultural resources; contribute to the local development; and provide an equitable satisfaction to all stakeholders. However, this concept is relatively new in many countries including Cameroon and its definition and implementation principles are still under consideration. Accordingly, it is still open the question on how tourism can be realised in a protected area in conformity with the requirements of sustainable development of the Rio conference. This question is the main concern of the study, which aims to analyse the possibilities for the realisation of ecologically sustainable tourism concepts in protected areas in Cameroon. Four protected areas were selected for the case study: Waza National Park, Benoue National Park, Korup National Park and Campo-Maan National Park. The study highlights that the preliminary conditions for tourism development exist in the case study areas. Actually for example, tourism can be legally developed in some protected areas including national parks and the government want to promote ecotourism as a tool of sustainable management. There is a rich potential of natural and cultural attractions whose quality varies generally with the areas. Although tourism has potential for creating jobs and constitutes an important source of revenue, some constraints and risks (can) hinder the sustainability of its development, for example: Inadequacy of some law provisions; non active involvement of all stakeholders; small number of visitors; lack of marketing; and inequitable sharing of benefits and bearing of costs. The study findings lead to the suggestion of strategies and indicators for the successful realisation of the ecologically sustainable tourism concepts in the protected area. These strategies are important for the development and revision of the tourism and management policy, especially for the proetected areas management plan. Additionally, this study constitutes a basis for further investigations in the field of 'tourism and nature protection, especially in the central Africa sub-region.
Das Projekt "Assessment of Effects of EU Aflatoxin Standards along Cereals Value Chain in Russia: German Methodological Proficiency Complemented by Russian Local Knowledge" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre durchgeführt. Globalization raised the importance of food safety and quality concerns. Developed countries implement precautionary food regulation policies to protect their affluent consumers from unsafe food imported from developing and transition countries. However, the alarming number of trade disputes at WTO evidences cases of abuse of such policies. While claims on protectionist nature of food regulations are valid in principle, yet there is little empirical evidence about their economic effects. The questions of 1) quantification of trade impact of food standards and 2) investigation of national food regulation systems are absolutely essential for the new trade agenda. These problems for developing countries are on the focus of trade policy debate, whereas for transition countries are not considered seriously. Such a research for these recently liberalized markets gains a special significance. - The proposed research will employ Gravity Model for quantitative estimation of impact of EU aflatoxin standards on transition countries- exports.- Russian food regulations for cereal value chain, their enforcement and monitoring mechanisms will be investigated through value chain and cost-benefit analysis.- Compliance of Russian norms with EU standards will be estimated applying comparative advantage analysis.The study area is Stavropol region of the Russian Federation. Local experts will contribute to the construction of the research data set and analysis. The results of the research will assist 1) international policy makers in designing new global trade agenda and 2) Russian producers, exporters and decision makers in improving cereal value chain.
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