Das Projekt "B 4.1: Land vulnerability and land suitability analysis in Northern Vietnam" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre durchgeführt. As populations are steadily increasing in VN, farming land becomes scarce and new areas are opened up for cultivation, mainly in mountainous regions. On the fragile steep slopes deforestation and soil erosion are the well-known consequences. Land use in Yen Chau District, the study area in Son La, has significantly changed in the last decades. Until now, mainly soil degradation is reported on upland fields, but also soil erosion is increasing, both decreasing crop yields. In this project a database for topography, land use and soil properties within two subcatchments in Yen Chau will be created. The main goal of the project will be to carry out land suitability analysis and land vulnerability analysis, based on the data stored in the database, to provide tools for future sustainable land use planning. For this, a broad approach is intended by assessing land suitability for various crops, fruit trees and livestock production as well as to work out land vulnerability of the research area based on soil characteristics and topographic situation. The land suitability and vulnerability analysis will be carried out with the adopted SOTER (Soil and Terrain) approach. Normally used for a 1:500000 scale the SOTER technology will be developed for a 1:50.000 scale for two subcatchments. This is especially necessary because the closely cooperating projects C4.1 (Land use modelling), B5.1 (Water quality analysis) and G1.2 (Sustainability strategies) will rely on the spatial data of this scale. A totally new objective will be attempted by breaking down the SOTER technology to a scale of 1:5.000 for a village area in one of the selected subcatchments to regard the typical small-scale land use mosaic of a village area. Only with this scale the typical small scale land use mosaic of a village area can relatively precisely be mapped taking settlement areas, fish ponds, homegardens, fields, pastures, forests and scrubland as well as streams and creeks into account. With this approach it will be the first time possible to evaluate agricultural production on a village level using the SOTER technology. The SOTER database will be used with algorithms and soil transfer functions in order to derive soil suitability and soil vulnerability of certain areas. For the suitability analysis of different crops mainly the static approach for water regime, nutrient regime and potential root zone will be generated. As an important tool for decision making the erosion hazards due to water and especially gravity has to be visualized. As participatory soil mapping provides valuable additional information for land use evaluation and potential planning, this approach will be integrated on both the subcatchment and the village level in joint cooperation with A1.3 (Participatory Research). Finally, land use scenarios regarding different factors, e.g. change of cropping patterns, introduction of fruit trees, intensification of fish production or changes in market access, will be modelled.
Das Projekt "Towards a Guideline for Digital Soil Mapping in Ecuador" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bayreuth, Abteilung Bodenphysik durchgeführt. Research experience in digital soil mapping (DSM) shall be extended and deepened in two further research areas in order to develop a guideline for DSM in Ecuador. The guideline will give an overview: a) about the DSM approach, b) the different sampling designs developed according to the area size, accessibility and terrain complexity, c) the various methods from the field of supervised machine learning to develop digital soil maps, and d) the implementation with open source software. The soil-landscapes of the three investigation areas will be analysed and soil-landscape models will be developed by supervised machine learning techniques, in order to spatially predict soil properties from point data based on environmental prediction parameters. By using the so developed digital soil maps as principal input, a functional soil-landscape analysis is carried out to determine landslide, erosion and anthropogenic disturbance risk zones as well as estimate the soil organic carbon stocks and soil fertility.
Das Projekt "Work Package II - Material processing at Haean Basin scale: The role of hyporheic exchange and the riparian zone in NO3 and DOC export from catchments" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bayreuth, Fachgruppe Geowissenschaften, Bayreuther Zentrum für Ökologie und Umweltforschung (BayCEER), Lehrstuhl für Hydrologie durchgeführt. The hydrogeochemical dynamics in mountainous areas of the Korean Peninsula are mainly driven by a monsoon-type climate. To examine the interplay between hydrological processes and the mobilization and subsequent transport and export of nitrate and DOC from catchments, a field study was initiated in the Haean catchment in north-eastern South Korea under highly variable hydrologic conditions. In order to identify nitrate and DOC source areas, a subcatchment (blue dragon river) within the Haean basin, which includes different types of landuses (forest, dry land farming, and rice paddies), was selected. In 2009, high frequency surface water samples were collected at several locations during summer storm events. A similar but more comprehensive sampling routine was completed in 2010. In order to investigate the groundwater level fluctuations relative to the hydraulic potentials, a piezometer transect was installed across a second order stream of the subcatchment. The results so far suggest deep groundwater seepage to the aquifer with practically no base flow contributions to the stream in the mid-elevation range of the catchment. In 2009 the focus of research was within the subcatchment, in 2010 additionally a second piezometer transect was installed at a third order stream in the lower part of the catchment (main stem of the Mandae River) where more dynamic groundwater/surface water interactions are assumed due to expected higher groundwater levels in this part of the basin. In order to investigate these interactions piezometers equipped with temperature sensors and pressure transducers were installed directly into the river bed. Based on the observed temperature time series and the hydraulic potentials the water fluxes between the groundwater and the river can be calculated using the finite-difference numerical code, VS2DH. VS2DH solves Richard s equation for variably-saturated water flow, and the advection-conduction equation for energy transport. The field data collected at the second piezometer transect suggest that the investigated river reach exhibits primarily losing surface conditions throughout most of the year. Gaining groundwater conditions at the river reach are evident after monsoonal extreme precipitation events. At the transect streambed aggradation and degradation due to bedload transport was observed. Significant erosion has been reported throughout the catchment after extreme events. Results indicate that the event-based changes in streambed elevation, is an additional control on groundwater and surface water exchange. The streambed flux reversals were found to occur in conjunction with cooler in-stream temperatures at potential GW discharge locations. The export of nitrate and DOC were found to be variable in time and strongly correlated to the hydrologic dynamics, i.e. the monsoon and pre- and post-monsoon hydrological conditions. usw.
Das Projekt "Remote sensing as surrogate for phylodiversity and functional processes along land use and elevation gradients" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Marburg, Fachgebiet Naturschutz, Professur für Naturschutz durchgeführt. The proposed project aims at investigating how changes in land use and elevation affects the functional and phylodiversity of trees and birds and how this translates into the associated processes in particular herbivory and predation. As it is time consuming to quantify these measures of biodiversity and processes we need a simple indicator system for routine monitoring across large areas. New developments in remote sensing provide promising information for predicting biodiversity as well as ecosystem processes. Spectral diversity derived from remote sensing is for example positively linked to biochemical diversity of trees. In addition, the vegetation reacts on subtle changes due to herbivory by detectable changes in netto primary production and leaf pigment status. Therefore, we expect that we can predict variables describing the status of biodiversity as well as certain processes by measures of spectral and structural diversity derived from remote sensing. This would provide the ground to develop a simple and integrative indicator for ecosystem services. Such an indicator system based on remote sensing would be an important step towards an integrative monitoring of the status of biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and finally ecosystem services that can be used across large areas and even in areas with rough terrains.
Das Projekt "Schadstoffausbreitung im gegliederten Gelaende" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Köln, Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie durchgeführt. Ein am Institut entwickeltes nichthydrostatisches mesoskaliges Stroemungsmodell (FOOT-3D; Flow Over Orographically structured Terrain - 3 dimensional) wird an ein operationelles Modell des Deutschen Wetterdienstes gekoppelt. Neben der Simulation einzelner Episoden der Schadstoffausbreitung in stark gegliedertem Gelaende soll das Modell fuer zukuenftige Realzeitrechnungen bei Stoerfaellen vorbereitet werden. Hierzu ist eine Anbindung an ein operationelles Modell unerlaesslich. Die horizontale Aufloesung, die mit Hilfe der 'Nestingtechnik' moeglich ist liegt bei 200 m.
Das Projekt "PedoScale - Hyper-scale digital soil mapping and soil formation analysis" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Abteilung Bodenkunde und Geomorphologie durchgeführt. In pedology, soilscapes are characterised by a typical spatial and taxonomic relation between the soils, as well as by the relation between the soils and other landform and landscape characteristics. These landscape characteristics as driving forces for soil formation show local, regional and supra-regional components. It is therefore important to gather and incorporate information about the soil forming factors not only from a specific sampling point, but also from its larger spatial surroundings for reasonable descriptions of the complex soil-landscape relations. Therefore, multi- or hyper-scale approaches are required, which however, are rarely reported in literature. Moreover, most studies are lacking any interpretations and concepts for the description of soil formation, although these are most crucial for describing and understanding the complex environmental processes and interactions of landscapes and soils.The aim of this project is to develop a new hyper-scale mapping approach as well as a new theoretical concept for its pedologic interpretation. Under the overarching goal of a new spatially contextualized soil formation theory the objective of the project is to achieve more holistic descriptions of soil and environmental formation but also the optimization of spatial prediction models for estimating soil properties functions and threats. This is urgently needed in order to meet the increasing global demand for accurate and high-resolution soil information to estimate and handle the impacts of global climate change, population growth, food security, and bio energy.The framework, which will be developed, applied, tested and validated for several landscapes around the world in this project, focuses on determining the influence of local, regional and supra-regional landscape surface shape on soil formation in terms of hyper-scale digital terrain analysis and tries to reveal the interactions of relief with other environmental covariates on different spatial scales. The objectives are (i) to develop a new hyper-scale terrain analysis method, (ii) to apply, develop and/or adapt specific data analysis and data mining approaches to derive the information required for pedological interpretations and as an integrative part (iii) to develop a new theoretical framework for soil formation analysis. This will provide a) information on the specific influence of local to supra-regional parts of environmental covariates on soil formation, b) approaches to visualize the geomorphic systems interacting with other covariates and jointly influence soil formation, c) approaches to derive information on the interactions between different geomorphic features and scales, as well as d) information on the complex interactions between geomorphic and other environmental covariates at different scales to derive better knowledge about the spatial distribution as well as the genesis of one of our most important environmental resources - soil.
Das Projekt "Infra-red thermometry in alpine terrain" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Basel, Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät durchgeführt. Rough mountain terrain offers climatic conditions (niches) to plants and animals poorly Represented by conventional climate station data. However, the extent to which actual Temperatures deviate from those of the freely circulating atmosphere had never been assessed At a landscape level. Here, we quantify thermal life conditions across topographically rich Mountain terrain by using a combination of thermal (IR) imagery of surface temperature with Data from a large number of miniature data loggers buried at 3 cm soil depth. The data Obtained from six alpine (Alps) and arctic-alpine slopes (Norway, Sweden, Svalbard) evidence Persistent root zone temperatures of 2-4K above air temperature during summer. Surface Temperatures show strong positive (2-9 K) and negative (3-8 K) deviations from air temperature On bright days and clear nights, respectively. As to be expected, south oriented slopes are Warmer than west and north slopes but microclimatic variation on clear sky days was strong Within all slopes, with 8.4 2.5K (mean SD) surface temperature differences persisting over Several hours per day along horizontal (i.e., equal elevation) transects. Life conditions of Alpine organisms are thus strongly decoupled from conditions in the free atmosphere and Cannot reliably be inferred from climate station data in both, temperate and arctic latitudes. Microtopography can mimic temperature differences of large elevational (or latitudinal) Gradients over very short horizontal distances. This is important in the context of climate Change because it shows that species do not necessarily need to climb several hundred meters In elevation to escape the warmth. Quite often, few meters of horizontal shift will do. For Plants unable to, or too slow to adapt to a warmer climate, thermal microhabitat mosaics offer Both refuge habitats as well as stepping stones as atmospheric temperatures rise.
Das Projekt "TEMPS-B: Ground ice and water content estimation and integrative analysis of mountain permafrost monitoring elements" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Zürich, Geographisches Institut durchgeführt. Subproject B of the SNF-sinergia project TEMPS 'The Evolution of Mountain Permafrost in Switzerland' aims at a process-oriented understanding of the landform-specific sensitivity of mountain permafrost (bedrock terrain, talus slopes, rock glaciers and ice-cored moraines) to climate anomalies by performing a joint analysis of a comprehensive set of surface and subsur- face temperature, geophysical, meteorological and kinematic monitoring data from already established permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps. The project will focus on gaining a better understanding of the landform-specific dominant fac- tors responsible for changes in ice and water contents. Based on geophysical surveys and high-resolution geophysical monitoring, it is planned to systematically determine (i) the 4-phase (rock/air/ice/water) fractional composition of the ground on different landforms, (ii) their temporal changes, and (iii) their relation to changes of thermal and meteorological parameters at the same sites. A particular focus will be on analyzing the relation between the temporal changes in geophysi- cal properties of the subsurface to concurrent changes in the movement rates of rock gla- ciers to investigate the role of snow melt and groundwater for rock glacier movement.
Das Projekt "Earth Observation in Support of Environmental Impact Assessment of Trans-European Networks" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität Wien, Institut für Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung (IPF) durchgeführt. The Brenner Axis has recently been designated a priority number one project among 30 Trans European Network (TEN) projects. To minimise environmental impacts of TEN projects, legal instruments such as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) have to be applied prior to construction. The project EO-TEN has the objective to increase the operational application potential of innovative Earth observation (EO) methods having a realistic market potential to be introduced for EIAs and SEAs. The focus is on improving and advancing EO methods and derived products serving to protect the environment, the population and the infrastructure itself and to develop a sustainable service component serving EIAs and SEAs. Methods to be further developed involve analysis of EO data from a broad spectrum of sensors, including airborne and spaceborne optical, laser scanning and satellite SAR data. Specific analysis techniques applied to these data comprise multi-source image processing image fusion, object-based information extraction, automated change detection, laser scanning methods, SAR differential interferometry, and specific visualization techniques. The TU Wien is a research partner in this project with a special focus on exploiting novel laser scanner technologies for improved modelling of the terrain and objects on the terrain.
Das Projekt "COST Action 42 'Growing Valuable Broadleaved Tree Species ValBro' an der 26 Nationen beteiligt sind - Innovative Methoden der Direktsaat von Kirschen und Eichen - im Rahmen der COST Action 42 'Growing Valuable Broadleaved Tree Species ValBro' an der 26 Nationen beteiligt sind" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Agrar-, Forst- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften durchgeführt. Kirsche ist eines der wertvollsten Hölzer Europas, deren Pflanzung erfordert aber hohe Investitionen. Die von der SHL entwickelte und getestete Direktsaat-Methode bietet eine rationale Art der Kirschbaumregeneration innerhalb einer sehr kurzen Zeit. Um hohe Investitionskosten in Maschinen zu vermeiden, werden bestehende Geräte für die Direktsaat im Wald umgebaut oder ungenutzt. Die Methode wird dann verfeinert und an Eichen, welche schwieriger zu handhaben sind, getestet. Ziel: Entwicklung von mechanisierten Aussaatmethoden, die eine Vorbereitung des Terrains überflüssig machen. Positive Nebeneffekte sind verminderte Wildschäden, bessere Wurzelbildung und bessere Auswahl an qualitativ guten Hölzern. Ergebnisse: Die ersten Versuche konnten effizient und erfolgreich realisiert werden. Es wird nun eine Saat mit keimfähigen Kirschen durchgeführt und eine neue Versuchsreihe mit Eicheln vorbereitet und durchgeführt. Ausblick: Wenn die Versuche erfolgreich abgeschlossen sind, werden Empfehlungen für die forstwirtschaftliche Praxis erarbeitet und mittels Publikationen und Veranstaltungen anhand von Demonstrationsobjekten breit kommuniziert.
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