Georgia is a country with a surface area of 69,700 km 2 and a total population of 4.4 million people (2008). 48% of the population lives in rural areas. The latest WHO /UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme data showed that in 2008, 92% of the urban population in Georgia used water piped on premises, while this indicator is 51% for rural population. 45% of the rural population used other improved water sources, and 4% of the rural population used unimproved water supply systems. The high proportion of rural population that depends on small scale and community water supplies and which is not yet connected to a well-managed centralized water supply makes the management of small scale water supply systems a problem of national importance. The project supports the enforcement and implementation of relevant national laws, policies, programmes and international agreements in the area of water and health.
The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Georgia under the UNFCCC . A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of transport, energy efficiency opportunities across high-emitting industry sub-sectors and waste management. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 32/2018.
Fliedner, Annette; Rüdel, Heinz; Lohmann, Nina; Buchmeier, Georgia; Koschorreck, Jan Environmental Pollution 235 (2018), 129-140; online 23. Dezember 2017 The study addresses the topic of suitable matrices for chemical analysis in fish monitoring and discusses the effects of data normalization in the context of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Differences between species are considered by comparing three frequently monitored species of different trophic levels, i.e., chub (Squalius cephalus, n = 28), (bream, Abramis brama, n = 11), and perch (Perca fluviatilis, n = 19) sampled in the German Danube. The WFD priority substances dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCDD/F + dl-PCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mercury (Hg), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) as well as non-dioxin-like (ndl)-PCB were analyzed separately in fillet and carcass and whole body concentrations were calculated. Hg was analyzed in individual fish fillets and carcasses, all other substances were determined in pool samples, which were compiled on the basis of fish size (3 chub pools, 1 bream pool, 2 perch pools). The data were normalized to 5% lipid weight (or 26% dry mass in the case of Hg and PFOS) for comparison between matrices and species. Hg concentrations were generally higher in fillet than in whole fish (mean whole fish-to-fillet ratio: 0.7) whereas all other substances were mostly higher in whole fish. In the case of lipophilic substances these differences leveled after lipid normalization. Significant correlations (p ≤ .05) were detected between Hg and fish weight and age. Hg concentrations varied least among younger fish. PCDD/F, dl-PCB, ndl-PCB, PBDE, α-HBCDD and HCB correlated significantly (p ≤ .05) with lipid concentrations. Fillet-to-whole fish conversion equations and/or conversion factors were derived for all substances except α-HCBDD. Although more data also for individual fish would be desirable the results are nevertheless a step on the way to translate fillet concentrations of priority substances to whole fish concentrations. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.052
Am 16. Februar 2010 hat Präsident Barack Obama der Atomwirtschaft staatliche Millionenkredite zugesagt. Mit den Krediten sollen erstmals seit 30 Jahren zwei Reaktoren im Bundesstaat Georgia gebaut werden.
Fliedner, Annette; Rüdel, Heinz; Teubner, Diana; Buchmeier, Georgia; Lowis, Jaqueline; Heiss, Christiane; Wellmitz, Jörg; Koschorreck, Jan Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. (2016), online 18. August 2016 We compare the results of different monitoring programs regarding spatial and temporal trends of priority hazardous substances of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Fish monitoring data for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mercury (Hg), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) sampled in German freshwaters between the mid-1990s and 2014 were evaluated according to the recommendations of the 2014 adopted WFD guidance document on biota monitoring, i.e., normalization to 5 % lipid content (HCB) or 26 % dry mass (Hg, PFOS) and adjustment to trophic level (TL) 4. Data of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) (annual pooled samples of bream) were compared to monitoring data of the German federal states (FS), which refer to individual fish of different species. Significant decreasing trends (p < 0.01) were detected for Hg in bream (Abramis brama) sampled by both, the ESB and the FS between 1993 and 2013 but not for FS samples comprising different fish species. Data for HCB and PFOS were more heterogeneous due to a smaller database and gave no consistent results. Obviously, normalization could not compensate differences in sampling strategies. The results suggest that the data treatment procedure proposed in the guidance document has shortcomings and emphasize the importance of highly standardized sampling programs in trend monitoring or whenever results between sites have to be compared. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7442-2
Boulard, Lise; Parrhysius, Pia; Jacobs, Björn; Dierkes, Georg; Wick, Arne; Buchmeier, Georgia; Koschorreck, Jan; Ternes, Thomas A. Journal of Chromatography A 10633 (2020), 461612; online 12. Oktober 2020 A sensitive multiresidue method was developed to quantify 35 pharmaceuticals and 28 metabolites/transformation products (TPs) in fish liver, fish fillet and fish plasma via LC-MS/MS. The method was designed to cover a broad range of substance polarities. This objective was realized by using non-discriminating sample clean-ups including separation technique based on size exclusion, namely restricted access media (RAM) chromatography. This universal clean-up allows for an easy integration of further organic micropollutants into the analytical method. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.05 to 5.5 ng/mL in fish plasma, from 0.1 to 19 ng/g d.w. (dry weight) in fish fillet and from 0.46 to 48 ng/g d.w. in fish liver. The method was applied for the analysis of fillets and livers of breams from the rivers Rhine and Saar, the Teltow Canal as well as carps kept in fish monitoring ponds fed by effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants. This allowed for the first detection of 17 analytes including 10 metabolites/TPs such as gabapentin lactam and norlidocaine in fish tissues. These results highlight the importance of including metabolites and transformation products of pharmaceuticals in fish monitoring campaigns and further investigating their potential effects. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461612
technologyComment of kaolin production (RER, RoW): There exist two different processes for the production of market kaolin - a dry and a wet process. The first one - the dry process - is relatively simple but yields therefore also a lower quality product, reflecting the quality found in the crude kaolin. The wet process on the other hand side is used to produce filler and coating grades. It is this process that is modeled in this dataset. The most important four steps of the wet process are the following: - Mining: Nowadays most of kaolin mining is done in open pit mining. Depending on the composi-tion, either mining with shovels, draglines, motorized scrapers and front-end loaders is done (e.g. Georgia, USA) or mining with high-pressure hydraulic monitors (e.g. Cornwall, UK) is done. In the second case, a stream of water is washing out the fine particle kaolin and is leaving the coarse quartz and mica residues within the soil. - Mineral separation (degritting): Kaolin beeing a mineral, it is obvious that there are always also other minerals (the grit) in the kaolin deposits, which have to be separated. To separate two miner-als, either physical or chemical differences between the two substances are taken as base. In gen-eral, the mined kaolin is mixed therefore with water and a dispersing chemical to form a slurry that is then degritted (by e.g. rake classifiers, hydrocyclones or screens). - Kaolin benefication: When the separated kaolin fullfills not the specification asked a benefication process is added to improve e.g. the brightness (either by magnetic separation or by bleaching with ozone or hydrogen peroxide), the rheology (by blending different kaolins), the purity (either by blending or by magnetic separation) or the grain size distribution (again blending as a possibility). In this step, the producer is also deciding the form of delivery (bulk, powder, slurry). - Storage & transport: The storage is done either in silos (bulk and powder) or in tanks (slurries). Due to the fact that customers more and more apply for the 'just in time' principle, the storage ca-pacities of the producers are increasing and the transports are done more and more by lorry to the customer (more flexible than other means of transport). References: Hischier R. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Packagings & Graphical Papers. ecoinvent report No. 11. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, 2007.
The Tailings Management Facility Safety Methodology (hereinafter TMF Safety Methodology) is mainly based on the requirements and principles declared in "Safety guidelines and good practices for tailings management facilities" endorsed by the Conference of the Parties to the UNECE Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents as well as other comparable international TMF standards. The TMF Safety Methodology is a powerful tool for the process of harmonizing technical standards for the entire life cycle of TMFs throughout the UNECE region. The Tailings Management Facility Safety Methodology, which consists of a Checklist for verifying the actual safety situation of tailings management facilities and the Tailings Management Facility Hazard and Risk Indexes (THI or TRI) for assessment of TMFs on regional, national and international basis. Based on a strategy of the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA) the TMF Safety Methodology was developed since 2013 within the following projects - "Improving the safety of industrial tailings management facilities based on the example of Ukrainian facilities" (2013-2015), Report No. (UBA-FB) 002317/ENG, ANH2 - "Raising Knowledge among Students and Teachers on Tailings Safety and its Legislative Review in Ukraine" (2016-2017) on the results of trainings conducted at National Mining University (Dnipro, Ukraine). Report No. (UBA-FB) 002638/E. - "Assistance in safety improvement of tailings management facilities (TMF) in Armenia and Georgia" (Project No. 83392), according a follow up activity at TMFs in Armenia and Georgia the Methodology has been improved in 2018-2019. - "Capacity development to improve safety conditions of tailings management facilities in the Danube River Basin â€Ì Phase I: North-Eastern Danube countries " (Project No. 118221) 2019- 2020. - Improving the safety of tailings management facilities in Kyrgyzstan (Project No. 154973) 2021-2022. Quelle: Forschungsbericht
The Tailings Management Facility Safety Methodology (hereinafter TMF Safety Methodology) is mainly based on the requirements and principles declared in "Safety guidelines and good practices for tailings management facilities" endorsed by the Conference of the Parties to the UNECE Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents as well as other comparable international TMF standards. The TMF Safety Methodology is a powerful tool for the process of harmonizing technical standards for the entire life cycle of TMFs throughout the UNECE region. The Tailings Management Facility Safety Methodology, which consists of a Checklist for verifying the actual safety situation of tailings management facilities and the Tailings Management Facility Hazard and Risk Indexes (THI or TRI) for assessment of TMFs on regional, national and international basis. Based on a strategy of the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA) the TMF Safety Methodology was developed since 2013 within the following projects - "Improving the safety of industrial tailings management facilities based on the example of Ukrainian facilities" (2013-2015), Report No. (UBA-FB) 002317/ENG, ANH2 - "Raising Knowledge among Students and Teachers on Tailings Safety and its Legislative Review in Ukraine" (2016-2017) on the results of trainings conducted at National Mining University (Dnipro, Ukraine). Report No. (UBA-FB) 002638/E. - "Assistance in safety improvement of tailings management facilities (TMF) in Armenia and Georgia" (Project No. 83392), according a follow up activity at TMFs in Armenia and Georgia the Methodology has been improved in 2018-2019. - "Capacity development to improve safety conditions of tailings management facilities in the Danube River Basin â€Ì Phase I: North-Eastern Danube countries " (Project No. 118221) 2019- 2020. - Improving the safety of tailings management facilities in Kyrgyzstan (Project No. 154973) 2021-2022. Quelle: Forschungsbericht
Das Projekt "Ecosystems of the Volga basin and effects on the Caspian Sea" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Münster, Institut für Ökologie der Pflanzen durchgeführt. General Information: This European projects focus on the problem of conservation and utilization of natural resources with a view to promote a balanced and environmentally sustainable long term development. The basic aim of the project is to show the relationships between vegetation, land use and contribution from the catchments to the quality of water and ecosystems in the Caspian Sea and surroundings. The programme gathers biologists, botanists, ecologists and GIS specialists from France, Georgia, Germany and Russia to: (show actual vegetation ; reveal vegetation structure and modern dynamics of vegetation as the result of natural and anthropogenic impact; show up relationships between plant communities and their habitat conditions; obtain information about vegetation potential; give various information about natural resources; provide information for better management and use of the natural environment. Field investigations are implemented in the catchment basins and rivers of the Caspian Sea and surroundings. Achievements: Foreseen Results At the end of the programme, the elaboration of the actual vegetation map will serve as a fundament for establishing new, modern network of protected areas and rational utilization of vegetation resources on the regional and, presumably, trans-regional levels. The results of the programme will be presented to appropriate parliament commissions and governmental structures of the region counties. Prime Contractor: Universite de Savoie, Laboratoire Dynamique des Ecosystemes d'Altitude; Le Bourget Du Lac; France.
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