Grönland beheimatet, abgesehen von seinem großen Eisschild, eine Vielzahl von weitaus kleineren peripheren Gletschern. Der Anteil dieser Gletscher am gesamten Eismassenverlust Grönlands geht weit über den Anteil hinaus, den diese Gletscher an der gesamten Eismasse und –fläche einnehmen. Da sie sich meist in gebirgigem Gelände entlang der Küsten befinden, erfordern numerische Modelle dieser Eismassen geeignete räumliche Auflösungen, die nicht von Eisschildmodellen erreicht werden können. Kalbende Gletscher tragen in besonderem Maße zum Gesamtmassenverlust bei. Über den Zeitraum 2003-2008 trugen die peripheren Gletscher 14% zum grönlandweiten Eismassenverlust bei. Ihr Beitrag zum Meeresspiegelanstieg wird Prognosen zufolge in Zukunft weiter ansteigen, wobei aktuell verfügbare Projektionen unter Annahme einer Klimaentwicklung entlang des RCP 8.5 einen Eismassenverlust von bis zu ~50% im 21. Jahrhundert vorhersagen. Es existiert eine deutliche regionale Variabilität, die eine komplexe Kombination von atmosphärischen und ozeanischen Antriebsmechanismen widerspiegelt. Nichtsdestotrotz ist keines der aktuell verfügbaren regionalskaligen Gletschermodelle in der Lage, ozeanische Einflüsse auf die Frontalablation an den kalbenden Gletscherzungen explizit aufzulösen. Abgesehen von zwei Modellen wird Frontalablation sogar vollständig ignoriert. Folglich existieren auch bisher keinerlei Abschätzungen bezüglich der Mengen von Frontalablation an Grönlands peripheren Gletschern, weder für Vergangenheit, Gegenwart, noch Zukunft.Das Ziel des Projektes ist die Erstellung von CMIP6-basierten Projektionen der zukünftigen Entwicklung von Grönlands peripheren Gletschern im 21. Jahrhundert unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von kalbenden Gletschern. Wir werden sowohl Schmelzwasserabflüsse als auch Beiträge zum Meeresspiegelanstieg quantifizieren. Wir werden das Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) dahingehend weiterentwickeln, dass es in seinem Frontalablationsmodul ozeanische Antriebsmechanismen berücksichtigt. Dies wird durch spezielle Downscaling-Routinen für Klima- und Ozeandaten unterstützt werden. Wir werden die Modelperformance von OGGM in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen räumlichen Auflösungen der Antriebsdaten im Detail evaluieren, um herauszufinden, ob und inwieweit die Anwendung optimierter Skalenübergänge von der großen synoptischen hinunter auf die kleinere, lokale Skala der peripheren Gletscher dazu beiträgt, die Modelperformance zu steigern. Die Ergebnisse des Projektes werden ein gesteigertes Maß an Verständnis bezüglich der atmosphärischen und ozeanischen Einflüsse auf die Entwicklung der peripheren Gletscher Grönlands liefern. Weiterhin werden wird Empfehlungen bezüglich der optimalen Komplexität zukünftiger, regionalskaliger Gletschermodellierungen abgeben und dabei besonders kalbende Gletscher berücksichtigen.
Untersuchungen zum Gletscherhaushalt tropischer Gletscher; Untersuchungen der Abflussverhaeltnisse an den Gletschern Boliviens mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung des Wandels von den feuchttropischen zu den trockentropischen Bereichen sowie die Erstellung eines Gletscherinventares fuer Bolivien. 2. Die Erstellung einer Kartiersoftware fuer das Zeiss-Stereocord und seine praktische Anwendung im bio- und geowissenschaftlichenn Bereich im andinen Raum insbes. Boliviens.
This project focuses on the long-term stability (or otherwise) of vegetation, based on a series of multi-proxy records in southern South America. We will build a network of sites suitable for high-resolution reconstructions of changes in vegetation since the Last Glacial Maximum, and use these to test a null hypothesis that changes in vegetation over the past 14,000 years are driven by internal dynamics rather than external forcing factors. The extent to which the null hypothesis can be falsified will reveal the degree to which we can expect to be able to predict how vegetation is affected by external events, including future climate change. The southern fringes of the South American landmass provide a rare opportunity to examine the development of moorland vegetation with sparse tree cover in a wet, cool temperate climate of the Southern Hemisphere. We present a record of changes in vegetation over the past 17,000 years, from a lake in extreme southern Chile (Isla Santa Inés, Magallanes region, 53°38.97S; 72°25.24W; Fontana, Bennett 2012: The Holocene), where human influence on vegetation is negligible. The western archipelago of Tierra del Fuego remained treeless for most of the Lateglacial period. Nothofagus may have survived the last glacial maximum at the eastern edge of the Magellan glaciers from where it spread southwestwards and established in the region at around 10,500 cal. yr BP. Nothofagus antarctica was likely the earlier colonizing tree in the western islands, followed shortly after by Nothofagus betuloides. At 9000 cal. yr BP moorland communities expanded at the expense of Nothofagus woodland. Simultaneously, Nothofagus species shifted to dominance of the evergreen Nothofagus betuloides and the Magellanic rain forest established in the region. Rapid and drastic vegetation changes occurred at 5200 cal. yr BP, after the Mt Burney MB2 eruption, including the expansion and establishment of Pilgerodendron uviferum and the development of mixed Nothofagus-Pilgerodendron-Drimys woodland. Scattered populations of Nothofagus, as they occur today in westernmost Tierra del Fuego may be a good analogue for Nothofagus populations during the Lateglacial in eastern sites. Climate, dispersal barriers and/or fire disturbance may have played a role controlling the postglacial spread of Nothofagus. Climate change during the Lateglacial and early Holocene was a prerequisite for the expansion of Nothofagus populations and may have controlled it at many sites in Tierra del Fuego. The delayed arrival at the site, with respect to the Holocene warming, may be due to dispersal barriers and/or fire disturbance at eastern sites, reducing the size of the source populations. The retreat of Nothofagus woodland after 9000 cal. yr BP may be due to competitive interactions with bog communities. Volcanic disturbance had a positive influence on the expansion of Pilgerodendron uviferum and facilitated the development of mixed Nothofagus-Pilgerodendron-Drimys woodland.
High altitude ecosystems are still widely perceived as natural and anthropogenic transformation is generally considered to be concentrated on lower elevations and late. However, recent studies challenge this view and for quaternary environmental science and prehistory, the question where humans retreated to during the driest intervals of the last 20 ka when lowlands may have become uninhabitable is still demanding. Based on previous own and third-party research and a total of four reconnaissances to the study area as part of the preparation of this research unit, we challenge the initially stated long-held belief. Given the higher humidity of the African mountains archipelago, the afro-alpine environments are a potential glacial refuge not only for plants and animals, but also for humans. Among others, this idea is backed up by the facts that - highland people of Ethiopia are genetically adapted to high altitude hypoxia which indicates their presence at least in parts of the higher areas over evolutionary time scales. - surface scatters of stone artefacts showing heavy abrasion have been found during the most recent reconnaissance trip between 3,700 and 4,100 m which for the first time likely indicates the presence of stone working people on the Sanetti Plateau. - the mosaic of isolated groves of Erica trimera across the plateau cannot be explained by climatic gradients but indicates a human induced and fire-based shaping of the afro-alpine heathlands. As a consequence, we postulate not a late but early afro-alpine occupation expressed as the 'Mountain Exile Hypothesis'. Hence, the research unit will focus on reconstructing the natural and the anthropogenic history of this afro-alpine environment in space and time and the identification and quantification of the natural and anthropogenic drivers and processes that shaped the ecology evolution of the research area. To tackle the research questions arising from the Mountain Exile Hypothesis and to test the hypothesis itself, a multi-disciplinary and multi-proxy approach which combines established as well as newly developed and complementing methods has been designed which focuses on both the - human side of environmental change (P1 - Archeology and Archeozoology, P2 - Anthrosols and Intensity of Human Occupation) and the - natural side of environmental change (P5 - Paleoclimatology, P6 - Glacial Chronology and P7 - Ground Beetles as a Human-Independent Paleoproxy). The respective investigations are bridged by paleoecological investigations (P4 - Paleoecology) which focus on pollen, spores and macrofossil analyses and discriminate the human and natural signals. To complete the scientific inventory required to address the overall objectives, relevant baseline environmental and ecological information is provided (P3 - Environmental Baseline Assessment) and all datasets are combined as part of a central scientific analysis and synthesis platform, the BalePaleoGIS (C2 - Central Scientific Services).
Das Forschungsvorhaben soll beitragen zur Rekonstruktion der pleistozänen und holozänen Landschafts- und Klimageschichte des Muksu-Tals bis hinauf zum Fedtschenkogletschers im Pamir-Gebirge, sowie jener der umgebenden Täler wie Sauksay und Balandkijk. Insbesondere interessiert uns die Klärung offener Fragen bezüglich (i) des Ausmaßes der jüngeren Schwankungen der Fedtschenkogletscherzunge (ii) der Lage der tiefsten Eisrandlagen und (iii) des Nachweises mehrerer weit ins Tal reichender spätpleistozäner Gletschervorstöße. Hierzu werden verschiedene Methoden der absoluten und relativen Alterdatierung von glazialen Ablagerungen eingesetzt wie Radiocarbonanalysen, Thermolumineszenzanalysen, Bestimmung kosmogener Nuklide sowie glazialmorphologische, bodengeographische, pollenanalytische, dendrochronologische und lichenometrische Untersuchungen. Umfangreiche Erfahrungen aus den dem Pamir nördlich angrenzenden Gebieten (NW-Tienshan, Alai-Kette und Hissar-Gebirge) zeigen, daß dieser Ansatz gut geeignet ist zur Gliederung der holozönen und spätpleistozänen Vergletscherung in den genannten zentralasiatischen Gebirge. Zudem konnten wir interglaziale Bodenbildungen nachweisen und fanden Hinweise auf eine intensive mittelpleistozäne Vergletscherung.
The Tropical Glaciology Group's research on Kilimanjaro started in 2002 and is in progress. Central aspects of our research plan are: 1) Development of the working hypothesis: From a synopsis of (i) proxy data indicating changes in East African climate since ca. 1850, (ii) 20th century instrumental data (temperature and precipitation), and (iii) the observations and interpretations made during two periods of fieldwork (June 2001 and July 2002) a scenario of modern glacier retreat on Kibo is reconstructed. This scenario offers the working hypothesis for our project. 2) Impact of local climate on the glaciers: This goal involves micrometeorological measurements on the glaciers, and the application of collected data to full glacier energy and mass balance models. These models quantify the impact of local climate on a glacier, based on pure physical system knowledge. Our models are validated by measured mass loss and surface temperature. 3) Latest Extent of the Kilimanjaro glaciers: Here, a satellite image was analyzed to derive the surface area and spatial distribution of glaciers on Kilimanjaro in February 2003. To validate this approach, an aerial flight was conducted in July 2005. 4) Linking local climate to large-scale circulation: As glacier behavior on Kilimanjaro, a totally free-standing mountain, is likely to reflect changes in larger-scale climate, this goal explores the large-scale climate mechanisms driving local Kilimanjaro climate. Well known large-scale forcings of east African climate are sea surface temperature variations in the Pacific and, more important, in the Indian Ocean. 5) Regional modification of large-scale circulation: The regional precipitation response in East Africa due to large-scale forcing is not adequately resolved in a global climate model as used in 4). Thus, mesoscale model experiments with the numerical atmospheric model RAMS will be conducted within this goal. They are thought to reveal the modification of atmospheric flow by the Kilimanjaro massif on a regional scale. 6) Practical aspects: Based on micro- and mesoscale results, (i) how much water is provided by glaciers, (ii) providing future projections of glacier behavior as basis for economic and societal studies (practical part), e.g., for studies on the impact of vanishing glaciers on Kibo's touristic appeal, and (iii) which impact does deforestation on the Kilimanjaro slopes have on summit climate? Referring to item 2), two new automatic weather stations have been installed in February 2005. They complete a station operated by Massachusetts University on the surface of the Northern Icefield since 2000.
IceLines (Ice Shelf and Glacier Front Time Series) is an automated calving front monitoring service providing monthly ice shelf front time series of major Antarctic ice shelves. The provided time series allows to discover the dynamics of ice shelf front changes and calving events. The front positions are automatically derived from Sentinel-1 data based on a deep neuronal network called HED-U-Net. The time series covers the timespan 2014 to today (partly limited due to Sentinel-1 data availability). Incorrectly extracted fronts are truncated which might lead to gaps in the time series especially between December to March due to strong surface melt. Annual averages are calculated based on the extracted monthly fronts (excluding the summer months) and provide more robust results due to temporal aggregation
Data published here are various datasets used in the publication Algal (meta)proteomes uncover cellular adaptations to life on the Greenland Ice Sheet, by Feord et al., submitted for publication. Four datasets are presented in this data publication: i) amplicon sequencing (16S and 18S), ii) cell count and biovolumes of algae morphotypes quantified with a FlowCam, iii) raw and normalized metabolomic data (quantified with LC-MS and GC-MS), and iv) file containing a predicted protein database. The protein data used in Feord et al. (submitted), is available on ProteomeXchange Consortium (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org) via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD057047 (username: reviewer_pxd057047@ebi.ac.uk and password: kwg7a3NHfhwg). All data except dataset iv originate from samples collected on the Greenland Ice Sheet in the Summer of 2021 during the DEEP PURPLE ERC ice camp (GR21). This field location (61°05’ N,46°50’ W) is described in Feord et al. (submitted). Datasets i-iii are three different analyses of the same two samples: one snow sample collected on the 24th July 2021 and one ice sample collected on the 7th August 2021. Both samples were high in algal biomass, with the snow sample being visibly red due to pigment-rich snow algae and the ice sample visible purple/brown due to pigment-rich glacier ice algae. All collection, extraction, and analyses methods are described and referenced Feord et al. (submitted). Analysis and replication within the samples are: i. Amplicon sequencing (for both 18S and 16S sequencing): SNOW one biological replicate sequenced = one sequencing reaction, and ICE: sequenced with three biological replicates (labelled a,bc) = three sequencing reactions. Raw sequencing data is provided as fastq.gz files and abundance tables as .txt files. ii. Cell counts and biovolume with FlowCam: SNOW: one biological replicates measured in technical triplicates = three measurements (labelled 1,2,3) and ICE: three biological replicates (labelled a,b,c) measured in technical triplicate (labelled 1,2,3) = nine measurements. Data is provided as .txt files and .png files. iii. Metabolomic analyses: SNOW: five biological replicates (labelled red_RS1-5) measured in three/four technical replicates (labelled F1-F4) = 19 measurements, and ICE: three biological replicates (labelled GIA_RS1-3) measured in technical triplicates (labelled F1-F3) = nine measurements. Raw data is provided as .mzML files and processed data and tables with sample explanation files are provided as .txt files. Data iv) is a FASTA file (.fa) with the predicted protein database used to identity proteins from peptide data in Feord et al. (submitted). The database was built by translating open reading frames (ORFs) assembled from previously sequenced polyA-isolated metatranscriptomes from Greenland Ice Sheet samples published by Perini et al. (2024), using the samples MG3, MG5, MG6, MG7, MG8, MG11, MG12, MG14, MG19, MG22, MG23, MG24, MG25, MG26. MG27, MG28, MG30, MG31 from that paper. Assembly, identification of ORFs, and dereplication is described by Feord et al. (submitted)
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