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JAGUARS – Mining induced picoseismicity associated to gold mining

Abstract

Biomonitoring of arsenic, cadmium and lead in two artisanal and small-scale gold mining areas in Zimbabwe

People living and working in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) areas are frequently exposed to elemental mercury (Hg), which is used for gold extraction. However, additional exposure to other toxic metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) may result from mining-related activities and could be ingested via dust, water or food. In these areas, only limited biomonitoring data is available for toxic metals other than Hg. In particular, data about the exposure to As, Cd and Pb is unavailable for the Zimbabwean population. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two ASGM areas in Zimbabwe to evaluate the internal exposure to these metals. In total, urine and blood samples from 207 people that identified themselves as miners were collected and analysed for As and Cd in urine as well as Pb in blood by GF-AAS. Median levels (interquartile ranges in (micro)g/l) of As and Pb were 9.7 (micro)g/l (4.0, 18.5) and 19.7 (micro)g/l (12.5, 34.5), respectively. The 25th percentile and the median for Cd were below the limit of detection (0.5 (micro)g/l); the 75th percentile was at 0.9 (micro)g/l. The results were compared to reference values found for the general population in the USA and Germany, and a significant number of participants exceeded these values (As, 33 %; Cd, 27 %; Pb, 32 %), indicating a relevant exposure to toxic metals. Although not representative for the Zimbabwean population, our results demonstrate that the exposure to toxic metals is relevant for the public health in Zimbabwe and requires further investigation. © 2021, The Author(s)

Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D + C) among people living in artisanal and small-scale gold mining areas in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study

Background In Zimbabwe, an estimated 500,000 people work in the sector of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM). Two million Zimbabweans are dependent on this sector. Using mercury is common to extract gold from ore. Long term exposure to mercury can cause various adverse health conditions including chronic mercury intoxication. The influence of these adverse health effects on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is still unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the HRQoL of people who identify themselves as miners, and to analyze potential influencing factors, such as age, years of working with mercury and health conditions caused by mercury exposure. Methods This cross-sectional study assessed the HRQoL using the standardized EQ-5D†+†C (3†L) questionnaire and collected human specimens (blood, urine) of people living and possibly working in ASGM areas in Zimbabwe. Factors such as age, years of working with mercury and adverse health conditions possibly caused by mercury exposure were analyzed with regards to their influence on the HRQoL. Results The 207 participants (82% male, mean age 38†years) reported 40 different health states. Of the study participants 42.5% reported to be in complete good health while 57.5% reported being unwell in different ways. Nine participants (4.3%) were identified with chronic mercury intoxication, whereas 92 participants (33.3%) had mercury levels above the "Alert" threshold in at least one specimen. Having chronic mercury intoxication has a significant negative influence on the HRQoL, when taking into account age, gender and years of working with mercury. Cognitive problems were the most reported in the questionnaire, however, the association between this domain separately and the HRQoL was not verified. Conclusion This study shows that adverse health effects caused by chronic exposure to mercury, have a negative influence on the HRQoL among people living in ASGM areas. © The Author(s). 2020

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining: A cross-sectional assessment of occupational mercury exposure and exposure risk factors in Kadoma and Shurugwi, Zimbabwe

In artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) the toxic metal mercury is used for gold extraction. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess mercury concentrations in urine and blood and mercury-related symptoms of participants identifying themselves as miners from Kadoma and Shurugwi, Zimbabwe. Moreover, we aimed to explore possible risk factors influencing mercury body burden. In 2019, urine and blood samples of 207 participants were collected and analyzed for mercury using atomic absorption spectroscopy. All participants answered questions regarding their exposure risks. The median urine mercury value was 4.75 my g/L with a maximum of 612 my g/L. Median mercury concentration in creatinine corrected urine values was 3.98 my g/g with a maximum value of 478 my g/g. The median blood mercury value was 2.70 ÎÌg/L with a maximum of 167 my g/L. Correlations between exposure risks factors such as the lack of retort use and elevated mercury values were demonstrated. ASGM is very common in Zimbabwe. Thus, mercury exposure is a major occupational health risk for miners. Moreover, this study emphasizes the impact of exposure risk factors on the mercury body burden. © 2020 The Authors

Public Eye Awards 2011

Am 28. Januar 2011 zeichneten die unabhängige entwicklungspolitische Organisation „Erklärung von Bern“ und Greenpeace Schweiz parallel zum Jahrestreffen des Weltwirtschaftsforums (WEF) in Davos zwei Unternehmen mit dem Public Eye Awards 2011 aus. Mit dem Schmähpreis werden Unternehmen, die exemplarisch für WEF-Mitglieder und Unternehmen stehen, für besonders menschen- und umweltverachtende Geschäftspraktiken prämiert. Der Publikumspreis ging via Internet-Voting an den finnischen Energiekonzern Neste Oil. Die Nichtregierungsorganisationen werfen dem finnischen Unternehmen Neste Oil vor, verantwortlich für Landnahme, Vertreibung von Menschen und die Zerstörung von Regenwald und Mooren vornehmlich in Malaysia und Indonesien ist. Den Jurypreis erhielt der südafrikanische Minenkonzern AngloGold Ashanti. Dem Bergbau-Unternehmen werfen die EvB und Greenpeace die Verschmutzung und Austrocknung von Flüssen sowie Vergiftung von Menschen und Land beim Goldabbau in Ghana und Menschenrechtsverletzungen vor.

Brasilien gibt Naturschutzgebiet für Bergbau frei

Am 23. August 2017 veröffentlichte die brasilianische Regierung im Amtsblatt ein Dekret, das den Naturschutz-Status von mehr als vier Millionen Hektar Regenwald im Amazonas-Gebiet aufhebt. Künftig ist der Abbau von Rohstoffen dort erlaubt. Das von Präsident Michel Temer unterzeichnete Dekret betrifft das 1984 geschaffene Reservat Nacional do Cobre e Associados in der Grenzregion der Bundesstaaten Amapá und Para im Norden Brasiliens. In der Region werden große Gold-Vorkommen vermutet aber auch große Eisenvorräte, Kupfer und andere Erze. Zahlreiche illegale Minen existieren bereits in Oiapoque, Pedra Branca do Amapari, Tartarugalzinho, Mazagão und Calçoene. Ab sofort dürfen Kon­zes­sio­nen zum Abbau vergeben werden.

Verantwortungsvolle Rohstoffgewinnung? Herausforderungen, Perspektiven, Lösungsansätze

Im Forschungsvorhaben "UmSoRess" wurden zunächst die Auswirkungen der Gewinnung von Gold, Kupfer, Aluminium, Seltenen Erden und Zinn auf Umwelt und Gesellschaft anhand von Fallstudien in 13 Ländern analysiert. In einem nächsten Schritt wurden 42 Standards zur Verbesserung der Umwelt- und Sozialsituation im Bereich der Rohstoffgewinnung untersucht - von internationalen Konventionen über staatliche Regelungen bis hin zu freiwilligen Zertifizierungsinitiativen und Best-Practice-Leitfäden. Schließlich wurden politische Handlungsempfehlungen zur Verbesserung von Umwelt- und Sozialstandards im Bergbau und zur Stärkung von Transparenz und Verantwortung in Rohstofflieferketten entwickelt. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 66/2017.

Peru ruft Notstand wegen Quecksilber-Verschmutzung aus

Die peruanische Regierung hat in der Amazonasregion Madre de Dios einen Notstand ausgerufen. Bei Anwohnern seien erhöhte Quecksilberkonzentrationen nachgewiesen worden, 41 Prozent der regionalen Bevölkerung sind laut Umweltministerium betroffen. Die Verschmutzung gehe auf illegalen Bergbau zurück. In der Grenzregion zu Brasilien und Bolivien gibt es zahlreiche illegale Goldminen. Die Bergarbeiter verwenden das hochgiftige Quecksilber, um Gold aus Gestein zu lösen. Quecksilber verseuche das Wasser, die Luft und Erdablagerungen, heißt es in einem Bericht der Regierung. Der Notstand gilt zunächst für 60 Tage. Der illegale Bergbau ist in Peru seit Jahren ein Problem und gilt als eine Hauptursache für die Abholzung des Regenwalds. Nach Schätzungen des Umweltministeriums gibt es mehr als 70.000 informelle Bergarbeiter.

Verantwortungsvolle Rohstoffgewinnung? Herausforderungen, Perspektiven, Lösungsansätze

Im Forschungsvorhaben "UmSoRess" wurden zunächst die Auswirkungen der Gewinnung von Gold, Kupfer, Aluminium, Seltenen Erden und Zinn auf Umwelt und Gesellschaft anhand von Fallstudien in 13 Ländern analysiert. In einem nächsten Schritt wurden 42 Standards zur Verbesserung der Umwelt- und Sozialsituation im Bereich der Rohstoffgewinnung untersucht - von internationalen Konventionen über staatliche Regelungen bis hin zu freiwilligen Zertifizierungsinitiativen und Best-Practice-Leitfäden. Schließlich wurden politische Handlungsempfehlungen zur Verbesserung von Umwelt- und Sozialstandards im Bergbau und zur Stärkung von Transparenz und Verantwortung in Rohstofflieferketten entwickelt. Quelle: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de

Platinum group placer minerals in ancient gold artifacts - Geochemistry and osmium isotopes of inclusions in Early Bronze Age gold from Ur/Mesopotamia

One of the most significant characteristics of the gold artifacts from the Early Dynastic Royal Tombs of Ur, Mesopotamia are numerous inclusions consisting of the platinum group elements (PGE) osmium-iridium-ruthenium. In nature, minerals of PGE (PGM) are enriched along with gold and other heavy minerals in placer deposits. During metallurgical gold extraction from placer material and subsequent production of artifacts, PGMs were incorporated in the gold artifacts due to their refractoriness almost unmodified. In order to evaluate their potential for provenance studies of gold, the PGE inclusions were analyzed for their chemical and Os-isotope compositions. They contain highly variable concentrations of Os (26-70 wt.%), Ir (14-62 wt.%) and Ru (0.4-45 wt.%). 187Os/188Os isotope ratios vary between 0.118 und 0.178. Due to the high Ru content of the alloys, the chemical composition point to a geological context of ophiolite complexes. Os isotope ratios are a powerful tool to narrow down the potential ore sources for the gold. However, the interpretation of calculated model ages is difficult due to the unknown genesis of the parental magma. Calculated ages (290-610 Ma) for measured 187Os/188Os of 0.125 using different reference values could indicate placers close to Paleozoic ophiolites like Samti (Takhar) in Northern Afghanistan and Zarshouran (Western Azerbaijan) in Iran, but need to be confirmed by additional measurements of their Os isotope signature in the future. Other archaeological relevant sources of PGM and gold could be excluded by direct comparison of their Os isotope data: 1.) old Neoproterozoic ophiolites from the Eastern Desert type (750Ń800 Ma), Egypt, 2.) young Mesozoic ophiolites from the Samail complex (96 Ma) in Oman. Thus, in combination with other tracers the Os isotope ratio is a valuable source for provenance studies. Quelle: http://www.sciencedirect.com

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