This subproject aims to analyze the fragmentation of forest policy at both an international and national level for the selected countries, employing a discourse analysis approach. It is split into two sub-subprojects (SSPs). 'SSPa' conducts an analysis of discursive genealogies of forest policy in Germany, Sweden, and the US. 'SSPb' investigates the history of forest related discourses in three global environmental policy processes (UNFF, CBD, and UNFCCC). In doing so, both SSPs follow a three step procedure: In the first work package, relevant literature is reviewed and a theoretical and analytical framework is developed. In the second work package, empirical data (mostly formal and informal policy documents) are gathered and analyzed. In the third work package, emphasis is placed on the role of political 'elites' in the creation of fragmented forest policy discourses at different levels; in-depth interviews with policy stakeholders and experts add another perspective to the analysis in this work package. The project is expected to develop a new understanding not only of the fragmentation of multi-level and multi-sector forest policy discourses, but also of the way in which 'discourse elites' interact with and within these discourses. The results of the work packages will be published in peer reviewed journals and discussed with policy stakeholders and scientists in conferences and workshops.
The project will assess the fragmentation, which exists in the international forest regime complex and the resulting lack of legitimation. On this basis, it will explore options to advance coherence and legitimation for an international forest policy and means of its legitimation and legalization. As will be analysed in detail, it appears, that the international forest regime complex suffers from fragmentation in two ways. Firstly, forest issues did probably lag behind in the development of the contemporary international system of environmental law as they lacked the legitimation by a dedicated international agreement, which so many other issues such as biodiversity, climate change and desertification do enjoy. Secondly, due to this and other developments of the international legal system, particular aspects of forest policies are intensively dealt with separately and - arguably - without much coordination by diverse international regimes like, for instance, the FCCC, the CBD and the ITTA. To the more, relevant measures for such forest policy, like, for instance, certification, compulsory labelling schemes and related trade restrictions are nowadays subject to rules and standards of the WTO and thus need to be carefully designed in order to prevent any inconsistencies. In order to complement this global assessment, the legal frame of forest policy within the European Union will be analysed, which also suffers from a lack of legitimation, but apparently nonetheless developed a number of activities.
Double Sampling for Stratification is a sampling design that is widely used for forest and resource inventories worldwide and, particularly, well established for periodic forest inventories of districts in public and private forests in Germany. Spatially clustered subsampling of second-phase units, actually representing a third phase of sampling, can be expected to reduce travelling costs, but will also decrease precision of estimates. Therefore, the proposed project is intended to develop estimators for totals and per hectare values of usual target variables in forest inventories as well as related sampling errors under that new three-phase sampling design. Using real data the trade-off between precision and amount of clustering will be analyzed. A special focus will be on temporary regional or state-wide inventories based on previous double sampling district inventories. In this case additional precision can be gained by updating the previous inventories using growth models. These growth predictions shall be combined with the sample based estimator to form a composite estimator of higher precision.
Especially during the last decades, the natural forests of Ethiopia have been heavily disturbed by human activities. Some forests have been totally cleared and converted into fields for agricultural use, other suffered from different influences, such as heavy grazing and selective logging. The ongoing research in the Shashemane-Munessa-study area (Gu 406/8-1,2) showed clearly that, in spite of interdiction and control, forests continue to be cleared and degraded. However, it is not yet sufficiently known, how and why these processes are still going on. Growing population pressure and economic constraints for the people living in and around the forests contribute to the actual situation but allow no final answers to the complex situation. Concerning a sustainable management of the forests there is to no solid basis for recommendations from the socioeconomic and socio-cultural view. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the traditional needs and forms of forest use, including all forest products, is necessary. The objective of this project is, to achieve this basis by carrying out intensive field observations, the consultation of aerial photographs, satellite imagery and above all semi-structured interviews with the population in the study area in order to contribute to the recommendations for a sustainable use of the Munessa Shasemane forests.
Recent and predicted increases in extremely dry and hot summers emphasise the need for silvicultural approaches to increase the drought tolerance of existing forests in the short-term, before adaptation through species changes may be possible. We aim to investigate whether resistance during droughts, as well as the recovery following drought events (resilience), can be increased by allocating more growing space to individual trees through thinning. Thinning increases access of promoted trees to soil stored water, as long as this is available. However, these trees may also be disadvantaged through a higher transpirational surface, or the increased neighbourhood competition by ground vegetation. To assess whether trees with different growing space differ in drought tolerance, tree discs and cores from thinning experiments of Pinus sylvestris and Pseudotsuga menziesii stands will be used to examine transpirational stress and growth reduction during previous droughts as well as their subsequent recovery. Dendroecology and stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in tree-rings will be used to quantify how assimilation rate and stomatal conductance were altered through thinning. The results will provide crucial information for the development of short-term silvicultural adaptation strategies to adapt forest ecosystems to climate change. In addition, this study will improve our understanding of the relationship between resistance and resilience of trees in relation to extreme stress events.
Die thermische und hygrothermische Behandlung vietnamesischer Bambusarten wurde bisher nicht zielgerichtet wissenschaftlich analysiert und keine reproduzierbare Verfahrenstechnik abgeleitet. Ziel der Forschungsarbeiten ist es, Einflussparameter zur gezielten thermischen bzw. hygrothermischen Modifikation des grünen Bambus zu analysieren, Wirkzusammenhänge zwischen diesen Modifikationsparametern und resultierenden physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften zu beschreiben und in Modellvorstellungen zu übertragen. Es wird eine zielgerichtete Verfahrenstechnik zur thermischen bzw. hygrothermischen Modifikation von Bambus entwickelt, die auf weitere Bambussortimente Südostasiens übertragbar ist. Hierbei kommt die statistische Versuchsplanung unter Nutzung von Screening-Plänen zum Einsatz. Aus chemischen, physikalischen und strukturellen Untersuchungen werden Wirkzusammenhänge abgeleitet und deren Verallgemeinbarkeit abgeschätzt. Zukünftig führt das Verständnis der Zusammenhänge des Modifikationsprozesses und die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Veredelung von Bambus zu einer deutlichen Erhöhung der Wertschöpfung in Vietnam und beinhaltet somit neben dem wissenschaftlichen Aspekt auch eine perspektivische Entwicklungshilfe.
This project aims at analysing the influence of competing national and international bureaucracies on the fragmentation of the international forest regime complex (IFRC). Its objectives are: - describing the political dimension of fragmentation of the IFRC programme- explaining the political dimension of fragmentation based on the model of bureaucratic politics- analysing the steering consequences resulting from fragmentation - trans-disciplinary design of solutions for coping with political aspects of fragmentationBuilding on the bureaucratic politics approach these objectives will be pursued by testing the linking hypothesis: Interest and influence of the bureaucracies cause a fragmented programme of the IFRC. This programme supports the goal of profitable timber production but keeps the decision about biodiversity and CO2 sequestration open hindering the effective steering by the IFRC. The project develops an analytical framework consisting of the following independent variables: competing national and competing international bureaucracies, elected politicians, national and international non-state actors and media discourses. The fragmentation of the political programme of the IFRC is the overall dependent variable. This project will analyse the influence of bureaucracies and their coalitions on fragmentation at the international level as well as in national case studies in Sweden, Poland and Germany. The other independent variables will be covered by sub-projects 2, 3 and 4. The findings will be linked to the other political and to the economic and technic-ecological sub projects in order to contribute to the multi-disciplinary description and explanation of fragmentation and its steering consequences.
Research in 'silviculture' and 'forest economics' very often takes place largely independent from each other. While silviculture predominantly focuses on ecological aspects, forest eco-nomics is sometimes very theoretic. The applied bioeconomic models often lack biological realism. Investigating mixed forests this proposal tries to improve bioeconomic modelling and optimisation under uncertainty. The hypothesis is tested whether or not bioeconomic model-ling of interacting tree species and risk integration would implicitly lead to close-to-nature forestry. In a first part, economic consequences of interdependent tree species mixed at the stand level are modelled. This part is based on published literature, an improved model of timber quality and existing data on salvage harvests. A model of survival over age is then to be developed for mixed stands. A second section then builds upon data generated in part one and concentrates on the simultaneous optimisation of species proportions and harvest-ing ages. It starts with a mean-variance optimisation as a reference solution. The obtained results are compared with data from alternative approaches as stochastic dominance, down-side risk and information-gap robustness.
Terpenes (=isoprenoids) are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants but their ecological functions are not fully understood. Poplars are strong isoprene emitters. In preceding studies we have constructed non-isoprene emitting poplars and started with their characterization. We have also constructed poplars expressing pinene synthase. We aim to study the role of isoprene and monoterpenes in herbivore and mycorrhizal interactions. In addition to wild type poplar plants (isoprene and non-monoterpene emitters) we will make use of transgenic poplar lines, that are either non-isoprene emitters or non-isoprene, but constitutive monoterpene emitters. The influence of the VOC emission on the interaction with herbivores and/or ectomycorrhizal fungi will be studied under laboratory, green house and open air conditions. Furthermore, it will be investigated how attack by herbivores affects the survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi or pathogenic fungi and vice versa, and how EM changes the VOC blend emitted by the plants and the performance of leaf feeding insects. Responses of the plant and the ectomycorrhiza will be studied on a molecular level. The results of these studies will provide important knowledge about poplar interaction and defense from herbivory.
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