Scope: Land is a finite resource and the way it is used is one of the principal drivers of environmental change. Increasing land take affects fertile agricultural land, puts biodiversity at risk, increases the risk of flooding and water scarcity and contributes to both the causes and effects of global warming. Moreover, the effects of land take differ depending on the value, quality and functionality of the land. The main objective of this service on sustainable land-use is to build on existing key relevant studies and projects and suggest measures on how sustainable land use can be promoted and how land-take, soil sealing and urban sprawl can be avoided, reduced and compensated in Europe, its cities and regions. The starting hypothesis is that a sustainable use of land would entail that compact and denser urban development would lead to less need for transport, less energy use and more open spaces enhancing the quality of life thus generating benefits and requiring less costs. Policy questions: - What does the current European land use look like? Which cities and regions in Europe show the biggest challenges in terms of sustainable land use, land take and urban sprawl? Which regions and cities showed positive developments on this respect? What factors are responsible for the main changes over the past 28 years and which measures already implemented seem to play a role? - What are the costs and benefits (economic, social, ecological and territorial effects) of 1) unconstrained land-take (as appeared during the last 10 years) and 2) limiting land-take towards no net land take by 2050. How are these effects linked to the value or quality of land taken? For instance, urban heat, particulate matter, health, climate change, land value, ecosystem services, recreation, total area, etc. - Which (spatial) strategies, instruments and mechanisms (financial, fiscal and economic) could be used, at national, regional and local level, to limit and contain urban sprawl, to contribute to the EU-wide objective for no net land-take by 2050 and its national targets, to promote sustainable land use and leading towards a more balanced territorial development, maintaining green and open spaces in urban areas and transcending administrative and governmental borders? How can the private sector and public-private collaboration play a role? And how can we benefit economically from measures to avoid further land take? - What determines the success of policy interventions and measures aimed at reducing land take and containing urban sprawl? - How does territorial cohesion policy and specific sectoral policies, such as on air-quality or the European Single Market, influence urban sprawl and land-take? And what recommendations towards European Cohesion Policy and sectoral policies could be made so that they discourage further land-take and urban sprawl?
The Sentinel- satellite series aims at frequent global coverage of the Earth surface in full spectrum of remote sensing. This enables the use of well-established satellite products, built up with earlier more research oriented satellites, to be used for the benefit of people in six core areas of Copernicus/GMES: security, land monitoring, climate change, atmosphere monitoring, emergency management and marine environment monitoring. The SEN3APP- project addresses three of these, namely climate change, land monitoring and security. SEN3APP is concerned with the development, implementation, operationalization and validation of Sentinel data processing lines for cryospheric (terrestrial) and land cover/phenology applications. Both global and regional applications are included, focusing to high latitudes of the Earth and other parts of the cryosphere.The processing lines will utilize SAR and medium/high resolution optical/IR-range data from Sentinels 1, 2 and 3. An essential aspect of the project is the development and harmonization of data processing modules/routines in order to facilitate new European satellite data processing capabilities for the European and global user community. For selected applications/products, the processing lines will also provide the automated validation tools. The processing lines to be designed and implemented contain distributed systems with contributions of the project partners. Operational capabilities of FMI Sodankylä satellite data center are applied to host part of the infrastructure and also complete processing lines. The overall objective of the proposed project is to provide end-users with products and services relevant to: - Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP): land surface processes and albedo - Local/regional scale climate change studies and planning of adaptation strategies - Ecosystem studies & assessment of ecosystem services - Evaluation of nutrient leaching caused by different land use and management practices for implementation of Water Framework directive objectives - Hydrological forecasting and monitoring including hydro-power industry, flood prevention and water resources assessment - Carbon balance monitoring and assessment - Environmental monitoring including disasters, forest diseases and crop yield - Construction and logistics as to soil frost and permafrost (roads, buildings, timber collection).
The effects of climate change in mountain regions are expected to be more intense and detectable than in many other regions of the world since climatic conditions vary sharply with elevation. The climatic impacts on fragile ecosystems of Nepal's Himalaya are no exception. It is increasingly being observed that biological systems are disrupted, migrations are starting earlier and species' geographic ranges are shifting. The overall goal of this research collaboration is to identify and analyze threats and opportunities related to climate change. In mountain regions, climate warming is generally considered to be correlated with a change in seasonal precipitation. Both changes will influence the way and intensity of human land use. In our project we therefore propose to study how different levels of land-use intensity (from primeval forests to arable fields) do affect biodiversity. We will investigate replicated land-use gradients at various altitudes in three regions with a different regional climate, and in particular, different levels of seasonal precipitation. Our core study region will be the Manasalu Conservation Area characterized by an oceanic climate and this region will be compared to a hyper-oceanic region in Annapurna Conservation Area and a semi-oceanic region of the Sagarmatha (Everest) region. By using a quasi-experimental landscape approach organisms will be investigated in six valleys covering different precipitation regimes, altitudinal gradients of 1600 m representing different temperatures, and four land use types ranging from closed forests to open landscapes. These organisms will include plants, lichens, mushrooms, butterflies and birds. Population data of Red Listed mammals (Flags
The Land and Soils Working Group of the International Resource Panel is preparing a comprehensive review of the challenges and opportunities facing land and soil management from the local to global level. Global land use and soil management are both connected and complementary aspects of agriculture, forestry and built-up land development with consequences on food, energy, material and water security. Global land use change is currently characterised by the expansion of agricultural land and built-up areas along with land degradation and the polices which support these processes. Expansion is taking place at the expense of global forests, savannahs and grasslands while degradation is the result of soil erosion, nutrient depletion, water scarcity, salinity and the disruption of biological cycles, putting the best quality soils of the world under risk. As world dietary habits change, international trade and a rising consumption of goods are fuelling the demand for land. Globalisation is increasing the distance between production and consumption, so that consumer decisions to buy products and the detrimental impacts which may be associated with those products are drifting apart. The result is an increasing competition for land with unintended and unrecognised side-effects. Policy is therefore challenged to follow a double approach: tackling both the field level of sustainable extraction and the global level of sustainable use. This project explores the connections, trade-offs, and relationships between land use, soil management and resource security more deeply. It proposes developing a safe operating space for global land use and safe operating practices for soil management that could work together towards ensuring a long-lasting and sustainable supply of products for food, feed, fuel and materials.
Population increase especial in the highlands of northern Thailand, reforestation, in-creasing wealth gradient between highland and lowland as well as the commercialisation of agriculture is responsible for the extreme competition for land and water re-sources. For this reason new approaches are urgently required, which intensify the use of land and water on the one hand, and which are ecologically and economically acceptable. The investigations of the second phase showed, that there are many agriculture systems in the highlands of northern Thailand. All of them can clearly be distinguished by their ecological and economical sustainability. A basic requirement of agricultural land use planning is the knowledge about the distribution pattern of soils and their site properties. Until now, there is not any soil map or soil information system for the highlands available, which could be used for a serious land use planning. For this reason intensive soil and petrographic mapping was carried out for three different petrographic areas. This soil knowledge gained during the second phase will now be used to calibrate radiometric data of northern Thailand to generate a digital soil map. In a next step the soil physical properties will be assigned to specific soils by transfer functions. Participative soil mapping, carried out in cooperation with A1.3, will help to find the boundaries of soil physical properties and to validate the soil map. Finally, the soil map information will be a tool which can be used for different kinds of models. In cooperation with C4.1; using the WaNulCAS model; efficient and adapted land use strategies will be developed and assigned to suitable areas. In the past many land development projects failed, because of their top down nature. For this reason a participatory land suitability analysis (PALSA), in cooperation with A1.3, C4.1 and G1.2, will be applied to assure that the developed land use strategies will be acceptable for the local people.
Urban agriculture is a common livelihood strategy for residents of cities in developing countries. In Dar es Salaam, urban agriculture comprises the production of crops, livestock and vegetables. This research focuses on understanding how Urban Agriculture (UA) can be integrated in urban land use planning and management proceses for sustainable development taking Dar es Salaam as a case study area. Urban agriculture is defined widely. In this context conceived as farming activities in the built-up areas and peri-urban where open spaces are available, with special emphasis on amaranths production. Poverty is a relative term conceived as income and non-income state in human life. Basically in this respect poverty refers to lack of food, access, use and control of land and information for sustaining urban livelihoods of the urban poor i.e small holder farmers. Sustainable development refers to consideration of legal, institution contexts, stakeholders involvement and financial needs for UA development in view to safeguarding present and future prospects of the city land development including community livelihood strategies. It takes also, into account urban agricultural as an integral component of the citys urban planning and management functions. Urban land use planning and management process refers to a process of guiding, directing and controlling use of land and adopting land use principles for the orderly, efficient, and equitable development and arrangement of land. Important issues include land use regulation, land resource management, and environmental conservation, protecting UA, housing development and investment attraction, which are addressed through tools such as land use plans, zoning, and capital improvements programs. It also deals with land use conflict areas identification, water sources and irrigation options for sustainable urban development.
Das F+E Vorhaben zum Thema Gruene Wiese wurde mit grossem Erfolg abgeschlossen. Da die Ergebnisse auch im internationalen Bereich verbreitet werden sollen, ist die Aufbereitung zu einer fuer diese Zwecke geeigneten Kurzfassung und die Uebersetzung in die englische Sprache erforderlich. Dies soll im Zuge des Aufstockungsvorhabens erfolgen. Aufgrund der noetigen inhaltlichen Nachbearbeitung soll der Forschungsnehmer damit beauftragt werden.
Im abgeschlossenen FuE-Projekt 103 40 119 wurde ein systematischer, auf der Basis einer Nutzwertanalyse entwickelter Ansatz zum oekonomischen und oekologischen Vergleich von Flaechenerschliessungsvarianten zwischen Altstandorten und Gruene Wiese entwickelt. Dieser Ansatz dient der Foerderung des Flaechenrecycling und liefert Argumente zur Eindaemmung des weiteren Flaechenverbrauches in oekologischer und oekonomischer Sicht. Um mittelfristig zu administrativen Handlungsvorgaben zu kommen, muss diese Systematik einer Praxiserprobung unterzogen werden. Ziel des Vorhabens ist es, diesen Bewertungsalgorithmus einschliesslich des Systems zur monetaeren Bearbeitung der Flaechenvarianten an zwei bis drei Praxisfaellen zu testen.
In den alten Bundeslaendern fallen pro Tag ca 12 Millionen m3 Abwasser aus den Haushalten, ca 26 Millionen m3 Abwasser aus Industrie und Gewerbe sowie ca 50 Millionen m3 Kuehlwasser aus Kraftwerken an. Zur ordnungsgemaessen Beseitigung muessen diese erheblichen Wassermengen in fachgerecht hergestellten Kanalisationen gesammelt und weitergeleitet werden, um dann in entsprechend ausgebauten Klaeranlagen gereinigt zu werden. Da die Grundstuecksentwaesserungsanlagen eine Kanallaenge von ca 600000 km im Vergleich zu den ca 24000 km des oeffentlichen Kanalnetzes umfassen, geht schon daraus hervor, dass das davon ausgehende Gefaehrdungspotential fuer das Grundwasser und den Boden entsprechend hoeher anzusetzen ist. Werden die Bedingungen beim Bau und Betrieb ebenfalls zu einem solchen Vergleich herangezogen, so laesst sich schnell feststellen, dass der Instandhaltung von Grundstuecksentwaesserungsanlagen ein weitaus hoeherer Stellenwert zugemessen werden muss als das derzeit der Fall ist. Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ist es, den Anschlussnehmern eine Leitlinie fuer die Massnahmen zur Instandhaltung von Grundstuecksentwaesserungsanlagen zur Hand zu geben, um auf dieser Basis das von Kanalisationen ausgehende Gefaehrdungspotential fuer die Umwelt aufzuheben oder zumindest zu minimieren. Undichte Kanaele stellen ein staendig moegliches Gefaehrdungspotential fuer die Schutzgueter Boden und Grundwasser dar. Die Beseitigung einmal entstandener Schaeden ist nur unter erheblichem technischem und finanziellem Aufwand moeglich. Dadurch kommt der Feststellung des vorhandenen Schadensausmasses unter Beruecksichtigung der wasserwirtschaftlichen, aber auch der wirtschaftlichen Belange eine grundlegende Bedeutung zu. Die Forschungsergebnisse bilden die Grundlage fuer die zu entwickelnde Strategie zur Beseitigung der Schaeden. Die konkreten Massnahmen der Schadensbeseitigung (Erneuerung, Instandhaltung, Sanierung) muessen im Einzelfall unter Beruecksichtigung der jeweiligen Randparameter festgelegt werden. Wichtig ist dabei gerade fuer Hausanschluesse die genaue Erkennung des Schadens als Grundlage der zu ergreifenden Sanierungsstrategie. Der vorliegende Leitfaden fuer die Sanierung von Grundstuecksentwaesserungsanlagen zeigt als Einfuehrung die Rechtsgrundlagen auf. Dabei wird auch auf Haftungsfragen (sowohl der Kommunen als auch der Anschlussnehmer) eingegangen. Im Kapitel Grundstuecksentwaesserungsanlagen werden die Anforderungen an die Anlage dargestellt, das moegliche Entwaesserungssystem und die technischen Ausfuehrungsbestimmungen werden vorgestellt. Grundsaetze zur Entwaesserung tiefliegender Raeume und der Schutz gegen Rueckstau bilden den Uebergang zur Grundstuecksentwaesserung im gewerblichen/industriellen Bereich. Hier wird auch das Thema ...
Mit dem vorliegenden Projekt soll erstmalig der Versuch zur Definition eines Vergleichsmassstabes fuer Flaechenerschliessungen auf der 'Gruenen Wiese' gegenueber der infrastrukturellen Erschliessung von sanierungsbeduerftigen Altstandorten unternommen werden. Neben nutzwertanalytischen Kriterien fuer die Bewertung der Flaechen werden im Rahmen des Vorhabens insbesondere oekonomische Kriterien sowie langfristig relevante oekologische Faktoren beruecksichtigt. Die zur Durchfuehrung des Vorhabens erforderliche Datenbasis soll anhand zweier, repraesentativer Referenzbeispiele gewonnen werden.
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