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The 11.8 m-long composite sediment record from the hardwater lake of Sacrower See, located near the city of Potsdam (north-eastern Germany), has been characterised by a range of analytical techniques. These include magnetic susceptibility, chemical parameters (XRF core scanning, CNS analysis, biogenic silica) and stable isotopes (13C, 15N). The chronology covers the entire Holocene and the concluding Lateglacial (Alleröd, Younger Dryas) and is based on age-depth modelling using radiocarbon dates refined by the onset of the local varve chronology in 1870 CE (Lüder et al., 2006) and by the Laacher See Tephra, an isochrone dated to 13,000 cal. BP. It offers a detailed environmental reconstruction providing insights into depositional processes influenced by both natural climatic variations and human activities (Enters et al., 2009; Kirilova et al., 2009). The Lateglacial and Early Holocene are distinguished by the stabilisation of natural landscapes characterised by the presence of pine-birch (Alleröd) and mixed oak forests (Early Holocene). This development was interrupted by the climatic deterioration of the Younger Dryas, which resulted in a destabilisation of vegetation and increased natural soil erosion. It is evident that, for the first time around 5500 cal. BP, anthropogenic forest clearing became a factor, which subsequently led to increasing cultural soil erosion further accelerating during the Bronze Age (3600-3200 cal. BP), the Early Iron Age (2800-2600 cal. BP) and the Middle Ages (900-600 cal. BP). In the course of industrialisation since the 19th century, human impact underwent a transition from the destabilisation of soils to the phenomenon of eutrophication. This transition resulted in the occurrence of hypolimnetic anoxia, accompanied by the formation of carbonaceous varves.
This dataset contains compound-specific hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) isotope compositions and concentrations of long-chain n-alkanes and fatty acids (n-alkanoic acids) from the ROT21 sediment record of Rotsee, Central Switzerland (47°04′10″N, 8°18′48″E, 419 m a.s.l.). Sediment cores were retrieved in October 2021 using a UWITEC gravity corer, and the dataset spans the past ~13,000 years based on 19 radiocarbon dates (terrestrial and aquatic macrofossils) integrated with 210Pb and 137Cs profiles (see De Jonge et al., 2025). Laboratory analyses were conducted between February 2023 and November 2024 at the University of Basel. Sediment samples (~2–5 g) were sub-sampled, freeze-dried, spiked with internal standards (n-C19-alkanoic acid, n-C36-alkane, 2-octadecanone, and n-C21-alkanol), and extracted with dichloromethane/methanol (9:1, v/v) using an Accelerated Solvent Extractor (Dionex ASE 350, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Following saponification, neutral fractions were separated via silica gel chromatography, and fatty acids were converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Both n-alkanes and FAMEs were further purified to isolate saturated compounds using AgNO3-impregnated silica gel columns, then analyzed and quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Peak areas were normalized to recovery standards to account for potential losses during sample handling, and compounds were identified by comparison with external standards. Compound-specific δ2H and δ13C values were determined by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) and normalized to the VSMOW-SLAP (δ2H) and VPDB (δ13C) scales. Analytical precision was ±3-5 ‰ for δ2H and ±0.2–0.3 ‰ for δ13C. The dataset was generated to reconstruct past hydroclimate and vegetation dynamics in Central Europe using plant wax δ2H records. Full methodological details are provided in the study: Central Europe hydroclimate since the Younger Dryas inferred from vegetation-corrected sedimentary plant wax δ2H values (Santos et al., 2026).
This database is the first formal version of PAGES' C-PEAT Global Peatland Carbon Database (GD), which contains 267 independently cataloged peat cores and a large number of observations from those cores, including: peat depths, organic matter content values, dry bulk density values, organic density values, as well as carbon and nitrogen content values (Loisel et al. Submitted). This Editorial publication, along with the published scripts for data and metadata retrieval (Ransby et al. 2025), are designed to streamline data use and citation.
Fossil pollen assemblages provide a record of past vegetation composition, both natural (climate-induced) and anthropogenic (human-induced). Pollen-based quantitative reconstruction of plant abundance (in percentage cover) require that biases due to differences between plants in pollen productivity and dispersal characteristics are corrected. Such correction is achieved by the “Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites”(REVEALS) model given that estimates of relative pollen productivity (RPPs) and fall speed of pollen (FSP) are available for the major plants building the plant cover. For details about the REVEALS model, see Sugita (2007). REVEALS estimates of the abundance of 31 taxa, 11 plant functional types (PFTs), and 3 land-cover types (LCTs) were produced for Europe at a 1˚x1˚ spatial scale for 25 consecutive time windows from 11.7 ka calibrated years BP* to present as part of the Swedish Research Council (VR) research project “LandClimII”. This is the second generation (version June 2021) of REVEALS reconstruction for Europe; it is based on a total of 1128 pollen records from pollen databases/archives and individual authors (See LandClimII Contributors). The first generation was published in Trondman et al. (2015) and Gaillard (2019). These pollen-based REVEALS estimates of land cover are currently used to quantify the effects of the biogeophysical forcing induced by human deforestation on the regional climate of Europe at 6 ka and 2.5 ka BP (VR LandClim II project), and to evaluate and revise the scenarios of anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) HYDE (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2017) and KK10 (Kaplan et al., 2009; 2011) . The gridded pollen-based REVEALS reconstructions cover Europe (30°-75°N, 25°W-50°E) and were performed at a spatial scale of 1° × 1° (ca. 100 km × 100 km), which is the estimated spatial scale of REVEALS plant-cover estimates using all available pollen records (1128) within a grid cell and all pollen counts within each time window to ensure reliable estimates of plant cover and minimize their error estimates. The REVEALS estimates and standard errors were reconstructed for 25 time windows covering the Holocene i.e. X to 100 BP, 100 – 350 BP, 350 – 700, 700 – 1200, 1200 -1700 BP and in 500 consecutive time windows from here to 11,700 BP (BP – before present (1950)). The RPP and FSP values used in this REVEALS reconstruction are found in csv table Taxa_to_PFT, PPE and FSP values. All details of the protocol used for this REVEALS reconstruction can be found in Trondman et al. (2015). All REVEALS estimates and their SEs are given in proportions of the grid cell (the total of all REVEALS estimates sum up to 1). There are 25 files labelled TW.(number of time window).RVestimates.jun21.csv and 25 files labelled TW.(number of time window).standarderrors.jun21.csv. The RVestimates.csv files contain the REVEALS estimates for each land-cover type (LCT), plant function type (PFT) and taxa which has a unique grid ID and corresponding longitude and latitude. The standard error csv files contain the standard errors for each land-cover type (LCT), plant function type (PFT) and taxa. * BP = before present (1950). The information about the quality (previously referred to as reliability (Trondman et al. 2015)) of the REVEALS estimates in each grid cell is provided in the GC_quality_by_TW.xlsx file. There are 3 categories i.e. 1 is high quality ( 1 or more large lakes, OR 2 or more sites of any site type), 2 is low quality (only 1 small lake, OR small bog OR large bog) and no data. Extra information about each site is provided in the metadata file.
The cores show a sediment succession of the late Pleistocene and the Holocene. A core photograph is depicted, followed by a detailed core scetch and a depositional code for the depositional environment and facies. Samples taken for grain size, pollen, foraminifera, diatoms, macrobenthos, radiocarbon dating, XRD analysis and XRF data are marked in the columns right of the plot of the core. In the last column additional notes are given. The cores were taken in the backbarrier tidal flats of the Eastfrisian Island Norderney (central Wadden Sea, German North Sea coast) within the frame of the multidisciplinary national research project 'WASA – Wadden Sea Archive'. WASA has been undertaken to reconstruct submerged palaeo-landscapes in the central Wadden Sea. It was running from 2016 to 2020 (Bittmann et al. 2022). Each of the three cores were collected in the subital with a modified version of the vibrocorer VKG6 (medconsultant GmbH) which was used from aboard the research vessels FK SENCKENBERG (Senckenberg am Meer, SaM, Wilhelmshaven) and BURCHANA (Niedersächsischer Landesbetrieb für Wasserwirtschaft, Küsten- und Naturschutz, NLWKN, Norderney). The vibrocorer was deployed in full-weight load mode (1.1 t gravity weight) and was equipped with PVC liners of 5000 mm length maximum and 100 mm diameter. The cores were described based on the field proven core catalogue by Capperucci et al. (2022), which was developed on the base of all 140 cores taken in the area of Norderney within the WASA project. The core catalogue allows the identification of the local sedimentary sequences and their characteristic facies and depositional environments of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of the central Wadden Sea.
The N2O emissions were estimated by calculating the change in total N2O flux. The total N2O global flux (TgN/yr) was calculated by clubbing the new SPICE core N2O data (Azharuddin et al, 2023) with the existing data from EPICA Dome C (EDC), Dronning Maud Land (EDML) (Flückiger et al., 2002; Schilt et al., 2010), Talos Dome Ice (TALDICE), North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) (Fischer et al., 2019), Law Dome (Rubino et al., 2019) and Styx and NEEM (Ryu et al., 2020) ice cores using a two-box model. The model assumed the stratosphere and troposphere as individual boxes where the stratospheric N2O destruction and troposphere-stratosphere N2O exchange were well constrained.
Fossil pollen assemblages provide a record of past vegetation composition, both natural (climate-induced) and anthropogenic (human-induced). Pollen-based quantitative reconstruction of plant abundance (in percentage cover) require that biases due to differences between plants in pollen productivity and dispersal characteristics are corrected. Such correction is achieved by the “Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites”(REVEALS) model given that estimates of relative pollen productivity (RPPs) and fall speed of pollen (FSP) are available for the major plants building the plant cover. For details about the REVEALS model, see Sugita (2007). REVEALS estimates of the abundance of 31 taxa, 11 plant functional types (PFTs), and 3 land-cover types (LCTs) were produced for Europe at a 1˚x1˚ spatial scale for 25 consecutive time windows from 11.7 ka calibrated years BP* to present as part of the Swedish Research Council (VR) research project “LandClimII”. This is the second generation (version October 2020) of REVEALS reconstruction for Europe; it is based on a total of 1128 pollen records from pollen databases/archives and individual authors (See LandClimII Contributors). The first generation was published in Trondman et al. (2015) and Gaillard (2019). These pollen-based REVEALS estimates of land cover are currently used to quantify the effects of the biogeophysical forcing induced by human deforestation on the regional climate of Europe at 6 ka and 2.5 ka BP (VR LandClim II project), and to evaluate and revise the scenarios of anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) HYDE (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2017) and KK10 (Kaplan et al., 2009; 2011) . The gridded pollen-based REVEALS reconstructions cover Europe (30°-75°N, 25°W-50°E) and were performed at a spatial scale of 1° × 1° (ca. 100 km × 100 km), which is the estimated spatial scale of REVEALS plant-cover estimates using all available pollen records (1128) within a grid cell and all pollen counts within each time window to ensure reliable estimates of plant cover and minimize their error estimates. The REVEALS estimates and standard errors were reconstructed for 25 time windows covering the Holocene i.e. X to 100 BP, 100 – 350 BP, 350 – 700, 700 – 1200, 1200 -1700 BP and in 500 consecutive time windows from here to 11,700 BP (BP – before present (1950)). The RPP and FSP values used in this REVEALS reconstruction are found in csv table called Taxa_to_PFT, PPE and FSP values. All details of the protocol used for this REVEALS reconstruction can be found in Trondman et al. (2015). All REVEALS estimates and their SEs are given in proportions of the grid cell (the total of all REVEALS estimates sum up to 1). There are 25 files labelled TW.(number of time window).RVestimates.csv and 25 files labelled TW.(number of time window).standarderrors.csv. The RVestimates.csv files contain the REVEALS estimates for each land-cover type (LCT), plant function type (PFT) and taxa which has a unique grid ID and corresponding longitude and latitude. The standard error csv files contain the standard errors for each land-cover type (LCT), plant function type (PFT) and taxa. BP = before present (1950)
The cores show a sediment succession of the late Pleistocene and the Holocene. A core photograph is depicted, followed by a detailed core scetch and a depositional code for the depositional environment and facies. Samples taken for grain size, pollen, foraminifera, diatoms, macrobenthos, radiocarbon dating, XRD analysis and XRF data are marked in the columns right of the plot of the core. In the last column additional notes are given. The cores were taken in the backbarrier tidal flats of the Eastfrisian Island Norderney (central Wadden Sea, German North Sea coast) within the frame of the multidisciplinary national research project 'WASA – Wadden Sea Archive'. WASA has been undertaken to reconstruct submerged palaeo-landscapes in the central Wadden Sea. It was running from 2016 to 2020 (Bittmann et al. 2022). Each of the three cores were collected in the subital with a modified version of the vibrocorer VKG6 (medconsultant GmbH) which was used from aboard the research vessels FK SENCKENBERG (Senckenberg am Meer, SaM, Wilhelmshaven) and BURCHANA (Niedersächsischer Landesbetrieb für Wasserwirtschaft, Küsten- und Naturschutz, NLWKN, Norderney). The vibrocorer was deployed in full-weight load mode (1.1 t gravity weight) and was equipped with PVC liners of 5000 mm length maximum and 100 mm diameter. The cores were described based on the field proven core catalogue by Capperucci et al. (2022), which was developed on the base of all 140 cores taken in the area of Norderney within the WASA project. The core catalogue allows the identification of the local sedimentary sequences and their characteristic facies and depositional environments of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of the central Wadden Sea.
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