Das Projekt "Esposure and risk assessment for fine and ultrafine in ambient air" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH - Institut für Epidemiologie durchgeführt. Objective: 1. Compare available particle counters to measure continuously concentrations and size distributions of fine and ultra fine particles in the urban atmosphere. 2. Assess the size distribution and elemental composition of respirable particles in different urban atmospheres in Germany, the Netherlands and Finland. General Information/Expected achievements: The project is expected to produce significant improvements in our understanding on size distributions, intercorrelations, and behaviour of fine and ultra fine particles in urban air in Europe and how to best measure them. This will also enable future studies to address the question, which characteristics (size, number, elemental composition) of respirable particles in ambient air determine their health effects. Methods Particle counters. The German Mobile Aerosol Spectrometer (MAS) consists of two different sensors covering different size ranges. Particles in the size range from 0.01 5m to 0.1 5m are measured using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA, TSI model 3071) in combination with a condensation nucleus counter (CNC, TSI model 3760). Particles in the size range from 0.1 5m up to 3 5m are classified by a laser aerosol spectrometer (LAS, PMS model LAS-X). In the Netherlands, similar equipment as in Germany will be used. Electric Aerosol Spectrometer (EAS) used in Finland is based on the electric measurement principal similar to the principle of EAA model 3030 of TSI, but significantly modified taking into account the needs of atmospheric aerosol studies in urban and rural environment. EAS has an enlarged measurement range from 0.010 5m to 10 5m divided into fractions. All fractions are measured in parallel and simultaneously. Other Measurements In addition to the particle counters, the following measurements will be done: CPC (TSI 3022A), 24-hour samples of PM10 and PM2.5 with impactors, metal composition of PM2.5 filters and continuous monitoring of gaseous pollutants and weather. Comparisons between different particle counters. The particle counters will be compared mainly running them side-by-side in ambient air conditions. Measuring campaign of ambient aerosols During the winter 1996-97, levels, gradients, and elemental composition of fine particles in urban sites in Germany, the Netherlands, and Finland will be determined. In each location, ambient air quality will be monitored at one site representing background urban levels of air pollution. Prime Contractor: National Public Health Institute, Unit of Environmental Epidemiology; Helsinki; Finland.
Das Projekt "Pruefung von Filterelementen fuer die Oelabscheidung aus Druckluft" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Institut für Toxikologie und Aerosolforschung durchgeführt. The size distribution of oil droplets in compressed air was measured using an 8-stage impactor in the size range of 0,11-16 mue. Tests were performed with different types of compressor and different operating conditions to determine the efficiency of the filter equipment of the compressors.
Das Projekt "Exposure and risk assessment for fine and ultrafine particles in ambient air" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH - Institut für Epidemiologie durchgeführt. General Information/Background: Several recent studies have shown that current levels of fine particles (often measured as PM10) in ambient air are associated with increased cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality. The main open question is, what are the characteristics of the airborne particles that are responsible for these health effects. Currently, the two leading theories are that they are either due to the very large number of ultrafine particles in urban air or that the chemical composition of particles, especially the transition metal content on the surface of the particles determines their health effects. However, there is very little data on levels and exposure to fine and ultrafine particles in Europe, on the elemental composition of particles, and on their health effects. Therefore, the aims of the present proposal are: 1. to improve exposure assessment to particles in Europe by assessing the size distributions, including ultrafine particles, and elemental compositions of fine particles in ambient air in three European cities with different sources of particulate air pollution 2. to improve risk assessment of exposure to fine particles of differing sizes and of differing elemental composition with focus both on respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. Workplan: In all three cities, 50 elderly person with chronic cardiopulmonary disease will be followed up for 6 months with biweekly intensive clinic examinations, which include measurements of cardiopulmonary function (spirometry, ECG monitoring, blood pressure) and of biomarkers for lung damage from urine. The subjects will also keep daily symptom diaries and do daily measurements of peak expiratory flow. Concurrently with the panel study, particle number and size distributions and levels of other pollutants in ambient air are continuously monitored in an intensive monitoring effort. 24-hour levels of PM2. 5 will also be monitored with impactors and elemental composition of half of the filters will be determined. Expected benefits: The project will provide improved scientific basis for setting standards, monitoring, and control of particulate air pollution in Europe. Prime Contractor: National Public Health Institute, Unit of Environmental Epidemiology; Helsinki; Finland.
Das Projekt "Nutzung von Kaskadenimpaktoren fuer die Staubmessung in stroemenden Gasen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Bayer AG durchgeführt. Objective: To elaborate methods for dust measurement essential for the improvement of industrial technologies. General Information: At present, dust measurement in flowing gases are done by sampling with filters followed sometimes by particle size analyses. More exact information about the state of agglomeration and the aerodynamic particle diameter of the airborne dust can be obtained with the cascade impactor. Before this method can become a standard measuring technique, some still existing problems must be resolved. Thus, measuring apparatus, especially sampling equipment, has to be improved and thoroughly tested. Knowledge about particle losses in cascade impactors has to perfectioned. Calibration work with different impactors and comparative measurements with filter devices has to carried out.
Das Projekt "Studie zur Korngroessenverteilung (kleiner PM 2,5 und kleiner PM 10) von Staubemissionen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen, Abteilung Reinhaltung der Luft durchgeführt. Die EU-TRL Schwebstaub auf der Basis der EU-RRL zur Beurteilung und Kontrolle der Luftqualitaet wird strenge PM 10-Immissionsgrenzwerte festlegen, deren Ueberwachung und Einhaltung in D Probleme bereiten werden. Fuer gezielte Luftreinhaltemassnahmen sind belastbare Daten ueber die relevanten Quellen, die Korngroessenverteilung ihrer Staubemissionen und die Minderungspotentiale notwendig. Fuer Modellrechnungen zum Identifizieren von Belastungsschwerpunkten sind zuverlaessige Emissionsdaten, insbesondere ueber die Korngroessenverteilungen (kleiner PM 2,5/kleiner PM 10) der Feinstaeube unerlaesslich, um Aussichten und Wirksamkeit von Minderungsstrategien zutreffend beurteilen zu koennen. Deshalb soll mit dieser Studie der Sachstand ermittelt und Vorschlaege zum Schliessen der identifizierten Luecken vorgelegt werden. Hierbei ist zu pruefen, inwieweit die derzeit verfuegbare Staubemissionsmesstechnik (Impaktoren n. VDI 2066-5, optische Verfahren), geeignet sind, Korngroessenverteilungen mit angemessener Zeitaufloesung zu ermitteln. Es sollen Vorschlaege fuer die ggf. notwendige Optimierung/Weiterentwicklung der Messtechnik gemacht und ein gezieltes groessenselektives Messprogramm fuer Staubemissionen vorgelegt werden.
Das Projekt "Immissions-Verhalten von NOx, PAN, HNO3 und Aerosolnitrat in einer Region abseits von Ballungsgebieten" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (Otto-Hahn-Institut) durchgeführt. Das Ziel des Vorhabens ist die Erstellung einer Gesamtbilanz fuer anthropogene Stickoxide und deren Folgeprodukte an einer regionalen Background-Station. Dazu sollen an der UBA-Station in Deuselbach NOx, PAN, HNO3(gasfoermig) und Aerosolnitrat fuer die Dauer von einem Jahr gemessen und die mittlere Konzentration sowie der Jahresgang fuer die einzelnen Komponenten ermittelt werden. Kaskaden-Impaktoren sollen eingesetzt werden, um die Groessenverteilung am Aerosol von Nitrat, Sulfat und den assozierten Kationen zu bestimmen. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Aufschluesse erwartet ueber die Wechselbeziehung zwischen gasfoermigem und partikelgebundenen Nitrat. Zur Untersuchung von Tagesgaengen sind ferner zwei Intensiv-Messreihen vorgesehen, eine im Sommer und eine im Winter/Fruehjahr. Dadurch, dass die Messungen an einer UBA-Station vorgenommen werden, koennen die dort anfallenden meteorologischen und aerologischen Daten zu Auswertung der eigenen Ergebnisse mit herangezogen werden
Das Projekt "Quellenidentifizierung des Feinstaubs (PM10) in Münster" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Münster, Institut für Landschaftsökologie, Abteilung für Klimatologie durchgeführt. Ziel des Forschungsprojektes ist es, die Quellen des Feinstaubs der Stadt Münster zu bestimmen. Hierbei sollen verschiedene Feinstaubproben den lokalen und nicht-lokalen Quellen zugeordnet und die Anteile der einzelnen Emittenten an der Gesamtbelastung bestimmt werden. Dazu werden Partikelproben verschiedener Größe mit einem Berner Impaktor zu allen Jahreszeiten genommen und ihre Zusammensetzung chemisch analysiert. Zeitgleich finden Bestimmungen der Partikelmasse sowie Berechnungen zur Stabilität statt.
Das Projekt "Untersuchung zur Entwicklung eines Impaktors mit Schwingquarzen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Duisburg, Fachbereich 9 Elektrotechnik, Fachgebiet Prozess- und Aerosolmesstechnik durchgeführt. Es werden Grundlagenuntersuchungen zu einem Impaktor mit Schwingquarzen durchgefuehrt. Ein mit Hilfe der Theorie ausgelegter Impaktor wird mit Schwingquarzen zur gravimetrischen Analyse bestueckt. Die Einzelkomponenten Impaktor wie auch Schwingquarz sowie ihre Kombination werden auf ihre Anwendungsgrenzen hin untersucht.
Das Projekt "Health effects of Airborne Allergen Information Network" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München - Zentrum für Allergie und Umwelt München durchgeführt. Einfluss von Klimawandel auf den Allergengehalt von Pollen. Pollen von Gras, Birke, Olive wurden gesammelt (High Volume Cascade Impaktor) und mittels ELISH auf Allergene Phl p 5, Bet v1, und Ole e1 analysiert. Vorhersage mittels Rechenmodel.
The identification of different sources of the carbonaceous aerosol (organics and black carbon) was investigated at a mountain forest site located in central Germany from September to October 2010 to characterize incoming air masses during the Hill Cap Cloud Thuringia 2010 (HCCT-2010) experiment. The near-PM1 chemical composition, as measured by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), was dominated by organic aerosol (OA; 41%) followed by sulfate (19%) and nitrate (18%). Source apportionment of the OA fraction was performed using the multilinear engine (ME-2) approach, resulting in the identification of the following five factors: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA; 3% of OA mass), biomass burning OA (BBOA; 13%), semi-volatile-like OA (SV-OOA; 19%), and two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors. The more oxidized OOA (MO-OOA, 28%) was interpreted as being influenced by aged, polluted continental air masses, whereas the less oxidized OOA (LO-OOA, 37%) was found to be more linked to aged biogenic sources. Equivalent black carbon (eBC), measured by a multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP) represented 10% of the total particulate matter (PM). The eBC was clearly associated with HOA, BBOA, and MO-OOA factors (all together R2=0.83). Therefore, eBC's contribution to each factor was achieved using a multi-linear regression model. More than half of the eBC (52%) was associated with long-range transport (i.e., MO-OOA), whereas liquid fuel eBC (35%) and biomass burning eBC (13%) were associated with local emissions, leading to a complete apportionment of the carbonaceous aerosol. The separation between local and transported eBC was well supported by the mass size distribution of elemental carbon (EC) from Berner impactor samples. Air masses with the strongest marine influence, based on back trajectory analysis, corresponded with a low particle mass concentration (6.4-7.5 (my)g m-3) and organic fraction (~30%). However, they also had the largest contribution of primary OA (HOA ~ 4% and BBOA 15%-20%), which was associated with local emissions. Continental air masses had the highest mass concentration (11.4-12.6 (my)g m-3), and a larger fraction of oxygenated OA (~45%) indicated highly processed OA. The present results emphasize the key role played by long-range transport processes not only in the OA fraction but also in the eBC mass concentration and the importance of improving our knowledge on the identification of eBC sources. © Author(s) 202