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The data comprises time series from three automatic meteorological and snow-hydrological stations situated in the Rofental (1891–3772 m a.s.l., Ötztal Alps, Austria). The stations are situated at 2737, 2805, and 2919 m a.s.l. and include automatic measurements of meteorological (temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, and radiation fluxes) and snow-hydrological variables (snow depth, snow water equivalent, volumetric solid and liquid water content, snow density, layered snow temperature profiles, snow surface temperature, and snow drift). The data are sampled by fully automatic weather stations (AWS). The data retrieved by the sensors is stored on a logger in 10 min. temporal resolution. The data is continuously transferred by GSM to a server. The data processing consists of transfer of the raw data from the logger to a data server, basic processing steps (e.g., temperature correction long-wave radiation, decumulating precipitation measurements), and a semi-automatic correction for erroneous values.
Accurate analyses by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) require the use of matrix-matched reference materials due to instrumental mass fractionation. The goal of this data publication is to report a first SIMS homogeneity test of experimentally produced basaltic glasses (Shishkina et al. 2010, Shishkina 2012) to evaluate their potential use as internal reference materials (RMs) for quantification of H2O and CO2 in the GFZ SIMS laboratory. These samples were originally prepared to shed light on magma storage and pre-eruptive conditions as well as degassing paths of natural basaltic systems. The GFZ SIMS laboratory has mm-size chips of 13 samples in total mounted in the centre of an epoxy disc with a diameter of 25.4 mm. All analysed basaltic glasses are relatively homogeneous at the microscale, with relative standard deviations (1RSD) of 1.9 to 15.1% for C/Si, 1.6 to 6.5% for OH/Si and 0.4 to 4.5% for SiH/Si. While the relationship of measured C/Si ratios versus nominal CO2/SiO2 concentrations is described by a linear function, the relationships of OH/Si and SiH/Si ratios versus nominal H2O/SiO2 concentrations are described by quadratic functions. Eight samples (M2, M5, M6, M30, M39, M43, M70 and N72) can be used to quantify CO2 by SIMS in basaltic glasses with concentrations up to 5943 µg/g. Nine samples (M2, M5, M22, M30, M39, M43, M49, M70 and N72) can be used to quantify H2O in basaltic glasses with concentrations up to 8.81 wt.%. We note that H2O quantifications using the measured SiH/Si ratios are less accurate than those using the OH/Si ratios, hence we recommend using the latter. Measured backgrounds in the blank glass N72 were ca. 10 µg/g for CO2 and 0.06 wt.% for H2O. The relative uncertainties on CO2 and H2O calculated values (i.e., SIMS bias) are 12 to 25% (CO2 < 1000 µg/g) and ca. 13% (H2O < 1 wt.%). At higher concentrations (CO2 > 3000 µg/g and H2O > 1 wt.%), uncertainties are lower (2 to 5% for carbon and < 6% for water). In addition to the SIMS data, we provide the synthesis conditions, chemical compositional data, and bulk H2O and CO2 contents of the investigated basaltic glasses.
This data-set contains provenance detrital data from the glacimarine sequence of Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 270. The 270 site was cored on a flank of the Central High in the central Ross Sea and recovered a thick Oligocene to lower Miocene glacimarine sequence, overlain by ~20 m of Pliocene to Recent strata. This site provides important temporal constraints on regional stratigraphy and insights into late Oligocene to early Miocene ice sheet dynamics. We analyzed eight detrital samples of glaciomarine sediments distributed along the core and two from the basement rocks recovered during coring, by using an integrated single-grain provenance approach. This multi-proxy provenance study employs conventional U-Pb detrital zircon dating integrated with apatite U-Pb and fission-track dating and trace element analysis of detrital apatite and clast petrology. The data-set suggests a general evolution from local erosion due to small ice caps to far-travelled glacial detritus responding to the continuous sea floor subsidence. The detrital age spectra of a late Oligocene diamicitite is consistent with far travelled grains from southern West Antarctica (WA), suggesting an expansion of the WA ice sheet that should be the oldest and first evidence of ice sheet growth on the WA.
This dataset contains provenance detrital data from the glacimarine sequence of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 28, Site 271 e 272. The two boreholes are located in the middle of the Ross Sea, in a key site close at 180° longitude that is considered the present confluence between ice flows fed by West Antarctica and East Antarctica. These two sites, together, provide insights to Middle Miocene to Present ice sheet dynamics. We analyzed eight detrital samples of glaciomarine sediments, four from 272 drill core and 4 from 271. We used an integrated single-grain provenance approach (Olivetti et al., 2023). This multi-proxy provenance study employs conventional U-Pb detrital zircon dating integrated with apatite U-Pb and fission-track dating and trace element analysis of detrital apatite. The dataset suggests a recurrent E - W oscillations of the ice flow divide between ice fed by West and East Antarctica ice sheets, respectively.
This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC) analysis and digital elevation models (DEM) applied to analogue modelling experiments (Table 1). Six generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. In Series A, as extension velocity increases, the initial biaxial plane strain condition evolves into triaxial constrictional or intermediate strain. Models A1 and A2 are two-phase models and Model A3 is a three-phase model. Conversely, in Series B, as extension velocity decreases, the model starts with triaxial constrictional strain and ends up with biaxial plane or intermediate triaxial strain. Models B1and B2 are two-phase models and Model B3 is a three-phase model. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (2025) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography, the horizontal cumulative surface strain, and incremental profiles.
This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of analogue models performed to investigate the influence of inherited brittle fabrics on narrow continental rifting. This model series was performed to test the influence of brittle pre-existing fabrics on the rifting deformation by cutting the brittle layer at different orientations with respect to the extension direction. An overview of the experimental series is shown in Table 1. In this dataset we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different steps and showing the deformation process of each model; they can be used to interpret the geometrical characteristics of rift-related faults; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models, allowing for quantitative analysis of the fault pattern. 3) Short movies built from top-view photos which help to visualize the evolution of model deformation; 4) line-drawing of fault and fracture patters to be used for fault statistical quantification. Further details on the modelling strategy and setup can be found in Corti (2012), Maestrelli et al. (2020), Molnar et al. (2020), Philippon et al. (2015), Zwaan et al. (2021) and in the publication associated with this dataset. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Montanari et al. (2017) Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Zwaan et al. (2020).
Large rock slope failures play a pivotal role in long-term landscape evolution and are a major concern in land use planning and hazard aspects. While the failure phase and the time immediately prior to failure are increasingly well studied, the nature of the preparation phase remains enigmatic. This knowledge gap is due, to a large degree, to difficulties associated with instrumenting high mountain terrain and the local nature of classic monitoring methods, which does not allow integral observation of large rock volumes. Here, we analyse data from a small network of up to seven seismic sensors installed during July--October 2018 (with 43 days of data loss) at the summit of the Hochvogel, a 2592 m high Alpine peak. We develop proxy time series indicative of cyclic and progressive changes of the summit. Fundamental frequency analysis, horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio data and end-member modelling analysis reveal diurnal cycles of increasing and decreasing coupling stiffness of a 126,000 m^3 large, instable rock volume, due to thermal forcing. Relative seismic wave velocity changes also indicate diurnal accumulation and release of stress within the rock mass. At longer time scales, there is a systematic superimposed pattern of stress increases over multiple days and episodic stress release within a few days, expressed in an increased emission of short seismic pulses indicative of rock cracking. We interpret our data to reflect an early stage of stick slip motion of a large rock mass, providing new information on the development of large-scale slope instabilities towards catastrophic failure.
This dataset provides rheometric data of the PDMS Korasilon G20OH used for analogue modelling at the Laboratory for Experimental Tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany. The material sample has been analyzed at the Laboratory for Experimental Tectonics at GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences (HelTec) using an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 rheometer in a cone-plate configuration at room temperature (21˚C). Rotational (controlled shear rate) tests with shear rates varying from 10^-4 to 10^-1 s^-1 were performed. According to our rheometric analysis, the material is quasi-Newtonian (n~1) at strain rates below 10^-2 s^-1 and weakly shear rate thinning above. The viscosity of G20OH is 1.6*10^4 Pa s.
We studied the effect of pore fluid chemistry on compaction creep in quartz sand aggregates, as an analogue for clean, highly porous, quartz-rich reservoir sands and sandstone. Creep is specifically addressed, because it is not yet well understood and can potentially cause reservoir compaction even after production has ceased. Going beyond previous work, we focused on fluids typically considered for pressure maintenance or for permanent storage, e.g. water, wastewater, CO2 and N2, as well as agents, such as AlCl3, a quartz dissolution inhibitor, and scaling inhibitors used in water treatment facilities and geothermal energy production. Uniaxial (oedometer) compaction experiments were performed on cylindrical sand samples at constant effective stress (35 MPa) and constant temperature (80 °C), simulating typical reservoir depths of 2-4 km. Insight into the deformation mechanisms operating at the grain scale was obtained via acoustic emission (AE) counting, and by means of microstructural study and grain size analysis applied before and after individual compaction tests.
This dataset presents the raw data from two experimental series of analogue models and four numerical models performed to investigate Rift-Rift-Rift triple junction dynamics, supporting the modelling results described in the submitted paper. Numerical models were run in order to support the outcomes obtained from the analogue models. Our experimental series tested the case of a totally symmetric RRR junction (with rift branch angles trending at 120° and direction of stretching similarly trending at 120°; SY Series) or a less symmetric triple junction (with rift branches trending at 120° but with one of these experiencing orthogonal extension; OR Series), and testing the role of a single or two phases of extension coupled with effect of differential velocities between the three moving plates. An overview of the performed analogue and numerical models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Maestrelli et al. (2020). Numerical models were run with the finite element software ASPECT (e.g., Kronbichler et al., 2012; Heister et al., 2017; Rose et al., 2017).
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