Das Projekt "Do it yourself solar house" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Garbersbau, Hermann Garbers GmbH & Co. durchgeführt. Objective: Aim of the project was to demonstrate the marketability of our 'Do-it-yourself-solar-house'. By this, the gap between our developments and their application should be closed. The specific innovation of the project is, that our Do-it-yourself-conception bases on a construction manual for building (solar) houses which is very detailed but nevertheless also understandable for non-professionals. In addition, we can and do supply full technical support to the client, e.g. concerning safety standards etc., because all construction sites are located near. The market studies which have been carried out, show that in the FRG the market share of Do-it-yourself-houses (one-and-two-family-houses) is about 51,9 per cent. For the first time, our project will introduce to his large market the possibility of building a solar house by a Do-it-yourself technique. General Information: The purpose of this project was to close the gap between the developments of the do-it-yourself-solar houses we (Solar Module) have carried out so far and their application and establishment on the market. Before carrying out the necessary data for the assessment of technical and commercial feasibility of this plan. Compared to conventional buildings this do-it-yourself concept will save costs and, therefore, this concept will contribute to establish (on larger scale) the environment protecting passive solar energy on the market. By the application of passive technology, five detached family houses are heated by solar energy. Conventional energy will be replaced and resources of raw materials will be saved. The houses were built in normal sizes. All five houses are equipped with a conventional heating system (gas). The floor area of the solar houses is about 12 m2. Three of five solar houses are facing South, two facing West. The provided locations for these buildings are two different districts in the region of Lüneburg. Achievements: The clients decided in favour of a do-it-yourself detached family house mainly for financial reasons. They all belong to the financially weak. For them building a do-it-yourself solar house meant increasing the value of their home and possibly saving energy. The solar houses are used mostly as an extension of the living room. In all cases the warm air of the solar house was used for heating the living-room. The solar houses facing South had some problems with overheating during summer time. Some occupants regret that their solar house is too small. Three of five occupants think that the solar house needs too much attention e.g. cleaning the glass. Thermal reaction of the building on cloudy winter days: an effect of diffuse sunlight can be observed in the houses with Solar Modules facing South. Otherwise, there is no influence on the room-temperature. Thermal reaction of the building on sunny winter days: greatest influence of solar radiation is to be seen in the Solar Module facing South e.g. it made the temperature of the Solar Module...
Das Projekt "Teil 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Institut für Physikalische Messtechnik durchgeführt. Im Energieszenario Baden-Württemberg 2050 vom Dezember 2011 zielt die Landesregierung Baden Württemberg auf einen Ausbau des Anteils erneuerbaren Energien auf 80% am Gesamtenergieverbrauch bis zum Jahr 2050. Voraussetzung dafür ist eine Reduzierung des Energieverbrauchs um 49% bezogen auf den Verbrauch 2010. Ein wesentliches Mittel zur Energieeinsparung ist hierbei die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz bei der Stromgewinnung, die Nutzung der Geothermie insbesondere zur Wärmeversorgung sowie die Speicherung von Wärme. Die Erhöhung des Anteils der Kraft-Wärme Kopplung (KWK) kann die Effizienz der Stromerzeugung signifikant erhöhen. Deren Effizienz wird derzeit jedoch gemindert, da die produzierte Elektrizität und Wärme i.d.R. nicht in gleichem Ausmaß und zum selben Zeitpunkt nachgefragt werden, in dem diese anfallen. Die Überschussenergie für einen späteren Abruf zwischen zu speichern stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, die Effizienz von KWK-Anlagen zu steigern. Auf diese Weise kann die Wärme zu Zeiten, in denen z.B. weniger Heizwärme benötigt wird, diese in den Speicher als Überschusswärme eingelagert werden, und zu Zeiten mit erhöhtem Wärmebedarf (z.B. Winter) aus dem Speicher entnommen werden. Ziel dieses Verbundprojektes ist die Bewertung der Machbarkeit einer saisonalen Langzeitwärmespeicherung auf der Basis tiefer Aquifer-Speicher im südlichen Oberrheingraben. Ein Schwerpunkt der Studie liegt auf der Bewertung der geologischen und geothermischen Untergrundverhältnisse in der Freiburger Bucht und dem Aufbau eines 3D Reservoirmodells (AP1). Auf dieser Grundlage sollen mit Hilfe von nummerischen T-H-Modellierungen geothermischen Erschließungs- und mögliche Realisierungskonzepte eines geothermischen Speichers erarbeitet werden, welche sich vorwiegend an der prognostizierten Bedarfsanalyse orientieren (AP2). Ziel ist es, einen Projektvorschlag zu erarbeiten, der unter den bestehenden geologischen Bedingungen und möglichen technischen Systemen eine optimale Wirtschaftlichkeit verspricht.
Das Projekt "Teil 1" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Abteilung Geothermie und Reservoir-Technologie durchgeführt. Im Energieszenario Baden-Württemberg 2050 vom Dezember 2011 zielt die Landesregierung Baden Württemberg auf einen Ausbau des Anteils erneuerbaren Energien auf 80% am Gesamtenergieverbrauch bis zum Jahr 2050. Voraussetzung dafür ist eine Reduzierung des Energieverbrauchs um 49% bezogen auf den Verbrauch 2010. Ein wesentliches Mittel zur Energieeinsparung ist hierbei die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz bei der Stromgewinnung, die Nutzung der Geothermie insbesondere zur Wärmeversorgung sowie die Speicherung von Wärme. Die Erhöhung des Anteils der Kraft-Wärme Kopplung (KWK) kann die Effizienz der Stromerzeugung signifikant erhöhen. Deren Effizienz wird derzeit jedoch gemindert, da die produzierte Elektrizität und Wärme i.d.R. nicht in gleichem Ausmaß und zum selben Zeitpunkt nachgefragt werden, in dem diese anfallen. Die Überschussenergie für einen späteren Abruf zwischen zu speichern stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, die Effizienz von KWK-Anlagen zu steigern. Auf diese Weise kann die Wärme zu Zeiten, in denen z.B. weniger Heizwärme benötigt wird, diese in den Speicher als Überschusswärme eingelagert werden, und zu Zeiten mit erhöhtem Wärmebedarf (z.B. Winter) aus dem Speicher entnommen werden. Ziel dieses Verbundprojektes ist die Bewertung der Machbarkeit einer saisonalen Langzeitwärmespeicherung auf der Basis tiefer Aquifer-Speicher im südlichen Oberrheingraben. Ein Schwerpunkt der Studie liegt auf der Bewertung der geologischen und geothermischen Untergrundverhältnisse in der Freiburger Bucht und dem Aufbau eines 3D Reservoirmodells (AP1). Auf dieser Grundlage sollen mit Hilfe von nummerischen T-H-Modellierungen geothermischen Erschließungs- und mögliche Realisierungskonzepte eines geothermischen Speichers erarbeitet werden, welche sich vorwiegend an der prognostizierten Bedarfsanalyse orientieren (AP2). Ziel ist es, einen Projektvorschlag zu erarbeiten, der unter den bestehenden geologischen Bedingungen und möglichen technischen Systemen eine optimale Wirtschaftlichkeit verspricht.
Das Projekt "PV system with gas powered generator (oberline house)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Angewandten Forschung e.V., Zentralverwaltung durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate the economic viability of a small photovoltaic system (1.5 KWp) in combination with motor/generator, to provide power for a remote youth hostel. The goal was to supply in summer primarily electricity by the pv system and to supplement it in winter with the liquid gas fuelled generator. In this demonstration, the battery size was smaller than the usual size because the battery can be recharged regularly in winter by the generators. General Information: Two of the originally planned three subprojects had to be cancelled: one burned down after erection (1986, Oekohaus in Freiburg), the other one ((Oekotherm) was not even started for lack of an appropriate site. The Oberlin House (Alsace) (48,15'N; 7'E) is equipped with a combination of a photovoltaic generator (1.48 kWp) and a propane motor/generator (12 kVA) with battery storage (28.8 kWh) and an inverter (1.6 kW). The combination allows power to be drawn from the battery without running the generator for much of the summer, and reduces generator running times in winter. To provide adequate power all year round by PV alone would be more expensive at these power levels than to use the combined system. The array field could not be integrated into the roof, as originally planned, for lack of permission. It now consists of 38 modules of type AEG PQ 10/40 mounted on a rack (south oriented, 49' inclination) about 40 m away from the house. An additional module supplies electricity to the autonomous measurement system. The separation of the domestic electric circuits into a 24 V dc circuit for the lighting and a 220 V a circuit for machines and appliances avoids inefficient partial load operation. The originally used inverter with poor efficiency and high losses at no load was replaced (Oct. 1989) by the inverter GWR1600 AT (manufacturer: AL-Elektronik). The charge controller was replaced in May 1989 because of interference and over voltage problems by another one of new design. The planned, patented, twin battery system did not work correctly and was replaced by a conventional connection of the battery in one group. Data of analytical monitoring of good quality for almost 40 months (May 1987 to Aug. 1990) are available. Achievements: The project was very successful despite of various modifications and improvements (replacement of inverter and charge controller; use of 25 new energy saving lights) that had to be made during the six years of operation. The application of energy saving dc lights reduced the lighting consumption to 50 per cent - Optimisation by a special, new inverter and by a new charge controller raised the average solar fraction from 65 per cent to 91 per cent ... Prime Contractor: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Angewandten Forschung e.V. - FhG; München; Germany.
Das Projekt "PV hybrid systems for three remote houses" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft FhG, Abteilung für Forschungs- und Budgetplanung durchgeführt. Objective: This project demonstrates three photovoltaic hybrid (wind, Diesel, gas) systems, with continuous AC energy supplied by an inverter. All three sites are far away from the grid. General Information: Three different subsystems at three different sites. A common feature is newly developed indicator of the state of charge of the battery. This indicator allows economic energy management and optimized use of the auxiliary generator. All three subsystems have the same type of special inverter (ISE design) to supply 220 V AC. In the new version of the ISE inverter it is sufficient to have one battery with the full tension of 162 V; the other dc tensions, 84, 42, 24 and 12 V are generated by a DC/DC converter. (Patented system). 1) The Grimmelshofen system, 1.76 kWp, on a private house, a former railroad signal house, has a Diesel/gas auxiliary generator. The PV arrays are mounted on the roof of the house. 2) The Rotwandhaus system, 5 kWp, on a guesthouse in the bavarian Alps near Spitzingsee, has a wind auxiliary generator (20 kWp turbine). The PV arrays are mounted on the roof. 3) The Bognago system, 4.32 kWp, on a site of several isolated guest huts, has a hydro electric generator, 5 kW for the main house supply (household appliances, water pump). This system has also a Diesel/gas auxiliary generator. Nr. of subsystems: 1 + 1 + 1 Power of subsystems: 1.76 + 5.1 + 4.32 kWp Total power: 11 kWp Backup: Diesel (+wind + hydro) Number of modules: about 240 TST (AEG) Module description: AEG PQ 36/45 and Italsolar 36 SL/A Connection: 12 in series Support: On the roof (Rotwandhaus), roof integrated (Langer and Bognago) Max power tracker: none Charge controller: special Battery: HAGEN Batt. (V): 162 (168 Langer) Capacity (Ah): 1 x 75 Ah (OGI) and 1x37.5 Ah (OpzS) at 168 V for Langer house, 400 Ah at 162 V, type Hagen OCSM, for Rotwandhaus, 200 Ah at 162 V, type FIAMM PMF, for Bognago. Inverter: special (ISE design transformer less inverter with DC/DC converter for all three systems, 10 kW. Load description: Household appliances, Dishwater, washing machine, refrigerator, freezer, TV, lights, and water pump. Monitoring: Data logger for 11 main parameters with integrators for mechanical backup. Achievements: The system in the Langer-house works perfectly, satisfying the seasonal needs of the Langer family. The final yield over nine months is 1.3 kWh/(d x kWp) at a reference yield of 3.5 kWh/(d x kWp). The battery and the inverter have both high efficiency. The Rotwandhouse system is operating since September 92. Of the 11.3 MWh totally produced in 1993 3.4 MWh are of pv origin, 2.4 MWh of wind origin and 5.5 MWh are Diesel generated. The final yield for the pv supply was 1.6 kWh/(d x kWp) at a reference yield of 3.8 kWh/(d x kWp). At Bonago, operating since September 1991, the consumption is much higher than expected. The pv systems works correctly, but the motor generator fraction is high. From the whole project many valuable lessons were learned,...
Das Projekt "Analysis of the role of sea ice and frost flowers as a source of salt aerosol" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Zentrum für Meeres- und Klimaforschung, Institut für Meereskunde (IfM) durchgeführt. Our project tries to answer the question: 'What kind of role do sea ice and frost flowers play as the source of sea salt aerosols in polar regions and what influences do the meteorological parameters have on the generation of sea salt aerosols and their transport in the atmosphere?'. Long-time measurements of aerosols at coastal stations in Antarctica show a strong depletion of sulfate during Antarctic winter. The same phenomena is also observed in frost flowers. This suggests that sea ice is a major source of atmospheric sea salt in Antarctica and gives new insights for the interpretation of ice core records. Moreover, sea ice and sea salt aerosols are thought to be the source of reactive Bromine and other halogen compounds which destroy effectively ozone in the troposphere. 25 years of continuous aerosol measurement at Neumayer station in Antarctica give us the possibility to make a statistical analysis of sea salt aerosols. Trajectory analyses are implemented to follow the atmospheric transport and therefore to determine the source regions of observed sea salt aerosols. A box model will be developed to compare the various influences of meteorological parameters on the mass of sea salt aerosols produced so that quantitative parameterization can be transferred to global circulation models which include detailed description of atmospheric chemistry and aerosols to investigate the generation of halogen chemistry and ozone destruction in the troposphere.
Das Projekt "A1" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung - Institut AWI - Forschungsstelle Potsdam durchgeführt. 1. Die durch Thermoerosion von Bodeneis, Permafrost und Meereseis verursachte Massenbewegungen im periglazialen Küstenraum können von den sich ändernden Umweltbedingungen beschleunigt werden. Die geomorphologische Küstendynamik in der Artkis wird mithilfe von optischen Fernerkundungs-Zeitreihen zurückreichend über den letzten 60 Jahren charakterisiert. 2. Aufbauend auf Fernerkundungsprodukte gesammelt seit des Internationalen Polaren Jahres (07/08), beginnt die Arbeit mit weiteren Akquirierungen von Fernerkundungsdaten (CORONA, SPOT, AVNIR-2/PRISM, KOMPSAT-2, RapidEye) in 2009-10 und die Integration aller Daten in eine bestehende GIS-Datenbank zur Küstenänderung. Change Detection Analyse der Küstenlinie wird durchgeführt um Ausschlüsse über die für die Küstenerosion kritischen Prozesse zu erlauben. Einige bodengestützte Observatorien mit ausreichend Fernerkundungsdaten für zeitliche Analyse werden ausgewählt für intensivere Prozessierung, die zu Interpretation der dekadischen und saisonalen Forcing Factors der Küstenänderung führen. Durch die Anwendung von Stereo- und Dreifach-Satellitendaten (CORONA, ALOS PRISM) und Prozessierung von Geländemodellen soll die Analyse der Küstenerosion von 2D auf 3D verbessert werden, zur quantitativen Einschätzungen der verlagerten Massen. Zusammen mit bestehenden geomorphologischen Daten aus der GIS Datenbank, werden quantitative Einschätzungen von den Sediment-, und Kohlenstoffflüssen durch die Küstenzone gemacht.
Das Projekt "Modular system for an autonomous electrical power supply on cape clear island" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von SMA-Regelsysteme durchgeführt. Objective: Construction of a modular system for an autonomous electrical power supply system on the Irish island of Cape Clear, consisting of two MAN Wind turbines of 30 KW each, one diesel generating set of 72 KW, which will be added to the existing ones and a short term battery storage, in order to show the principal function and efficiency of such system. The total estimated energy production is 200 MWh of which 60 MWh from the diesel aggregate. The estimated energy produced by each wind turbine is about 70 MWh annually. General Information: Two AEROMAN wind turbines of 30 KW each have been installed on the Irish island of Cape Clear and have been connected to a 72 KW diesel aggregate and a 100 KWh short term HAGEN battery storage in order to create a modular system for an autonomous electrical power supply and to demonstrate the principal function and efficiency of such system. The average windspeed on the island lies above a yearly average value of 7. 8 m/s and wind conditions are better during the winter period than in summer. There are five essential operation modes which differ in the mode of frequency control, while voltage control is maintained by a small synchronous generator. The actual grid frequency is taken as base value for the plants control unit: 1. Parallel operation of WECs and diesel engine. 2. Parallel operation of the diesel generator and the battery storage. 3. Parallel operation of the WECs and the battery storage. 4. Single operation of the storage system. 5. Parallel operation of WECs, diesel and battery. The minimum load is about 15 KW and the maximum one about 120 KW. The total annual yield has been estimated to 200 MWh of which 60 MWh from the diesel aggregate, with an estimated cost per unit of DM 0. 50, while a conventional solution (only diesel) has a cost of DM 0. 25/KWh. The project will be realized in cooperation with the firme MAN-Neue Technologie and Kassel/University des Landes Hessen and the National Board for Science and Technology in Ireland. Achievements: The wind turbines were installed in October 1986 and are since then in operation. The control system, the battery storage and the 72 KW diesel generator were installed in August 1987. The mean wind velocity in 1987 was 9. 7 m/s and the total energy consumption of the island for the same period amounts 338 MWh. From the overall energy consumption (of the reporting period), wind supplied 70 per cent, the diesel set 31 per cent and the batteries 11 per cent, while the battery storage input was 12 per cent. Following a damage in the battery storage system and the local utilities unwillingness to take over the operation of the system, only the wind turbines were still in operation in the beginning of 1993. The future of the project is uncertain due to the scheduled connection of the islands to the mainland grid. The ultimately very bad relationship between ESB and SMA have considerably detracted form the outcome of the project. The inhabitants of Cape ...
Das Projekt "Sub project: Seasonal dynamic of yeast fungi in soils along land use gradients of beech forests" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH durchgeführt. Alteration of natural ecosystems by human activity is one of the most serious concerns nowadays. This is also true for forest sites as they are repeatedly affected by environmental change and land management. Forestry and agriculture cause biodiversity losses in many functional groups. Previous studies showed that forest management induces pronounced shifts in soil yeast communities. It remained, however, uncertain whether these changes are found throughout the vegetative season. In this project, we studied seasonal changes in soil yeast communities in natural and managed beech forests in order to distinguish forest management effects from seasonal changes. We analysed soil samples collected in two regions, Hainich and Schwäbische Alb. Using advances of our previous studies, we have further optimized cultivation approach and tested several common additives to cultivation media. We found that application of Rose Bengal substantially changes yeast species composition recovered from soil samples. Unlike plates supplemented with lactate and kanamycin, plates containing Rose Bengal yielded dimorphic fungi of the genus Trichosporon only. Despite reports on antifungal activity of soil yeasts Trichosporon porosum, we found no negative effect of media acidification with lactate on yeast species compositions. Also, plates supplemented with lactate yielded as many different species as plates containing kanamycin. In contrast to our expectations, our project revealed minor contribution of plant-related yeasts to the soil community. Specifically, pigmented phylloplane-related species have been found in the end of the vegetative season only. These were abundant in areas exposed to forest litter making up to 30% of the total abundance but did not exceed 5% in probes protected from litter fall, i.e. samples collected underneath wood logs. This project revealed substantial changes in soil yeast community composition and structure throughout the vegetative season and supported previous observations regarding effects of forest management on yeast community parameters. Abundance of ascomycetous yeasts reflects well the forest management. In the same time, fermenting ascomycetes from genera Candida, Kazachstania, Schwanniomyces were present in high quantity in soil communities in spring and summer, and were replaced by fermenting basidiomycetes, Mrakia spp. in autumn. Thereby, our results display an interesting successional trend in soil microbial communities but also suggest that yeasts likely to provide an important community service. Another interesting seasonal trend is the increasing number and diversity of psychrophilic yeasts in the end of the vegetative season. Specifically, we have isolated yeasts, which were previously found in Antarctica and glaciers in Alps. This observation suggests that so-called cold-adopted yeasts are not restricted to extreme habitats but are present in forest soils during cold periods. Abridged text
Das Projekt "Einfluss von Wasser auf die Erhaltung von Lipiden in Böden" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bayreuth, Fachgruppe Geowissenschaften, Bayreuther Zentrum für Ökologie und Umweltforschung (BayCEER), Lehrstuhl für Agrarökosystemforschung durchgeführt. Changing precipitation patterns i.e. an increase in intense rain events during the winter season and a higher frequency in drought conditions during the summer season, are predicted in the near future within Central and Western Europe. The influence of such climate changes on plant, microbial biomass and organic matter in soil are not completely understood. Our collaborative (UK/German) research programme will focus on the incorporation, degradation and preservation of plant and microbial derived lipids present at different depths in grassland soils. We will compare the lipid composition and preservation in grassland soils under stagnic (permanently wet) or drained (more frequent drying and rewetting) conditions. New shared approaches, including isotopic tracers like 15N, 13C, and 14C (latter only laboratory.) at the molecular level, will be used by both UK and German members of the research team in number of linked collaborative field and laboratory experiments. In collaboration with Roland Bol, Jennifer Dungait, Liz Dixon (all North Wyke Research, Okehampton, UK) and Richard Evershed (University of Bristol, Bristol, UK).
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