Other language confidence: 0.6227667065984612
These data were produced in two lab assays. The first assay was conducted in the period from August 29 to September 10, during which filtration and respiration of 18 mussels transplanted and grown for ca. four months under thermal history levels of + 0 °C and + 4 °C (using Kiel Outdoor Benthocosms, KOBs) were recorded in six temporally replicated (independent) trials using the Fluorometer and Oximeter-equipped Flow-through Setup (FOFS; Vajedsamiei et al., 2021). In each trial, filtration and respiration of three different transplants, randomly selected from the incubated samples were recorded in response to a constant mild temperature condition (20.8 °C) followed by two 24 h thermal fluctuation cycles. In the second assay, we recorded filtration and respiration rates of six batches of 5 or 6 mussels recruited and grown under the same thermal history levels in KOBs (three batches from each thermal history level) in temporally replicated trials of the same FOFS treatment, as explained earlier.
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The NEARESTproject (Integrated observations from NEAR shore sourcES of Tsunamis: towards an early warning system) aimed at the identification and characterization of potential near-shore sources of tsunamis in the Gulf of Cadiz. This area is well known from the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami that destroyed Lisbon and several other places mainly along the EastAtlantic coast on November 1st, 1755. One of the project's work packages dealed with monitoring of recent seismic activity in the Gulf of Cadiz area. For this purpose 24 broadband ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) from the German DEPAS instrument pool were deployed for 11 months in addition to the GEOSTAR multi-parameter deep-sea observatory and two temporary land stations in Portugal. The GEOSTAR observatory and the 24 OBS were deployed and recovered during two expeditions with RV Urania in 2007 and 2008. The OBSs consist of three‐component Guralp CMG‐40T‐OBS seismometers and HighTech HTI‐04‐PCA/ULF hydrophones. A wide range of signals was recorded, ncluding teleseismic, regional and local earthquakes, and low‐frequency (∼20 Hz) vocalization of fin whales. The GEOSTAR observatory was again deployed between 2009 and 2011. The Portuguese temporary land station PDRG was additionally recording during the NEAREST project. Originally, the position of recovery on deck was taken to calculate the mean coordinate of the OBS at depth from deployment and recovery coordinates. In most cases the difference in coordinates between deployment and recovery is very small (table 3 and 4 in Carrara et al., 2008). For two stations, the location at the seafloor could be measured by triangulation (Carrara et al., 2008). Due to experience of other experiments over the years, we finally suggest to use the deployment coordinates as the station coordinates for all stations that could not be tri-angulated. The clocks were synchronized with GPS time before the deployment and if possible again after the recovery. Unfortunately, most of the batteries were empty at the end of the recording period. That either made it impossible to realize the second synchronisation (skew time measurement) or in some case also caused erroneous synchronisations. Therefore, the internal clock drift was estimated by ambient noise analysis (Corela, 2014). The internal clock drifts were corrected using a linear interpolation method. Generally, the data quality is very good, especially for the intended study of local and regional earthquakes. Studies relying on wideband seismological recordings can also be carried out. The sensor package and noise conditions hamper the use for broadband and very broadband applications. Unfortunately, also not all channels operated properly, therefore hampering the use of multi-component methods for the relevant stations. We thank the captain E. Gentile, crew, G. Carrara, and all participants of the R/V URANIA expeditions in 2007 and 2008. We are grateful to all people and institutions involved in the NEAREST project. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 9H.
BEAR ISLAND (The Dynamic Continental Margin Between the Mid-Atlantic-Ridge System (Mohns Ridge, Knipovich Ridge) and the Bear Island Region) is an interdisciplinary project exploring the stress conditions and sources, and the dynamics and deformation characteristics of the continental margin between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Bear Island from its top sedimentary cover to its imprint in the upper mantle. In this region the margin includes an extremely thick sedimentary wedge and steep slopes, with at least one major paleo-fracture zone cutting through the wedge. Recent studies in this area indicate very low seismic velocities in the lithosphere and the stress field undergoes an extensional-compressional transition. It is therefore of particular interest to understand the structural architecture, the stress and the dynamics of the whole region because of its natural hazard exposure and the processes involved in the formation of the margin and the opening of the North Atlantic. To achieve this, deep seismic sounding data, as well as records from temporary broadband installations, supplementary to data from existing seismic stations in the region were collected. A key element of the project was the operation of a long-term network of broadband ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS). Additionally, two new broadband seismometers and a small temporary seismic array with 13 sensors were operated. Active seismic refraction/reflection experiments were conducted along two profiles crossing the region and recorded with additional short period OBSs and land stations. Twelve broadband ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) from the German Instrument Pool of Amphibian Seismology (DEPAS) were deployed as part of this network with RV Horyzont II in September 2007. They were distributed on the Barents shelf, the slope and the deep sea near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nine instruments could be recovered in August 2008 with RV Horyzont II. One instrument was fished before, one was destroyed during recovery and one got lost. Seven stations recorded data for the full deployment period; two stations have no skew value. The time correction for these stations was estimated by noise cross-correlations. Based on previous experiments, the accuracy of the positions is estimated to 500 m. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 9C.
Project SWEAP (Southwest Indian Ridge Earthquakes and Plumes), a collaborative effort led by the Alfred-Wegener-Institute, installed a network of 10 broad-band ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) along the ultraslow-spreading Oblique Supersegment of the Southwest Indian Ridge. The presented data set covers the continuous records of 8 stations of the network provided by the DEPAS instrument pool. One station of the original network could not be recovered, another one did not return data. The instruments were spaced at roughly 15 km intervals in a triangular shape network to either side of the rift axis covering about 60 km along axis between 13°E and 13.8°E and 60 km across axis between 52°S and 52.6°S. The determination of the OBS positions is described by Schmid et al. (2016). The network design was optimized for detecting and locating deep seismicity in the area. The rift valley was filled with soft silica ooze, producing considerable delay of S-phases at selected stations. Instrument deployment started during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIX/2 on December 05 2012. Instrument recovery was completed during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIX/8 on November 26 2013. 5 Refraction seismic lines were acquired by RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIX/8 from November 17 to 19 in 2013. All OBS could be synchronized with the GPS clock upon recovery such that skew values describing the clock drift are available for all stations. The non-linear clock drift of station SWE05 was determined by means of noise cross-correlations and applied to the data set. All other stations show a linear drift, which was corrected.
This dataset includes five stations of an Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) experiment conducted at the southern end of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center in the Lau Basin, southwestern Pacific. The OBS recorded continuously for 32-days on 4 components, including a hydrophone and a 3-component 4.5 Hz geophone. The experiment was conducted during RV Sonne cruise SO267, project ARCHIMEDES I.
The TOMO-ETNA experiment was focused on the base of generation and acquisition of seismic signal (active and passive) at Mt. Etna volcano and surrounding area. The terrestrial campaign consists in the deployment of 80 short-period three-component seismic stations (June 15 to July24), 17 Broadband seismometers (June 15 to October 30) provided by Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (GFZ) German Research Centre for Geosciences using the German Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP Gerätepool Geophysik), and the coordination with 133 permanent seismic station belonging to the “Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia” (INGV) of Italy. This temporary seismic network recorded active and passive seismic sources. Active seismic sources were generated by an array of air-guns mounted in the Spanish Oceanographic vessel “Sarmiento de Gamboa” with a power capacity of up to 5.200 cubic inches. In total more than 26.000 shots were fired and more than 450 local and regional earthquakes were recorded. Until July the Oceanographic Vessel “Sarmiento de Gamboa” and the hydrographic vessel “Galatea” were responsible for the offshore activities, that included deployment of OBSs, and several marine activities. The vessel “Aegaeo” performed additional seismic, magnetic and gravimetric experiments until the end of November 2014. This experiment was part of the “Task 5.3 - Mt. Etna structure” of the “EU MED-SUV Project” concerned with the investigation of Mt. Etna volcano (seismic tomography experiment - TOMO-ETNA) by means of passive and active refraction/reflection seismic methods. It focused on the investigation of Etna’s roots and surrounding areas by means of passive and active seismic methods. Therefore, this experiment included activities both on-land and offshore with the main objective to obtain a new high-resolution tomography in order to improve the 3D image of the crustal structures existing beneath the Etna volcano and the northeast Sicily (Peloritani - Nebrodi chain) up to the Aeolian Islands. Waveform data are open and available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 1T.
The WAVEOBS project was established with three primary goals; to get a better fundamental understanding of microseism sources in the north-east Atlantic near Ireland; to investigate the use of ocean generated microseisms as real time ocean wave height data; and to investigate their use as a climate proxy. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 4V, and is fully open.
“Gakkel Deep is a pilot project that installed a network of four broadband ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) near Gakkel Deep, the deepest depression in the Arctic Ocean, at the eastern end of the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge. The area is covered year-round by sea ice. In order to enable a safe recovery of the OBS in a sea ice covered ocean, the OBS were modified to include a positioning system that allows to track the instruments at meter accuracy during descent and ascent and when stuck beneath ice floes. This pilot studied aimed at testing the recovery procedure of the OBS, checking the performance of the modified instrument design, getting an overview of ambient seismic noise at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean and at contributing to a better understanding of the origin of the Gakkel Deep depression with more than 3000 m of topography. The network is shaped as a rectangle with 8 km and 10 km side length and is centered at about 82°N 119.5°E at water depths between 3600 m and 4100 m. It is positioned slightly to the east of the present plate boundary in an area with volcanic structures. Instruments from the German Instrument Pool of Amphibian Seismology (DEPAS) were deployed during RV Polarstern cruise PS115/2 on September 15, 2018. Instrument recovery was completed during RV Polarstern cruise PS122/1 on September 27, 2019. The data set contains about 377 days of continuous records at 250 Hz sample rate. The station locations were determined with Ultra Short Baseline (USBL) ranging, the accuracy is approx. 10 m. The non-linear clock drift was determined by means of noise cross-correlations and applied to the data set. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre.
BRAVOSEIS (Bransfield Volcano Seismology) is an interdisciplinary project exploring volcanism in the Bransfield back-arc basin, Antarctica. Partners from Spain (amongst others UGR, project leader), Germany (AWI, GFZ) and the US (CUNY, UW, WHOI) performed various geophysical onshore and offshore measurements in the Antarctis seasons 2017-2018, 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. A key element of the project was the operation of a large long-term amphibious network of broadband seismometer in the Bransfield Strait, on the adjoining South Shetland Islands, and on the Antarctic Peninsula. Nine broadband ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) from the German Instrument Pool of Amphibian Seismology (DEPAS) were deployed as part of this network with RV Sarmiento de Gamboa in January 2019 (cruise SDG076). They were distributed along the entire basin, one station supplemented a dense array of short-period OBS around the Orca seamount. Eight instruments could be recovered in February 2020 with RV Hespérides (cruise HE0188), one OBS is still missing. All stations recorded data for the full deployment period. Unfortunately, the clock drift of all stations turned out to be non-linear, a skew measurement was possible for four stations only. The clock drift was corrected by means of noise cross-correlations. Based on previous experiments, the accuracy of the positions is estimated to 500 m. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code ZX.
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