API src

Found 388 results.

Similar terms

s/kreis/Reis/gi

Molecular determinants of host specificity of maize-, rice- and mango-pathogenic species of the genus Fusarium

Fusarium species of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex cause serious diseases on different crops such as rice, wheat and maize. An important group of plant pathogens is the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFC) of closely related Fusarium species which are associated with specific hosts; F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum are particularly associated with maize where they can cause serious ear-, root-, and stalk rot diseases. Two other closely related species of the GFC, F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi, which share about 90Prozent sequence identity with F. verticillioides, are pathogens on mango and rice, respectively. All of these species produce a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites such as phytohormones (gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins), and harmful mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, fusarin C, or fusaric acid in large quantities. However, the spectrum of those mycotoxins might differ between closely related species suggesting that secondary metabolites might be determinants for host specificity. In this project, we will study the potential impact of secondary metabolites (i.e. phytohormones and certain mycotoxins) and some other species-specific factors (e.g. species-specific transcription factors) on host specificity. The recently sequenced genomes of F. mangiferae and F. fujikuroi by our groups and the planned sequencing of F. proliferatum will help to identify such determinants by genetic manipulation of the appropriate metabolic pathway(s).

Pollen and environmental reconstruction, Holocene dynamics of tropical rainforest, climate, fire, human impact and land use in Sulawesi and Sumatra, Indonesia

The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.

Biogeochemical modelling of biosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere interactions

This project aims at the improvement and testing of a modeling tool which will allow the simulation of impacts of on-going and projected changes in land use/ management on the dynamic exchange of C and N components between diversifying rice cropping systems and the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Model development is based on the modeling framework MOBILE-DNDC. Improvements of the soil biogeochemical submodule will be based on ICON data as well as on results from published studies. To improve simulation of rice growth the model ORYZA will be integrated and tested with own measurements of crop biomass development and transpiration. Model development will be continuously accompanied by uncertainty assessment of parameters. Due to the importance of soil hydrology and lateral transport of water and nutrients for exchange processes we will couple MOBILE-DNDC with the regional hydrological model CMF (SP7). The new framework will be used at field scale to demonstrate proof of concept and to study the importance of lateral transport for expectable small-scale spatial variability of crop production, soil C/N stocks and GHG fluxes. Further application of the coupled model, including scenarios of land use/ land management and climate at a wider regional scale, are scheduled for Phase II of ICON.

Digitales Landschaftsmodell 1:1 000 000

Das Digitale Landschaftsmodell 1:1 000 000 (DLM1000) beschreibt die topographischen Objekte der Landschaft und das Relief der Erdoberfläche der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Vektorformat.Die Objekte werden einer bestimmten Objektart zugeordnet und durch ihre räumliche Lage, ihren geometrischen Typ, beschreibende Attribute und Beziehungen zu anderen Objekten (Relationen) definiert. Der Datenbestand umfasst Objektarten sowie deren wichtigste Attribute, z. B. Straßen, Wege, Eisenbahnen, Gewässer, Siedlungen, Vegetation, Verwaltungsgrenzen (bis zur Gemeindeebene) und das Relief in Form von Höhenlinien und weiteren Oberflächenformen. Welche Objektarten das DLM1000 im Detail beinhaltet und wie die Objekte gebildet werden, ist im ATKIS®-Objektartenkatalog (ATKIS®-OK1000) festgelegt

Landschaftsoekologische Untersuchungen zum Geokomplex Sahel

Untersuchungen zur Oekosystembelastung durch Bodenerosion als Folge kulturtechnischer Massnahmen und der Neuerschliessung von Kulturland fuer den Reisanbau in Mali.

Nachhaltige Ansätze zur Minimierung von Arsen in Trinkwasser und Reis in Vietnam

Arsen-kontaminiertes Grundwasser stellt eine große Gefahr für zig Millionen von Menschen dar, insbesondere in Süd- und Südost-Asien, durch seine Verwendung als Trinkwasser und für die Bewässerung von Reisfeldern. Das Hauptziel dieses Projekts ist es gemeinsam mit Wissenschaftlern der Stanford University die Menge an giftigem Arsen in den beiden wichtigsten Expositionsquellen, Wasser und Reis, zu reduzieren und zu bestimmen wie i) Arsen effizient mit Wasserfiltern aus dem Trinkwasser entfernt und ii) die Arsenaufnahme durch Reis während der Nasskultivierung reduziert werden kann. Im ersten Teilprojekt planen wir in Vietnam zu untersuchen, unter welchen Bedingungen Wasserfilter Arsen effizient entfernen, wie lange die Filter verwendet werden können und ob gesundheits-schädigende Konzentrationen von Nitrate in den Filtern gebildet werden. Wir werden einen visuell sichtbaren Indikator in den Filtern entwickeln, der es der breiten Bevölkerung erlaubt, ohne analytische Verfahren oder besonderen Bildungsstand zu bestimmen, wann die Effizienz des Filters aufgrund der Sättigung mit Arsen verschwindet und das Filtermaterial ersetzt werden muss. Darüber hinaus werden wir untersuchen, wie das Arsen-verschmutzte Filtermaterial ohne weitere Risiken entsorgt werden kann. Im zweiten Teilprojekt werden wir untersuchen, ob die Stimulation von nitrat-reduzierenden, eisenoxidierenden Bakterien in Reisfeldböden die Arsenaufnahme in Reis reduziert durch die Bindung von Arsen an die gebildeten Minerale. Wir werden bestimmen, wie die Zugabe definierter Mengen an Nitrat helfen kann, gleichzeitig die Arsenaufnahme in den Reis und die Emission des Treibhausgases N2O zu minimieren. Dieses Projekt wird für die Bevölkerung in Arsen-betroffenen Ländern praktische Lösungen bieten, um mögliche Schädigungen durch Arsen und Nitrat zu reduzieren und ihre Gesundheit und Lebenssituation zu verbessern.

Schwefeldynamik in Sumpfreisböden

Kenntnisse über S-Bindungsformen und deren Flüsse in terrestrischen Ackerböden können nicht auf Sumpfreisböden übertragen werden, da nach deren Überflutung anaerobe Verhältnisse vorherrschen. Ergebnisse über die Bedeutung der einzelnen S-Fraktionen für die S-Nachlieferung in Sumpfreisböden und somit der S-Versorgung von Reis liegen kaum vor bzw. sind aufgrund des Trocknens der Bodenproben vor der Analyse nicht aussagefähig. Weiterhin wurde seither nicht berücksichtigt, dass in unmittelbarer Wurzelnähe von Reispflanzen im Gegensatz zum Restboden aerobe Verhältnisse vorherrschen. Aus diesem Grund soll in zwei typischen chinesischen Sumpfreisböden nach Dotierung mit 35S der Einbau des zugeführten Schwefels in definierte S-Fraktionen (SO42- in der Bodenlösung, adsorbiertes SO42-, FeS, FeS2, Sulfatester, Kohlenstoff gebundener S, Biomasse S) erfasst und in einer Zeitreihenuntersuchung Flüsse zwischen ihnen abgebildet werden. Dabei gilt es, zwischen der oberflächennahen aeroben Zone und der darunter liegenden anaeroben Zone bzw. dem wurzelnahen und wurzelfernen Boden zu differenzieren. Da Reisstroh häufig nach der Ernte in den Boden eingearbeitet wird, soll dessen Mineralisierungsverhalten mittels Einsatz von 35S markiertem Reisstroh untersucht werden. Des weiteren soll in speziellen Versuchsgefäßen, die das Gewinnen von Bodenproben in definierten Abständen von der Wurzeloberfläche erlauben, die Dynamik anorganischer und organischer S-Fraktionen in der Rhizosphäre erfasst werden.

INSPIRE SN Lebensräume und Biotope

Der Datensatz beinhaltet Informationen zu Gebieten mit spezifischen ökologischen Bedingungen, Prozessen, Strukturen und (lebensunterstützenden) Funktionen als physische Grundlage für dort lebende Organismen im Freistaat Sachsen. Dargestellt werden Fauna-Flora-Habitate Lebensraumtypen nach Anhang I, Fauna-Flora-Arthabitate-Habitaten nach Anhang II, Biotope Offenland, Verzeichnisse gesetzlich geschützter Biotope (zukünftig) sowie Daten über die Biotope aus der selektiven Waldbiotopkartierung.

Greenhouse Gas Emission of Different Crop Rotations of Rice (flooded and non-flooded) and Maize

This subproject will assess net-fluxes of CH4 and N2O as well as soil CO2 emissions from flooded and non-flooded rice as well as maize grown in different rotations and under different management practices. SP5 will encompass two research tasks, (i) automated chamber measurements and (ii) soil gas concentration measurements of different crop rotations. In total 36 automated chambers will be placed in two large field blocks (18 chambers each) divided into fields representing three crop-rotations: R-WET (rice flooded - rice flooded), R-MIX (rice flooded - rice non-flooded), M-MIX (maize - rice flooded) experiencing three differ-ent crop management practices: a control with no fertilizer application (zero-N), site specific nutrient management (site-spec) and conventional fertilizer application (conv). In the fields of conventional fertilization SP5 will also conduct soil concentration measurements of CO2, N2O and CH4 for identification of the main production and/ or consumption horizons which may differ between the three crop rotation systems which will allow identification of the dominating processes responsible for GHG exchange with the atmosphere. Emissions of different greenhouse gases together with data on biomass production/ yields (conducted by IRRI) will be aggregated to compile the total GHG exchange of different crop rotations and management practices. Thus, the data obtained in SP5 will create a sound basis for projecting the environmental consequences of different land use options in rice-based systems with respect to the net GHG exchange. Moreover, data obtained in SP5 will be linked in particular with results from C and N process studies of SP1-SP4 and will form a sound base for further development, testing and valida-tion of the process based model applied in SP6/ 7.

Immobilisation of arsenic in paddy soil by iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria

Arsenic-contaminated ground- and drinking water is a global environmental problem with about 1-2Prozent of the world's population being affected. The upper drinking water limit for arsenic (10 Micro g/l) recommended by the WHO is often exceeded, even in industrial nations in Europe and the USA. Chronic intake of arsenic causes severe health problems like skin diseases (e.g. blackfoot disease) and cancer. In addition to drinking water, seafood and rice are the main reservoirs for arsenic uptake. Arsenic is oftentimes of geogenic origin and in the environment it is mainly bound to iron(III) minerals. Iron(III)-reducing bacteria are able to dissolve these iron minerals and therefore release the arsenic to the environment. In turn, iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria have the potential to co-precipitate or sorb arsenic during iron(II)- oxidation at neutral pH followed by iron(III) mineral precipitation. This process may reduce arsenic concentrations in the environment drastically, lowering the potential risk for humans dramatically.The main goal of this study therefore is to quantify, identify and isolate anaerobic and aerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms in arsenic-containing paddy soil. The co-precipitation and thus removal of arsenic by iron mineral producing bacteria will be determined in batch and microcosm experiments. Finally the influence of rhizosphere redox status on microbial Fe oxidation and arsenic uptake into rice plants will be evaluated in microcosm experiments. The long-term goal of this research is to better understand arsenic-co-precipitation and thus arsenic-immobilization by iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria in rice paddy soil. Potentially these results can lead to an improvement of living conditions in affected countries, e.g. in China or Bangladesh.

1 2 3 4 5 … 37 38 39