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Stoffwechseluntersuchungen an krankheitsuebertragenden Insekten, Probleme der Malariauebertragung

Das Projekt "Stoffwechseluntersuchungen an krankheitsuebertragenden Insekten, Probleme der Malariauebertragung" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Bonn, Institut für Medizinische Parasitologie.Ziel: Erforschung der Entwicklungsbedingungen der Malariaerreger in Stechmuecken; Ursachen der Resistenz bzw. der Empfaenglichkeit; Mechanismen der Anpassung der Malariaparasiten an neue Wirte, d.h. koennen veraenderte Umweltbedingungen neuerliche Verbreitung der Malaria ermoeglichen?

Anthelmintikum PF1022- Festphasensynthese und Strukturmodifikationen

Das Projekt "Anthelmintikum PF1022- Festphasensynthese und Strukturmodifikationen" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Bayer HealthCare. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Wuppertal, Fachgruppe Chemie und Biologie, Arbeitsgruppe Organische Chemie.Parasitäre Wurminfektionen gehören auch heute noch zu den am weitesten verbreiteten Infektionskrankheiten in Ländern der Dritten Welt. Die Zahl der durch Wurminfektionen verursachten Todesfälle ist der Malaria vergleichbar. Die Behandlung von Wurminfektionen beim Mensch wie auch beim Tier ist zur Zeit durch massive Resistenzen erheblich erschwert. Der einzige neue Wirkstoff, der in den vergangenen 30 Jahren gefunden wurde und über eine ausreichende Wirksamkeit bei gleichzeitig guter Verträglichkeit verfügt, ist das Cyclooctadepsipeptid PF1022. Im Rahmen eines industriellen Kooperationsprojektes wurden zunächst enantioselektive Verfahren für die Herstellung von substituierten Phenylmilchsäuren entwickelt. Diese Verfahren beruhen auf der Übergangsmetall- oder Enzym-katalysierten Hydrierung von ?-Oxophenylmilchsäuren. In einem weiteren Schritt wurden mehrere zum Teil hocheffiziente Synthesen für PF1022 an der festen Phase entwickelt. Diese Verfahren erlauben die automatisierte Herstellung kleinerer Bibliotheken von PF1022 Analoga innerhalb kurzer Zeit. Ziel der Arbeiten ist, eine PF1022 ähnliche Verbindung mit optimierter Wirkung gegen humanparasitäre Wurminfektionen zu finden.

Bildung von Anopheles-spezifischen Toxinen durch Paramecium-Symbionten und ihre ökologischen Effekte

Das Projekt "Bildung von Anopheles-spezifischen Toxinen durch Paramecium-Symbionten und ihre ökologischen Effekte" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Biologie.In dem Projekt wird die Aufnahme und Ausprägung von Bacillus-Toxingenen durch bakterielle Symbionten des 'Pantoffeltieres' Paramecium untersucht. Bestimmte Eiweiße aus Bakterien der Gattung Bacillus sind mit hoher Spezifität toxisch für Larven von Anopheles-Mücken, den Überträgern der Malaria. Die im Vergleich zu chemischen Toxinen ökologisch weitgehend unbedenklichen Bacillus-Toxine werden in Gewässern aber schnell inaktiviert, ihre Anwendung ist daher limitiert. Ein transgenes Paramecium-Symbiosesystem könnte möglicherweise als Toxin-Carrier die Häufigkeit von Anopheles-Larven in Gewässern langfristig reduzieren, da Paramecien zum Nahrungsspektrum von Mückenlarven gehören und weltweit verbreitet sind. Bestimmte Paramecium-Symbionten bilden bereits natürlicherweise ein Eiweißtoxin, das aber statt Mückenlarven andere Paramecien abtötet. Wirkungen entsprechender regulatorischer DNA-Sequenzen der Symbionten auf die Bacillustoxin-Expression sollen untersucht werden. Die ökotoxikologischen Effekte sollen anschließend im Labor untersucht werden. Dazu gehören neben Einflüssen auf Anopheles-Larven als Zielorganismen solche auf die Lebensgemeinschaft, die in dem vorliegenden Fall das Ökosystem Stillgewässer repräsentiert

Emmy Noether-Nachwuchsgruppen, Development and risk assessment of transgenic environmentally-friendly insect pest control methods for fruit flies and mosquitoes

Das Projekt "Emmy Noether-Nachwuchsgruppen, Development and risk assessment of transgenic environmentally-friendly insect pest control methods for fruit flies and mosquitoes" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Gießen, Institut für Phytopathologie und Angewandte Zoologie, Abteilung Angewandte Entomologie.Various species of pest insects cause substantial damage to agriculture every year, or transmit deadly diseases to animals and humans. A successful strategy to control pest insect populations is based on the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which uses the release of mass-reared, radiation sterilized male insects to cause infertile matings and thus reduce the pest population level. However, irradiation is not applicable to every insect species. Thus, new strategies based on genetic modifications of pest insects have been developed or are currently under investigation.The goal of the proposed research is to improve the development and ecological safety of genetically engineered (GE) insects created for enhanced biological control programs, including the SIT and new strategies based on conditional lethality. A major concern for GE insect release programs is transgene stability, and maintenance of their consistent expression. Transgene loss or intra-genomic movement could result in loss of strain attributes, and may ultimately lead to interspecies movement resulting in ecological risks. To address potential transgene instability, a new transposon vector that allows post-integration immobilization will be tested in the Mediterranean, Mexican and Oriental fruit fly tephritid pest species. In addition, the system will be established in the mosquito species Aedes and Anopheles - carriers of dengue and malaria.Random genomic insertion is also problematic for GE strain development due to genomic position effects that suppress transgene expression, and insertional mutations that negatively affect host fitness and viability. Diminished transgene expression could result in the unintended survival of conditional lethal individuals, or the inability to identify them. To target transgene vectors to defined genomic insertion sites having minimal negative effects on gene expression and host fitness, a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) strategy will be developed that. RMCE will also allow for stabilization of the target site, will be tested in tephritid and mosquito species, and will aid to the development of stabilized target-site strains for conditional lethal biocontrol. This will include a molecular and organismal evaluation of an RNAi-based lethality approach. Lethality based on an RNAi mechanism in the proposed insects would increase the species specificity and having multiple targets for lethality versus one target in existing systems. By seeking to improve transgene expressivity and stabilization of transposon-based vector systems, this proposal specifically addresses issues related to new GE insects by reducing their unintended spread after field release, and by limiting the possibilities for transgene introgression.

Biologisch aktive Gold-Komplexe

Das Projekt "Biologisch aktive Gold-Komplexe" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Fonds der Chemischen Industrie im Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. (Fonds,VCI). Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Wuppertal, Fachgruppe Chemie und Biologie, Arbeitsgruppe Anorganische Chemie.Eine Reihe von metallorganischen Gold-Komplexen mit Alkinyl-Liganden wurde hergestellt und spektroskopisch und kristallographisch charakterisiert. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Wien und der Medizinischen Universität Wien wurde die Antitumor- und Antimalariaaktivität dieser Substanzen untersucht.

Climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerabilities, Lancet Countdown indicators

This series refers to datasets related to climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerabilities in Europe based on the Lancet Countdown indicators on health and heat; extreme events and health; and climate-sensitive infectious disease.

Bioprospektion der vielfältigen Ökosysteme Kenias: Natürliche Antiinfektiva aus kenianischen Myxobakterien und Actinomyceten

Das Projekt "Bioprospektion der vielfältigen Ökosysteme Kenias: Natürliche Antiinfektiva aus kenianischen Myxobakterien und Actinomyceten" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland.

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019

Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. © 2020 The Author(s)

Forest management and habitat structure - influences on the network of song birds, vectors and blood parasites

Das Projekt "Forest management and habitat structure - influences on the network of song birds, vectors and blood parasites" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Freiburg, Forstzoologisches Institut, Professur für Wildtierökologie und Wildtiermanagement.Forest structure is altered by humans for long times (Bramanti et al. 2009). The long lasting modification of forests pursuant to human demands modified the living conditions for birds as well as for many other animals. This included changes in resource availability (e.g., food, foraging, nesting sites) and changes of interspecific interactions, e.g., parasitism and predation (Knoke et al. 2009; Ellis et al. 2012). Also species compositions and the survivability of populations and even species are affected. The loss of foraging sites and suitable places for reproduction, the limitation of mobility due to fragmented habitats and the disturbances by humans itself may lead to more stressed individuals and less optimal living conditions. In certain cases species are not able to deal with the modified requirements and their populations will shrink and even vanish. Depending on the intensity of management and the remaining forest structure, biodiversity is more or less endangered. Especially in systems of two or more strongly connected taxa changing conditions that affect at least one part may subsequently affect the other, too. One system of interspecific communities that recently attracted the attention of biologists includes birds, blood parasites (haemosporidians) and their transmitting vectors. For instance, avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) represents the reason for extreme declines in the avifauna of Hawaii since the introduction of respective vectors (e.g. Culicidae) during the 20th century (van Riper et al. 1986, Woodworth et al. 2005). With the current knowledge of this topic we are not able to predict if such incidences could also occur in Germany. All in all, different management strategies and intensity of forest management may influence the network of birds, vectors and blood parasites and change biodiversity. To elucidate this ecological complex, and to understand the interactions of the triad of songbirds as vertebrate hosts, dipteran vectors and haemosporidians within changing local conditions, I intend to collect data on the three taxa in differently managed forest areas, the given forest structure and the climatic conditions. I will try to explain the role of abiotic factors on infection dynamics, in detail the role of forest management intensity. Data acquisition takes place at three spatially divided locations: inside the Biodiversity Exploratory Schwäbische Alb, at the Mooswald in Freiburg, and inside the Schwarzwald.

Response of host-vector-parasite interactions on forest management systems

Das Projekt "Response of host-vector-parasite interactions on forest management systems" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Institut für Zoologie.We aim to clarify the relationship between forest habitats and host-vector-parasite interactions. Such effects will be studied within a forest management gradient (i.e., land use intensity) in the Biodiversity Exploratories in order to understand the role of parasitism and vectors for birds and their health status in relation to land use and ecosystem functioning. We have three specific goals, one for each player in the triad of vectors, parasites, and their hosts: 1. To determine whether blood parasite prevalence and Rickettsia infections of birds depend on land use intensity (forest age classes and structure) at the plot level of the Biodiversity Exploratories for at least six host species representing migrants vs. non-migrants. 2. To determine the health status (immunoreaction) of birds in relation to parasitation and land use intensity (forest structure) in order to understand whether parasites trigger distinct immunoreactions in differently structured forests. 3. To determine the abundance of vectors and parasite prevalence in vectors to assess the probability of infections for birds in relation to forest structure at the plot level of the Biodiversity Exploratories. The assessment of indirect and variable effects of land use intensity on birds through parasitation is an essential step for understanding whether human land use impacts complex ecological processes and species interactions. We specifically expect to be able to understand whether vectors, and consequently also parasite transmissions, are affected by land use intensity on parasitation processes in bird populations.

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